BSIT-51 (GRAPHICS & MULTIMEDIA)

1. What is the need for computer graphics? Answer: Graphical communication is an old and more popular method of exchanging information than verbal communication and is more convenient when computers are utilized for this purpose. As the volume of information increases, problem of storage arises. Also, in the 21st century people do not have time to read huge number of pages. This problem was solved by computer graphics. This can be clearly understood with the help of an example where we want to present the performance of a factory since 1980. For this, we require a number of pages to render this large volume of information related with financial, numerical and statistical information. It will take a lot of time to analyze such a long report. We can easily represent this data in a pictorial form thus making it simple to understand. Pictures can represent a huge database in the form of bar charts, pie charts, and so on. Two other prominent applications of graphics are in the field of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). In CAD, graphics techniques are used to produce the drawings of certain parts of a machine from any viewing angle. In CAM computer graphics techniques, one may display the manufacturing layout for a given part and trace the path taken by machine tools for a given manufacturing process. 2. Define computer graphics and Interactive computer graphics? Answer: Computer graphics can be defined as the use of computers to define, store, manipulate, interrogate, and present pictorial output of the data. Interactive computer graphics refers to devices and systems that facilitate the man-machine graphic 3. How to make graphics processing faster? Answer: Video/Graphic processing can be made faster in two ways: by using a graphic coprocessor and a graphic accelerator. The graphic co-processor boosts video performance by assuming tasks normally handled by the CPU. An accelerator takes control of graphic task, which are otherwise performed by the CPU. However, an accelerator is not programmable. It is a functioned processor, which caries out specific tasks hard-coded into the chip. 4 .Name of some graphics processors. Answer: Some graphics processors are: Intel 82786 Texas Instruments 43010 5. What are the strengths of UNIX operating system? Answer: The UNIX operating system has been known and popular as a simple, small, portable, powerful, time-sharing operating system. However, now it has also gained commercial strength. It is still the most portable and configurable of all operating systems. Unix has adopted to the new hardware architecture and application requirements by incorporating new functionalities such as distributed file system, X11 base GUIs, Multi threading, distributability and so on. UNIX became quite popular within Bell Labs.

6. What are real time computer graphics?

Answer: Real time graphics deal with producing images in real time. An example of real time graphics is creating scenes for video games. They are used in simulating real life actions. For this reason they are used extensively in the entertainment industry. 7. What is Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)? Answer: CGI is the application of computer graphics for creating special effects. A common use of CGI is in creating action effects or crowd in movie shoots. 8. Give some of the features of Windows OS. Answer: Some of the features of Windows OS are: Easy-to-use GUI Multitasking Integrated application environment Extensive hardware support Networking Device independence DOS compatibility 9. What is meant by CGM? Answer: The mechanism called CGM (Computer Graphics Metafiles) provides for the exchange of pictures between applications. It supports bitmap facility for the creation and manipulation of graphics images. 10. Compare the merits and demerits of raster and random scanning system. Answer: Merits and demerits of raster and random scanning system 1. In raster scan display, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. Random scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and so they are also referred to as vector displays. 2. Refreshing on raster scan display is carried out at the rate of 60 to 80- frames per second. Refresh rate on a random scan system depends on the number of lines to be displayed. 3. The picture definition is stored in a memory area called refresh buffer or frame buffer in case of a raster scan display. In case of random scan display, picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file. Refresh display file is also called the display list, display program, or the refresh buffer. 11. Define pixel, resolution, and aspect ratio. Answer: Pixel can be defined as the smallest size object or color spot that can be displayed and addressed on a monitor. Image resolution refers to pixel spacing that is the distance from one pixel to the next pixel. The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels. The standard aspect ratio for PCs is 4:3 and some use 5:4. 12. Explain the principle of DVST system. Answer: The Direct View Storage Tube (DVST) behaves like a CRT with highly persistent phosphor. Pictures drawn on this screen will be seen for several minutes (40-50 minutes) before fading. It is similar to a CRT as far as the electronic gun and phosphor-coated mechanisms are concerned. However, instead of the electron beam directly writing the pictures on the phosphor coated CRT screen, the writing is done with the help of a fine-mesh wire grid. The grid made of very thin, high quality wire is located with a dielectric and is

mounted just before the screen on the path of the electron beam from the gun. A pattern of positive charges is deposited on the grid and this pattern is transferred to the phosphor coated CRT by a continuous flood of electrons. This flood of electrons is mounted by a "flood gun", which is separate from the electron gun that produces the main electron beam. 13. What are the different graphical input interactive techniques? Answer: Following are the various graphical input interactive techniques: a. Positioning b. Constraints c. Grids d. Gravity Field e. Rubber band methods f. Dragging

14. Why refreshing is required in CRT? Answer: When an electron beam strikes a dot of phosphor material, it glows for a fraction of a second and then fades. As brightness of the dots begins to reduce, the screen image becomes unstable and gradually fades out. In order to maintain a stable image, the electron beam must sweep the entire surface of the screen and return to redraw it number of times per second. That is, the screen must be refreshed multiple times in a second.

