BETON SI STRUCTURI DIN BETON

1. Indicate working stages for: ultimate limit state, deflection and cracking control
Cerine: indicarea stadiilor III si II
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 5
Answer: Working stage III is used for ultimate limit state, deflection & cracking control is based on
stage II.
2. Reinforced concrete element durability: concrete cover
Cerine: desen care sa reflecte stratul de acoperire; se va preciza rolul stratului de acoperire
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 10
Answer: Minimum concrete cover shall be provided for a safe transmission of bond forces, protection
of steel against rust, appropriate fire resistance.

3. Limit state method: design characteristics of concrete and reinforcement
Cerine: se vor indica rezistentele caracteristice si de calcul; se vor desena curbele o-c
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 8
Answer:
Concrete: characteristic compressive strength: ; average tensile strength ;
characteristic tensile strengths and ; design strengths are


Reinforcement: characteristic strength f
yk
is natural yielding limit (R
e
- limit of elasticity) or 0.2 proof
test R
0.2;
design strength:

4. Indicate limit states for reinforced and prestressed concrete elements
Cerine: se vor enumera toate starile limita
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 6
Answer: ultimate limit states (exhausting of bearing resistence; loss of static equilibrium & fatigue);
serviceability limit states (cracking; deformations; stress control)
5. Available strain diagram in bending with axial force (3 pivots rule)
Cerine: se va intocmi schita care prezinta cei 3 pivoti
Simplified diagram
Design diagram
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 10
Answer:
6. Simple reinforced rectangular section in bending
Cerine: desen reprezentand sectiunea, diagrama deformatiilor specifice si a eforturilor unitare;
ecuatiile de echilibru
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 10
Answer:

- equilibrium in longitudinal direction:
0
1
=
s c
F F
0 f A bxf 8 0
yd 1 s cd
= ,
- moment equilibrium:
0 z F M
c Ed
= ; ( ) 0 x 4 0 d bxf 8 0 M
cd Ed
= , ,
0 z F M
1 s Ed
= ; ( ) 0 x 4 0 d f A M
yd 1 s Ed
= ,
7. Definition of three shear forces involved in calculation to shear
Cerine: se vor scrie simbolurile pentru cele trei forte si se va explica ce reprezinta fiecare dintre ele
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 8
Answer: V
rd,c
design shear resistence of element without shear reinforcement; V
rd,s
design value of
shear force which can be sustained by yielding of shear reinforcement; V
rd,max
design value of
maximum shear force which can be sustained by crushing of concrete
8. Concept of prestressing
Cerine: se vor desena diagramele de eforturi unitare produse de efortul de precomprimare,
incarcari, precum si cumularea acestora; se va explica ce reprezinta fiecare diagrama; se va face o
comparative
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte:10
Answer:
Reinforced concrete section is cracked under service loads; reduced stiffness; risk of reinforcement
corrosion
Prestressed concrete section is fully in compression and stiffer section; reduced risk of reinforcement
corrosion



h
d
G
x
c
cu

A
s1

d
1

c
s1

0,8x
F
s1
= A
s1
f
yd

F
c

z = d - 0,4x
f
cd

M
Ed

A
p

C
T
prestressing loads
+ =
T
C
compression
tension
9. Prestressing technologies
Cerine: se vor intocmi schite care reflecta cele doua modalitati de realizare a precomprimarii si se
vor descrie etapele principale de lucru
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 8
Answer:
Pretensioning tendon is subjected to tension before casting of concrete
Required steps: tendon tensioning; casting of concrete; heat curing; transfer = releasing of tendon at ~
70% compressive strength of concrete.

Post-tensioning tendon is subjected to tension after casting & curing of concrete
Required steps: element provided with a duct; tendon introduction in the duct; transfer = tensioning of
the tendon; tendon anchorage; filling the duct with grout.

10. Prestressed concrete: decompression state of the section
Cerine: desen reprezentand starea de decompresiune value of prestressing force and bending
moment
Punctaj comparativ intre subiecte: 7
Answer: Decompression = section fully in compression and zero stress at bottom side under action of
prestressing force after all losses and bending moment induced by loads (usually in frequent
combination)

11. Which are the particularities of the slabs with main reinforcement in two directions
(short span)?
Requirements: indication of the correlation between the bending moment ratio m
y
/m
x
and of the span
ratio l
y
/l
x
Answer: The necessity of reinforcement of the short span is obtained from Figure where M
Y
/M
x
and
l
y
/ l
x
it is given. For the case when 0.5< l
y
/ l
x
<2, the bending moments M
y
and M
x
are with significant
values and the slab is with main reinforcement in two directions; the reinforcement on the short
direction is located on the bottom face
A
p

