A Contrastive Study on Verbal Affixes in a- (Sakra) and a-a (Bayan) Sasak Language Puspita Dewi Dewi_english08@yahoo.

com Abstrak: Tesis ini berkaitan dengan verbal afiks yang digunakan oleh penutur dialek a-e (Sakra) dan a-a (Bayan) Sasak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa jenis verbal afiks dalam dialek a-e dan a-a dan untuk menggambarkan perbedaan di kedua dialek dari segi morfo-sintaksis. Data diperoleh melalui perekaman, wawancara, dan melakukan teknik cross check. Kemudian, data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga jenis verbal afiks yang ditemukan dalam dialek a-e dan a-a, diantaranya adalah awalan, akhiran, dan circumfix. Awalan derivatif dalam dialek a-e terdiri dari empat {N-}, {pe-}, {te-}, dan {be-} akan-tetapi dalam dialek a-a terdiri dari tiga prefix {N-}, {me-}, dan {Ke-}. Kemudian, akhiran dalam dialek a-e terdiri dari akhiran {-an} dan dalam dialek a-a ada dua: {-ang} dan {-in}. Ada dua circumfixes dalam dialek a-e, diantaranya adalah {be-/-an} {N-/-an} dan dalam dialek a-a memiliki tiga circumfixes, diantaranya {N-/-ang}, {pe-/-an } dan circumfix {me-/an} Abstract: This thesis deals with the verbal affixes employed between a-e (Sakra) and a-a (Bayan) Sasak language. This study is aimed to identify some types of verbal affixes in a-e and a-a dialect and to describe the differences in both dialects in terms of morphosyntactic function. The data were gained through literature of Sasak language, recording, interview, and performing cross check technique. Then, the data were analysed descriptively. The results indicate that there are three types of verbal affixes discovered in a-e and a-a dialect, they are prefix, suffix, and circumfix. Derivational prefix in a-e dialect consists of four {N-}, {pe-}, {te-}, and {be-} but a-a dialect consist of three prefix {N-}, {me-}, and {ke-}. Suffix in a-e dialect consists of a suffix is {-an} and in aa dialect there are two: {-ang} and {-in}. There are two circumfixes in a-e dialects, they are {be-/-an} and {N-/-an} and that is in a-a dialect that has three circumfixes are {N-/ang}, {pe-/-an} and circumfix {me-/-an}. Keyword: verbal affixes, dialect, contrastive study, a-e and a-a dialect, Prefix, Suffix, and circumfix.

A. Introduction Language has big role in human life. People live with their languages. It is used by human being to communicate to one another or to express their

feeling. Thereby, language is as one of principle aspects in human life. Human being conducted communication and interaction by using language. David (2001 in Junaidi) defined language as a 1

dynamic set of sensory symbol of communication and the elements used to manipulate them, which symbolically represents something other than itself. Numerous studies of Sasak language have been already investigated, such as Mahyuni (2004), Mahsun (1997), and Siruhaq, et.al (2009). Mahyuni (2004) investigated in terms of language

describe the grammatical function of verbal affixes used in this language a-a (Bayan) and a- (Sakra) dialects by analyzing in various sentences. B. Morpheme Morpheme is the smallest unit of word. Trask (1999:127) defined

morpheme is the smallest identifiable grammatical unit. Similarly, Katamba (1993:13) also explained that morpheme refers to the smallest indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical

metaphor; Mahsun (1997) examined comparative and various temporary language, and Sirulhaq (2009), et.al discussed about comparative structure dialect in Sasak language. This thesis deals with investigate focuses on Sasak language in term of verbal affixes. The purposes of this study are: to identify some types of verbal affixes in a-a and a- dialect in Sasak language, describe the differences on verbal affix in Sasak language, especially a-a (Bayan) and a (Sakra) dialect Sasak language, and

function that created by word. Adding by McCharty (2002), states that the word morp comes from the Greek word morphe is defined form or shape and morpheme is the minimal unit of morphology. However, he mentioned that morpheme not only involves the smallest unit of structural of word, but also the smallest unit of meaningful. There are two kinds of word that are

lexical items: mono-morphemic it is just one morpheme and poly-morphemic that has more than one morpheme. Poly-morphemic becomes