15. With the help of an illustration, explain how initgraph () function works. Answer: The initgraph () function is used to initialize the graphics system to load appropriate graphics drive and video mode used by the graphics functions. The syntax of this function is: initgraph (int *driver, int *mode, char *path) As its parameters, you must specify the graphics mode such as EGA, or VGA (depends on the graphics adapter being used), the graphics driver (a program that interfaced between the hardware and your C program), and path of the graphics driver. For example, to initialize graphics mode in CGA high resolution mode: int gdriver = 1, gmode=4; initgraph (&gdriver, &gmode, "d:\\tc\\bgi"); For example, to select the best driver and mode possible on a computer: int gdriver = DETECT, gmode; initgraph (&gdriver, &gmode, "d:\\tc\\bgi"); } Inform the students that the path d:\\tc\\bgi should be changed according to the machine settings. The code given here has been tested on Turbo C 3.0.

16. List the different graphics functions along with example. Answer: C supports various graphics functions, such as: line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): This draws a line from position (x1, y1) to (x2, y2) Example: line (10, 50, 10,100); bar(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): This draws a filled rectangle with diagonal from (x1, y1) to (x2,y2) bar (10, 25, 100, and 75) circle (int x, int y, int r): This draws a circle with center at (x, y) and radius of r. Example: circle (50,50, 10)

 arc (int x, int y, int start, int end, int r): This draws an arc of circle with the center at (x, y), radius r and start and end specified in degrees to mention the portion of the circle that forms the arc. Example: arc (100,100, 0, 90, and 20) draws the first quarter of the circle, arc with center (100,100) and radius 20.

17. Explain the use of getimage () and putimage () with examples? Answer: The getimage () function captures the image inside the rectangle whose diagonal is defined by (x1, y1), and (x2, y2), where x1, y1, x2, and y2 are the first four parameters of getimage (). The captured image is stored in an array, which is specified as the last parameter of getimage (). For example, to capture a rectangle whose diagonal is defined by (10, 50) and (50, 125), you can use the getimage () function as: int area = imagesize(10,50,50,125); unsigned char * buf = malloc(arear); getimage (10,50,50,125, buf); The putimage () function copies the image captured using getimage (), starting at location (x, y), where x and y are the first two parameters of this function. The image to be captured is specified as the third parameter. The fourth parameter of this function specifies how the image has to be copied and takes any of the following values: COPY_PUT or 0, which copies the image as it is XOR_PUT or 1, which performs an exclusive OR between the background pixels and the image pixels OR_PUT or 2, which performs an inclusive OR between the background pixels and the image pixels AND_PUT or 3, which performs an AND between the background pixels and the image pixels NOT_PUT or 4, which inverts the pixels of the image. For example, animate a rectangle as it is you can use the COPY_PUT option in putimage: putimage (10,50, buf, COPY_PUT);

19. C supports a graphics mode and a text mode. Does that mean that you cannot output graphics in graphics mode? Answer: You can print graphics in the graphics mode as well. The various text functions available in the graphics mode are: outtextxy(int x,int y, char * text), which displays the text specified as its third parameter at position specified by the first and second parameters, in current font, size and direction. settextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize), which allows you to set the font, size, and direction of the text. Fonts can be any of the 11(value 0 - 10) predefined fonts, direction can be HORIZ_DIR or VERT_DIR, and size can be 0 or any non-zero value positive value. The size manipulation involves various other functions also such as textheight(), textwidth(), and setusercharsize(). For more information you can refer to www.cs.colorado.edu/~main/bgi/doc/settextstyle.html. settextjustify(int horiz_justi, int vert_justi), allows you to justify and align text. The possible values for the parameters are, LEFT_TEXT (only horiz_justi), CENTER_TEXT (both horiz_justi and vert_justi), RIGHT_TEXT (only horiz_justi), BOTTOM_TEXT (only vert_justi), TOP_TEXT (only vert_justi).