C
M
Ef

P

abutment
long line of prestressing
tendon
duct tendon
jack
anchorage
grout


12. Indicate the principles of design and detailing of RC frames subjected to seismic
actions
Requirements: provisions for growing of structural ductility (reinforcement with high ductility,
consolidation of the compression zone, reducing of the shear force effect, arrangement of the plastic
hinge, the limitation of deformations)
Answer: Principles for seismic design take into considerations the following ideas for growing the
structural ductility: reinforcement with high ductility; the consolidation of the compression zone
(reduction of the compression zone, by confining, with high strength concrete); avoiding of brittle
failures by reducing of shear force effect; the arrangement of the plastic hinge; limitation of the lateral
deformation; buildings with regular forms and symmetry in horizontal plane as well as in vertical
plane; seismic joints.
13. Which are the principles of design and analysis of RC structural walls?
Requirements: diagrams and equations for the design to bending moments and shear forces
Answer: The systems of walls are to be designed to M
Ed
and to V
Ed
as it is illustrated in the Figure

'
Ed Ed
V V O =c where:
V

Ed
is the design shear force from seismic action;
M

Ed
is the bending moment from seismic action;
= M
cap
/ M

Ed
at the basement of the wall;
= 1.2 is the amplification factor for the superior vibration modes

14 Exemplify the reinforcement solutions for cast in place RC structural walls
Requirements: detailing of the walls reinforcement with bundled bars or welded mesh fabric wires for
the walls and coupling beams
Answer: The walls reinforcement it is provided with bundled bars or with welded mesh fabric wires.
Some examples are presented for:


15. Indicate the main solutions of strenghtening of RC structures
Requirements: Strenghtening solutions of columns, beams and foundations with: RC, steel profiles
and CFRP products
Answer: Consolidation of RC structures is achieved function of the structural element:
- flat slabs are consolidated with a new reinforced concrete slab (at the top or at the bottom) or
by using FRP (fibre reinforced plastic composites);
- beams are consolidated on 1, 2 or 4 sides by means of reinforced concrete jacketing, steel
profiles or new solutions CFRP or GFRP;
- columns are consolidated on all 4 sides by using reinforced concrete jacketing, steel profiles
or CFRP/GFRP materials;
- foundations of the column or of the walls are consolidated only by using reinforced concrete
jacketing.

Bibliografie
1. Cadar I., Clipii T., Tudor A., Beton armat, Editia 2, Ed. Orizonturi Universitare, Timisoara, 2004
2. Clipii T., Tudor A., Note de curs, Biblioteca digitala UPT;
http://www.library.upt.ro/index.html?cursuri
3. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
4. Kiss Z., Onet T., Proiectarea structurilor de beton dupa SR EN 1992, Ed. Abel, Cluj-Napoca,
2008.
5. Ovidiu Miru, Corneliu Bob Constructii din beton armat, vol.1 si 2, Ed. UPT, 1990


Numerical application 1: Compute resisting bending moment

d = 500 45 = 455 mm

REZOLVARE

First option: Equilibrium conditions
128
3 13 300 8 0
435 942
bf 8 0
f A
x
cd
yd s
=


= =
, , ,
mm
( ) ( )
6
yd s Rd
10 5 165 128 4 0 455 435 942 x 4 0 d f A M = = = , , , Nmm = 165,5 kNm
Punctaj maxim: 10

Second option: Using tables
226 0
3 13 455 300
435 942
bdf
f A
cd
yd s
,
,
=


= = e from tabel 2 0, =
Nmm 10 2 165 3 13 455 300 2 0 f bd M
6 2
cd
2
Rd
= = = , , , = 165,2 kNm
Punctaj maxim pentru rezolvare cu tabel fara relatii: 10
Punctaj maxim pentru rezolvare cu tabel cu relatii: 8





b = 300 mm
h = 500 mm
45
3|20
f
cd
= 13,3 MPa

f
yd
= 435 MPa

Numerical application 2: Design of reinforcement

205 0
3 13 455 300
10 169
f bd
M
2
6
cd
2
Ed
,
,
=


= = from tabel 232 0, = e
968
435
3 13 455 300
232 0
f
bdf
A
yd
cd
s
=

= e =
,
, mm
2

Punctaj maxim pentru rezolvare cu tabel fara relatii: 10
Punctaj maxim pentru rezolvare cu tabel cu relatii: 8

TABEL CU RELATII DE CALCUL
b = 300 mm
h = 500 mm
45
M
Ed
= 169 kNm
f
cd
= 13,3 MPa

f
yd
= 435 MPa









TABEL FARA RELATII DE CALCUL





Structuri din beton armat

Numerical application
Design the longitudinal reinforcement of the column 1-4 of the RC structure, with the
geometrical characteristics given in Fig.1. The slabs are not deformable in their own plane
(stiff slab). The design is made to seismic actions. For the analyse the lateral force method
of analysis associated to the node of the fundamental mode of vibration (P100 1/2006) is
applied. The characterisitics of the layout and of the structure are:
Building Class III; seismic zone with a
g
=0.16g; T
C
= 0.7; |
0
=3.0; concrete class C20/25; E
b
=
2 4
/ 10 3 mm N x ; steel PC52; span L
1
=4.5m, L
2
= 5.00m; height H
1
=3.50m, H
2
= 3.00m,
H
3
=2.75m; long. span T=4.00m; =1.1; longitudinal and transversal beams 250x250mm;
columns 300x300mm; slabs with thickness of 300mm; basic vertical load on each slab is
12KN/m
2
.

