General Bonding Concepts Bond Energy Bond Length Isoelectronic Single Bond Double Bond riple Bond "esonance

#ybridi$ation Sigma Bond &i Bind energy required to break a chemical bond distance in a bond where the energy is minimun ions containing the same number of electrons bond involving one pair of electrons bond involving 2 pairs of electrons bond involving ! pairs of electrons more than one valid Lewis structure can be written mi%ing of native orbitals bond involving hybridi$ed orbital paralell orbitals involving p orbitals

'toms bond to achieve the lowest possible energy level( wo type of )hemical Bonds* +( Ionic Bonding* ,hen atoms gain or lose electrons because of electron affinity and ioni$ation energy( Ionic compounds form when the ion pair has a lower energy than the separate ions( Bond Length* the distance between atoms where the energy is minimum -lowest. 2( )ovalent Bonding* ,hen atoms share electrons between nuclei( Equal sharing is called /onpolar0 unequal sharing is called polar( Electronegativity* he ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself( 1sed to determine if the bonds in a molecule is /onpolar or &olar )ovalent Bond &olarity and Dipole moment* Some molecules can be dipolar2 or have a dipolar moment( his has to do with electronegativity and molecular geometry Ions* Electron configurations and Si$es )ompounds in general form to attain noble gas3like e3 configurations Si$es of Ions* )ations are smaller than their neutral counterparts2 'nions are larger than their neutral counterparts(

Isoelectric ions* -ions that have the same number of atoms. he greater number of protons causes the ion to get smaller because the magnetic pull of the nucleus is greater( Lattice Energy* he change in energy that takes place when separated gaseous atoms are packed together to form an ionic solid( Lattice energy determines the strength of the bonds in an ionic crystal( he )ovalent )hemical Bond* )hemical bonds occur when atoms seek the lowest possible energy( 'toms share electrons to achieve this lower energy( Single Bonds involve one pair of electrons Double bonds involve two pairs of electrons riple bonds involve three pairs of electrons Bond Energy and Enthalpy* Bond energy values can used to calculate appro%imate energies for reactions* # 4 -bonds broken. 3 -bonds formed. Locali$ed Electron Bonding 5odel a model that shows atoms are bound by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms 1nshaired electrons on an atom are called Lone &airs Shaired electrons between atoms are called bonding pairs Lewis Structures* Shows how valence e3 are arranged around atoms in molecules 'toms want to achieve noble3gas electron configuration( hey follow the octet rule E%ceptions to the octet rule* Involves heavier elements - period three or greater. with empty d orbitals "esonance* 6ccurs when there can be more than one valid Lewis structure written for a molecule )ovalent Bonding* ' look at 6rbitals #ybridi$ation and the Locali$ed Electron 5odel sp! hybridi$ation* ' mi%ing of the native s and three p atomic orbitals( 7our new identical orbitals are formed(

,henever a set of equivalent tetrahedral atomic orbitals is required by an atom2 this model assumes that the atom adopts a set of sp! orbitals0 the atom becomes sp! hybridi$ed( sp2 hybridi$ation* ,hen one s orbital and two p orbitals are mi%ed forming three new identical orbitals( his hybridi$ation accounts for the +28o bond angles in molecules( his hybridi$ation also e%plains double bonds(

Double covalent bonds consist of two types of bonds* Sigma -. bonds* when electrons are shared in an area centered on a line running between atoms &i -. bonds* he bond that uses the unhybridi$ed p orbital above and below the sigma bond( ,henever an atom is surrounded by three effective pairs of e32 a set of sp2 hybrid orbitals is required( sp hybridi$ation* ,hen one s orbital and one p orbitals are mi%ed forming two new identical orbitals( his hybridi$ation accounts for the +98o linear bond angles in molecules( his type of hybridi$ation involves one sigma bond and two pi bonds( ,henever an atom is surrounded by two effective pairs of e32 an atom will require sp hybridi$ation of that atom( dsp! hybridi$ation* 'llows for molecules to e%ceed the octet rule( )ombines one d orbital with one s orbital and three p orbitals( 7ive effective pairs of e3 around a given atom always requires a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement2 which leads to dsp! hybridi$ation( d2sp! hybridi$ation* 'lso allows molecules to e%ceed the octet rule( )ombines two d orbitals with one s orbital and three p orbitals( Si% effective pairs of e3 around a given atom always requires an octahedral arrangement2 which leads to d2sp! hybridi$ation(