20. With illustration briefly narrate the origin and development of multimedia technology? Answer: Multimedia is an effective medium to express information in a more attractive way. It makes use of text, pictures, audio, animation, and video. It was started more then 25 years ago. However, it only became popular with the advent of desktop computers. Audio was the first multimedia data incorporated into desktop computing, with the introduction of soundboards built around the tone-synthesis chips. In addition, video could also be captured, displayed and stored on a computer disk with the help of digital overlay and capture boards installed on any ordinary computer. However, the use of audio and video on desktop computers was limited due to their large size and high computing power requirements. These limitations were overcome through the introduction of compression/decompression engines for reducing the sizes of these files. As the demand increased for multi standard compression on the same system, several manufacturers introduced a new generation of compression chips that supported software programming. These chips contained hardware engines for operations requiring high computing power and also integrated processors that can be programmed to control data flow within the chip. Such technologies made audio and video boards capable of transferring data to computer systems efficiently, in some cases, in real time. The advent of RISC technology, parallel processing architecture, high speed hard disk, optical disk drives and a variety of interfacing devices made it possible to design computer systems that have multimedia features as standards. The latest breakthrough in the field of multimedia was the advent of the Internet and other high-speed networking technologies. These have presented new opportunities such as video conferencing, medical imaging, and scientific visualization.

21. Give different applications for multimedia? Answer: Multimedia finds application in the field of entertainment marketing, broadcasting, advertising, publication, telecommunications, training, collaborative engineering, and design manufacturing process because of its user-friendly operation. 5. What are sound cards? Answer: Sound card is the hardware for sound input and output. It is used with speakers, headphones, and microphones to record and play sound. Some sound cards also include MIDI, .Wav, and MP3. 6. How do graphics help in digital imaging? Answer: In digital imaging, film less camera may capture an image electronically, or an image may be traditionally created and scanned, or it may be created directly on the computer using graphics packages. The last option is where graphics help digital imaging. Direct graphics can be created on a computer in sophisticated, feature-rich packages such as Photoshop. These graphics editing packages allow creation of realistic digital images for use in multimedia applications. In addition, graphics packages-also help to edit digital images, which have been scanned or captured in digital cameras.

22. What is sampling? Answer: The process of transfer of information from analog to digital is called sampling.

23. What is animation? Explain different types of animation techniques. Answer: Animation is the process in which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually and viewed in rapid succession to give an illusion of continuous movement. On PCs the two main types of animation techniques are as follows: Object animation: Is the moment of unchanged text and object around the screen Cell animation/Frame animation: Is made of different frames on screen where they are rapidly displayed to simulate motion.

24. Explain the meaning of the following terms: Morphing, Rendering, Wrapping. Answer: Morphing: It is the process of transformation of one image to another by the transformation and distortion of corresponding points in both the images. The best example will be Kawasaki advertisement where the motorbike changes into a cheetah. Rendering: The process of converting your designed objects with texturing and animation into an image or a series of images is called rendering. Wrapping: It is the process where certain parts of the image could be marked for a change and made to change to different one for example legs of cheetah to be morphed with the wheels and head with head lights. Head can alone be marked and wrapped. 25. Fill in the blanks: a. Computer Graphics can be classified into _____________ and _______________. Answer:Bitmap & images b. A Photoshop file can contain vector & raster data. Answer:True c. __________ is defined as the number of pixel along the height & width of bitmap. Answer:Resolution d. _____________ Method is used to assign color values to any new pixel, at the time of resampling. Answer:Interpolation e. Vectors graphics are made of ____ and ______ defined by mathematical objects, which are called vectors. Answer:Line & Curves f. ______________ constitutes as integration of multiple media such as text, graphics, audio, videos, an animation element. Answer: Multimedia g. JPEG uses for _____________ compression techniques. Answer: Lossy h.________________files are Microsoft standard file format for storing waveform audio data Answer: Wave or .wav i.The amount of data that can be transmitted from one computer to another in a given time frame is called Answer: bit rate. j.The process of removal of extraneous noise that inevitable creeps into a recording is called _______ Answer: filtering.

26. How many colors are there in RGB Color mode? Answer: RGB images use three colors, Red, Green, and Blue. These colors are known as primary colors. 27. What are editing Tools? Answer: Editing tools are used to fine-tune or modify graphic elements. Photoshop delivers high-powered image editing, photo retouching, and composition tools. It also supports features, such as Making Color Adjustments, Auto Color Command, Adjustment Layers and Fill Layers, and Masking Layers to help you get professional-quality results.