= n T S F
d b
) (
1 1
) ( 0 . 1 ; 85 . 0 sec; 7 . 0 ;
1 1
4 / 3
1
III T T H C T
C t
= = = < =

; ) (
1
q
a
T S
g
d
|
= 725 . 4 35 . 1 5 . 3 5 . 3
1
= = = x q
u
o
o

;

=
i i
i i
b i
z n
z n
F F
2
; ;
VH
M V T F T
I i I
= = = =


b b
ld
conv
I E
M M
p
EI
/ 1
1
15 . 0 ) (
+
+
= ; M
ld
/M = 0.7
Figura 1
;
) (
;
/ 1
1
2
2
f
conv
cr
cr
l
EI x
N
N N
t
q =

=

) (
2 / ) (
); ( 1
'
'
s yd
s s a
d d f
x h N M
A A Ne M M

= = + =
-
-
q

Solution


Weight on each level:
n
I
= n
II
= n
III
=12 x 4 x
9.5=456KN;

= = KN x n 1368 456 3 ;

= n T S F
d b
) (
1 1

) ( 0 . 1 ; 85 . 0
sec; 7 . 0
sec; 265 . 0
25 . 9 05 . 0
1
1
4 / 3 4 / 3
1
III
T T
x H C T
C
t
= =
= <
=
= =

1015 . 0
725 . 4
0 . 3 16 . 0
) (
1
= = =
x
q
a
T S
g
d
|

For medium ductility (M) and RC frames: 725 . 4 35 . 1 5 . 3 5 . 3
1
= = = x q
u
o
o

F
b
=1 x 0.1015 x 0.85 x 1368= 118KN
KN
x
F KN
x
F KN
x
F
KNm x z n
z n
z n
F F
III II I
i i
i i
i i
b i
70 . 56
8778
25 . 9 456
118 ; 84 . 39
8778
5 . 6 456
118 ; 45 . 21
8778
5 . 3 456
118
8778 ) 25 . 9 5 . 6 5 . 3 ( 456 ;
= = = = = =
= + + = =

Column design
55 . 0 267 . 0
270
72
; 72
15 300
10 324
; 324
2
5 . 4
4 3 12
83 . 68
2
5 . 3 33 . 39
2
; 33 . 39
3
118
3
; ;
118 45 . 21 87 . 39 7 . 56
3
4 1
4 1
4 1 6 3 5 2 4 1 6 3 5 2 4 1
< = = = = =
= = =
= = = = + + = =
~ + + = =

mm
x
x
x KN x x x N
KNm
x VH
M
KN
T
V V V V V V V V T
KN F T
I
I
i I

Buckling effect:
b b
ld
conv
I E
M M
p
EI
/ 1
1
15 . 0 ) (
+
+
= ; M
ld
/M is 0.7
> = = = = =
= = = =
~
+
+
=
10 8 . 12
300
3850
; 85 . 3 5 . 3 1 . 1
; 10 25 . 20 ; / 10 3 ; 10 75 . 6
12
300
10 7 . 3 10 25 . 20
7 . 0 1
12 . 1 1
15 . 0 ) (
12 2 4 4 8
4
2 12 12
b
l
m x l l
x EI mm N x E mm x I
Nmm x x EI
f
f
b b
conv
|

< =

= = =

= 2 . 1 08 . 1
10 9470
10 648
1
1
; 10 47 . 9
10 85 . 3
10 7 . 3
;
/ 1
1
3
3
6
6 2
12 2
x
x
N x
x
x x
N
N N
cr
cr
q
t
q
Reinforcement area

2
3 6
'
'
569
) 20 280 ( 300
2 / ) 72 300 ( 10 324 10 33 . 81
) (
2 / ) (
33 . 81 ) 02 . 0 324 83 . 68 ( 08 . 1 ) ( 1
mm
x x x
d d f
x h N M
A A
KNm x Ne M M
s yd
s s
a
=

= =
= + = + =
-
-
q


The Reinforcement is 16 3| cu A
s
=603mm
2





Intocmit Prof.dr.ing Corneliu BOB

Buckling occurs
Design with
simplified
relations