has no meaning even though all words contain syllable pronounced tack. The writer concerned on how to distinguish free and bound morpheme in this topic. Taking one word as example in this topic that supplied by McCharty (2002:18) is the word helpfulness. The word helpfulness consists of three morphemes. Double suffixes are

important to consider because between morpheme and meaning have close relationship. proposed morpheme: 1. Be identifiable from one word to another. 2. Contribute in some way to the meaning to the whole word. Variety of different words has the same morpheme are identifying in some words. As McCharty provided example in these words are attack, stack, tackle, and taxi. It would unreasonable to say that those all words are as the same morpheme tack-, but the word tack McCharty two (2002:17) of

characteristics

attached in the core of the word help by adding first suffix full and suffix ness. He mentioned that there are two reasons for acquiring help is the root of among those morphemes is because only the morpheme help can stand alone on its own and the word has the most precise and concrete element in its meaning. Katamba (1993) defined root is the irreducible core of word. Another example gained from Katamba (1993:29) includes the word walk is a root and it appears set of

word form from walking, walks, and walked. Even though, the suffix

c. pred as in predator, predatory. predation. depredate d. sed as in sedan, sedate. sedent, sedentary. Sediment C. Affixation Large number types of affix include prefix which attached an affix at the beginning of root word, suffix which attached an affix at the end of base word, infix which inserted an affix in middle of the root word, simulfix attached affixes at the beginning and at the end of the base word, and circumfix which replace one or more morpheme in the root of the word. However, English, Indonesia, Sasak, and other languages using two terms that may be already familiar are including prefix and suffix. This study will concern to discuss both of affixes.

suppletion takes place, but will not change meaning of the word. The word walk is capable stand independently in its own, it is called free morpheme. Katamba (1993:29) supplied

several words contained a root standing on its own. This following several list word of free morpheme: Man Bet book very tea sweet cook pain walk

aardvark

However, bound morpheme cannot stand alone in its own. It can dependent when the morpheme joins with another morpheme. Some examples of bound morpheme are provided by Katamba: 1993: 30. a. -mit as in permit. remit, commit, admit b. -ceive as in perceive. receive, conceive

Affixes may be able to classify become five types that is showed in the

following table.

No 1 2 3 4

Affix Prefix Suffix Infix Circumfix

Simulfix

Table 1: Types of Affixation and their examples Relationship of the root Example Occurs in the front of a root or Unhappy stem Occurs at the end of a root or Happiness stem Occurs inside of a root or bumili 'buy' (Tagalog, stem Philippines) Occurs in two parts on both kabaddangan 'help' outer edges of a root or stem (Tuwali Ifugao, Philippines) Replaces one or more man + plural > men phonemes in the root or stem Adopted from: http://www.sil.org/linguistics.

C. Research Methods

2. They are able to speak in Sakra and Bayan Dialect well. 3. They are between 16 up to 60 years old. 4. They are educated at least elementary school. 5. They are ready to be respondents in this research and have enough

The population of this study is all utterances spoken by Sasak native speakers. The writer ranges the age of the informants 16 to 55 years old. It is based on criteria of informants proposed by Samarin (1967) in Burhanudin (2011): 1. The respondents are native

time. 6. They are healthy or not defective in speech production.

speakers of a- dialect which is Sakra and a-a dialect in Bayan

The subject of this study belongs to Sasak communities which a-a dialect in Bayan and Sakra which a- dialect and have been categorized principally

{-ang} and {-in}. There are two circumfixes in a-e dialects, they are {be/-an} and {N-/-an} and that is in a-a dialect that has three circumfixes are {N-/-ang}, {pe-/-an} and circumfix {me-/-an}. Both of dialects have different types of verbal affixes.

communities who apply those dialects in daily conversation at approximately 1655 years old. For the sampling of this research, the author needs to confine of the sample due to widely number of populations. The author chooses some samples which are relevant to verbal affixes of a-a and a- dialect. D. Findings And Discussions The writer discovered, there are three types of verbal affixes in a- and a-a Sasak language, they are prefix, suffix and circumfix. Derivational prefix in a-e dialect consists of four {N-}, {pe-}, {te}, and {be-} but a-a dialect consist of three prefix {N-}, {me-}, and {ke-}. Suffix in a-e dialect consists of a suffix is {-an} and in a-a dialect there are two:

Types of verbal affix in a-e (Sakra) Dialect Generally, Sasak has three kinds of verbal affixes; they are prefix, suffix, and circumfix. Prefix is root of word which is attached an affix at the beginning of a word and suffix which glossed an affix at the end of base word. Meanwhile, circumfix is stem of a word that is glossed by an affix in two parts, beginning and the end of the steam. Affixation can not stand alone; it must be combined with another morpheme to create a word.

The

writer

discovered

some

circumfixes in Sakra dialect such as, circumfix {pe-/-an}, {N-/-an} with

types of affixation in Sakra are prefix, suffix, and circumfix. Derivation of prefix in Sakra consist of prefix {N-} with two allomorphs are {ny-}, and {ng}, prefix {be-}, prefix {te-} with two allomorphs {te-} and {tepe-}, and prefix {pe-}. Afterward, there is a type of suffix, it is {-an} and three of

allomorph {ny-/-an}, and circumfix {be/-an}. However, in Bayan dialect is discovered three prefix that consists of {N-}, {me-}, and {ke}. Verbal suffix are involving {-ang} and {-in}. Then circumfix in Bayan dialect consist of {me-/-an} and {N-/-ang}.

Table 2: Affixation in a- (Sakra) dialect Affixation Prefix {pe-} Prefix {N-} {ng-} Prefix {be-} Prefix{te-} {tepe-} Suffix {-an} {-an} Tepentun Sebaran Bejaguran Nyusahan Petaekan {be-} {te-} Ngimpi Bedagang Tejagur Dream To cell X is punched by X is fallen by. To spread Punch each other Making trouble Make X rise Allomorph {pe-} {ny-} Examples Petaek Nyedok Meaning To rise To take water

Circumfix {be-/-an} {be-/-an} Circumfix {N-/-an} {ny-/-an}

Circumfix {pe-/-an} {pe-/-an}

Types of Verbal affixes in a-a (Bayan) Dialect Bayan dialects is imilar to a- (Sakra) dialect. Various types of verbal affixes in a-a dialect are prefix, suffix, and circumfix. Prefix in a-a dialect consists of prefix {N-} with four allomorphs such as {m-}, {n-}, {ny-}, and {ng-} prefix {me-} with four allomorphs are involving {me-}, {mem}, {meny-}, and {meng-} and prefix

{ke-}. Afterward, there are two verbal suffixes in a-a dialect are {-ang} and {in}. The last is circumfix in Bayan dialect consists of two circumfixes are {N-/-ang} with three allomorphs, such as {m-/-ang}, {ny-/-ang}, {ng-/-ang} and circumfix {me-/-an} with allomorph {meng-/-an}. Types of verbal affix in a-a (Bayan) can be illustrated in this following table:

Table 3: Affixation in a-a (Bayan) dialect Affixation Allomorph Examples {n-} {m-} Prefix {N-} {ny-} {ng-} {meng-} {mem-} Prefix {me-} {me-} {meny-} Prefix {ke-} Suffix {-ang} {ke-} {-ang} Nyempeda Ngiduk Mengimpi Membarak Meremet Menyapu Ketejut Kirimang Ntambah Mbaca

Meaning Be hoed by.. X is red by To ride bicycle To kiss Dreaming To inform To rope To sweep X make surprise Send

{-in} {ng-/-ang} Circumfix {N-/ang} {m-/-ang} {ny-/-ang} Circumfix an} {me-/- {me-/-an}

Aranin Ngimpiang Mbeliang Nyakitang Mengidukan

To create X name To dream To buy To make ill Smooch

For example, Sakra dialect used zero 1. Intransitive Verb in a-a and a- dialect Intransitive verb of Sasak affix to express intransitive verb such as, nie nangis and nie ngutaq. However, in Bayan dialect to show intransitive verbs which are glossed prefix {me-} in the verb, such as ya menangis and ya mengutaq. Attaching prefix {me-} in the verb of Bayan dialect is the same as zero affix in Sakra dialect. Compare

language is similar to other languages through out the world. However, Sasak language has unique intransitive verbs because each dialect has variety marker to denote intransitive verb. There are two ways to identify intransitive verb in a-a (Bayan) and a- (Sakra) are Bayan dialect showing intransitive verb by glossing prefix {me-} and {N-} in the verb. In the contrary, a- (Sakra) denoting intransitive verb with adding prefix {be-} on the verb and zero affix.