28. Give the steps to use rubber stamp tool. Answer: To use the rubber stamp tool (Clone tool), perform the following steps: 1. Open the image that you want to clone. 2. Select rubber stamp tool. 3. Select an appropriate brush size and style from the Brush drop down in the options bar at the top. Also set values for other options such as blending mode, opacity, and flow. Determine how you want to align the sampled pixels. If you select Aligned, you can release the mouse button without losing the current sampling point. As a result, the sampled pixels are applied continuously, no matter how many times you stop and resume painting. If you deselect Aligned, the sampled pixels are applied from the initial sampling point each time you stop and resume painting. Select Use All Layers to sample data from all visible layers; deselect Use All Layers to sample only from the active layer. 4. Press Alt and click the image that you want to clone, to select the source point for cloning. 5. Use the brush to clone the image by dragging the mouse on another area. The image will be cloned in that area.

29. What is File Format? Name the different image file formats? Answer: The method by which the software organizes the data in the saved file is called the file format. The file name extension or suffixes indicate the format or usage of a file and a brief description of that format. Several different types of file format are used by various kind of software to save files. For example, the GIF file format used for Web page images are standard formats that can be opened by any program that supports it. The various image file format are as follows: Tagged-Image File Format (TIFF) Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JEPG) Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) Portable Document Format (PDF) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) TGA- Targa.....

KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TB) - 51 (GRAPHICS & MULTIMEDIA) Assignment: TB (Compulsory)
1. What is the need for computer graphics?Computers have become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of pictures. Computer Graphics remains one of the most exciting and rapidly growing fields. Old Chinese saying One picture is worth of thousand words can be modified in this computer era into One picture is worth of many kilobytes of data. It is natural to expect that graphical communication, which is an older and more popular method of exchanging information than verbal communication, will often be more convenient when computers are utilized for this purpose. This is true because one must represent objects in two-dimensional and threedimensional spaces. Computer Graphics has revolutionized almost every computer-based application in science and technology.

2. What is graphics processor? Why it is needed?To provide visual interface, additional processing capability is to be provided to the existing CPU. The solution is to provide dedicated graphic processor. This helps in managing the screen faster with an equivalent software algorithm executed on the CPU and certain amount of parallelism can be achieved for completing the graphic command. Several manufacturers of personal computers use a proprietary graphic processor. For example, Intel 82786 is essentially a line drawing processor; Texas Instruments 43010 is a high performance general-purpose processor.

3. What is a pixel? Pixel (picture element): Pixel may be defined as the smallest size object or color spot that can be displayed and addressed on a monitor. Any image that is displayed on the monitor is made up of thousands of such small pixels. The closely spaced pixels divide the image area into a compact and uniform two-dimensional grid of pixel lines and columns. 4. Why C language is popular for graphics programming? Turbo C++ is for C++ and C programmers. It is also compatible with ANSI C standard and fully supports Kernighan and Ritchie definitions. It includes C++ class libraries, mouse support, multiple overlapping windows, Multi file editor, hypertext help, far objects and error analysis. Turbo C++ comes with a complete set of graphics functions to facilitate preparation of charts and diagrams. It supports the same graphics adapters as turbo Pascal. The Graphics library consists of over 70 graphics functions ranging from high level support like facility to set view port, draw 3-D bar charts, draw polygons to bitoriented functions like get image and put image. The graphics library supports numerous objects, line styles and provides several text fonts to enable one to justify and orient text, horizontally and vertically. It may be noted that graphics functions use far pointers and it is not supported in the tiny memory model.

5. Define resolution.

Resolution: Image resolution refers as the pixel spacing i.e. the distance from one pixel to the next pixel. A typical PC monitor displays screen images with a resolution somewhere between 25 pixels per inch and 80 pixels per inch. Pixel is the smallest element of a displayed image, and dots (red, green and blue) are the smallest elements of a display surface (monitor screen). The dot pitch is the measure of screen resolution. The smaller the dot pitch, the higher the resolution, sharpness and detail of the image displayed.

6. Define aspect ratio. Aspect ratio: The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels. The standard aspect ratio PCs is 4:3, and some use 5:4. Monitors are calibrated to this standard so that when you draw a circle it appears to be a circle and not an ellipse.

7. Why refreshing is required in CRT? When the electron beam strikes a dot of phosphor material, it glows for a fraction of a second and then fades. As brightness of the dots begins to reduce, the screen-image becomes unstable and gradually fades out. In order to maintain a stable image, the electron beam must sweep the entire surface of the screen and then return to redraw it number of times per second. This process is called refreshing the screen. If the electron beam takes too long to return and redraw a pixel, the pixel begins to fade results in flicker in the image. In order to avoid flicker the screen image must be redrawn sufficiently quickly that the eye cannot tell that refresh is going on. The refresh rate is the number of times per second that the screen is refreshed. Some monitor uses a technique called interlacing for refreshing every line of the screen. In the first pass, odd-numbered lines are refreshed, and in the second pass, even numbered lines are refreshed. This allows the refresh rate to be doubled because only half the screen is redrawn at a time.

8. Name the different positioning devices. The devices discussed so far, the mouse, the tablet, the joystick are called positioning devices. They are able to position the curser at any point on the screen. (We can operate at that point or the chain of points) Often, one needs devices that can point to a given position on the screen. This becomes essential when a diagram is already there on the screen, but some changes are to be made. So, instead of trying to know its coordinates, it is advisable to simply point to that portion of the picture and asks for changes. The simplest of such devices is the light pen. Its principle is extremely simple.

9. What are pointing devices? A pointing device is an input interface (specifically a human interface device) that allows a user to input spatial (i.e., continuous and multi-dimensional) data to a computer. CAD systems and graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures point, click, and drag for example, by moving a hand-held mouse across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes.

10. What is multimedia? The word Multimedia seems to be everywhere nowadays. The word multimedia is a compound of the Latin prefix multi meaning many, and the Latin-derived work media, which is the plural of the world medium. So multimedia simply means using more than one kind of medium. Multimedia is the mixture of two or more media effects-Hypertext, Still Images, sound, Animation and Video to be interacted on a computer terminal.

11. What are sound cards? Sound cards: The first sound blaster was an 8-bit card with 22 KHz sampling, besides being equipped with a number of drives and utilities. This became a king of model for the other sound cards. Next came the Sound Blaster Pro, again 8-bit sound but with a higher sampling rate of 44 KHz, which supports a wider frequency range. Then there was Yamaha OPL3 chipset with more voices. Another development was built-in CD ROM interface through which huge files could be played directly via the sound card.

12. What is sampling? Sampling: Sampling is like breaking a sound into tiny piece and storing each piece as a small, digital sample of sound. The rate at which a sound is Sampled can affect its quality. The higher the sampling rate (the more pieces of sound that are stored) the better the quality of sound. Higher quality of sound will occupy a lot of space in hard disk because of more samples.

13. What is morphing? Morphing: The best example would be the Kawasaki advertisement, where the motorbike changes into a cheetah, the muscle of MRF to a real muscle etc.. Morphing is making an image change into another by identifying key points so that the key points displacement, etc. are taken into consideration for the change.

14. What is rendering? Rendering: The process of converting your designed objects with texturing and animation into an image or a series of images is called rendering. Here various parameters are available like resolution, colors type of render, etc.

15. What is warping?

Warping: Certain parts of the image could be marked for a change and made to change to different one. For examples, the eyes of the owl had to morph into the eyes of cat, the eyes can alone be marked and warped.

16. Why we use scanner? Photographs, illustrations, and paintings continue to be made the old fashioned way, even by visual artists who are otherwise immersed in digital imaging technology. Traditional photographs, illustrations, and paintings are easily imported into computers through the use of a device called a scanner. A Scanner scans over an image such as photo, drawing, logo, etc, converting it into an image and it can be seen on the screen. Using a good paint programme, Image Editor we can do adding, removing colors, filtering, Masking color etc. 17. What is ganut in Photoshop?

Write yourself...

18. What is a layer?

The concept of layering is similar to that of compositing as we make the different layers by keying out the uniform color and making it transparent so that layer beneath becomes visible. In case of future modifications we will be able to work with individual layers and need not work with the image as a whole.

19. What are editing tools? Why it is needed? You can use the editing tools to draw on a layer, and you can copy and paste selections to a layer.

Many types of editing tools are:-

i).Eraser tool: The eraser tool changes pixels in the image as you drag through them. You can choose to change the color and transparency of the affected pixels, or to revert the affected area to its previously saved version.

ii).Smudge tool: The smudge tool simulates the actions of dragging a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color from where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction in which you drag.

20. What is file format?

File Format: When you create an image-either through scanning into your computer or drawing it from scratch on your monitor or captured through a camera, recorded voice or music from the two-inone or recorded connecting a music instrument it must be saved to your disk. Otherwise it would become an ethereal artifact that could never again be seen or listened. Once the computers power is turned off, its gone forever unless it is saved. The method by which the software organizes the data in the saved file is called the file format.