these examples bellow to distinguish both of dialects [1] SD, BD and [2] SD, BD:
[1] SD : Adik=ke nangis

Young brother POSS cry my young brother is crying BD: Aring= ku menangis

Young brother POSS cry

my young brother is crying [2] SD: Nie She she BD: Ya She She
[3] SD:Andri Udayana Andri go PREF bicycle Udayana Andri ride a bike to Udayana BD: Andri ngaro ny-empeda kon Udayana Andri go N -bicycle to Udayana Andri ride a bike to Udayana to lalo

a- dialect but prefix {N-} with allomorph {-ny} and {-ng } in a-a

ngutaq vomit vomits mengutak

dialect and those affixations showing intransitive verb.

are For

PREF vomit vomits

be-sepede joq

illustration, compare [3] SD and BD and [4] SD and BD.

2.

Unaccusative in a-a and a- Dialects If the transitive verb

corresponds to S of intransitive verb it namely unaccusative as Hanafi (2001) proposed a model of transitive-

[4] SD: Aku beketuan joq pak guru

I ask N to teacher I asked to teacher BD:Ku ngetoan kon pak I ask N guru

intransitive Pair test in his syntaxs book (2010:40).

to teacher

I asked to teacher

The

second

way

to

show

intransitive verb is used prefix {be-} in

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Transitivization of one place predicate demonstrates that the 3. Aplicativeness in a-a and a- Dialects Ditransitive or three place verb construction in a-e dialect is not similar to a-a dialect. According to Trask-library (2005) ditransitive is type of transitive construction that has two objects in a sentence. He proposes an example of ditransitive construction in English are Susi give a Natalia a kiss or Susi showed me a new skirt. To demonstrate ditransitive verb in a-e dialect is different from a-a dialect in terms of affixation. Taking prefix {N-} to verb in a-e is the same as zero affix in a-a dialect. For illustration compare [9] SD and BD.
[9]. SD: Inak ngirim kepeng tipak Dayat Mom N send money for Dayat mom sends money for dayat BD: Inak kirim kepeng duen Dayat mom sends money for Dayat mom sends money for dayat

transitive verb [5] become unaccusative [6]. There are two ways to identify the Sasak language (Sakra and Bayan) transitivization of one place verb demonstrating that the verbs are

unaccusative. The Sakra and Bayan dialect used Zero-intransitive verb are unaccusative and glossed prefix {pe-} and {-q} in intransitive verb in a- dialect but attached circumfix {N-/ang} and suffix {-ang} in a-a dialect. Consider these following examples:
[5] SD: Herlina pe terik piale Herlina ACT drop goblet Herlina drop the goblet BD: Herlina n-terik-ang piala Herlina ACT drop TRAN goblet Herlina drop the goblet SD &BD: Piale terik S V Goblet fall the goblet fall

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In the example [9] SD and BD is three-place verb construction

a- is the same as circumfix {N-/-ang} in a-a dialect to mark applicative on the verb. Both of affixations denote

(ditransitive). In [9] SD the verb is connecting with prefix nasal with allomorph {-ng} but in [9] BD with affix. In a-e dialect, affix is unacceptable for denoting ditransitive verb; prefix nasal must be glossed on the verb and Bayan dialect cannot receive prefix nasal or affixation to the verb. * SD: inak kirim kepeng tipaq dayat mom send money for dayat *BD: inak ngirim kepeng duen Dayat mom send money for dayat That is possible promotion of benefactive to object, omit the oblique

applicative marker. For illustration see and compare [10] SD and BD.
[10] SD: Inak kirim-an Dayat kepeng Mom send-APPL3SG money Mother send Dayat money BD: Inangku ngirimang Dayat kepeng Mom-POSS=N-send-APPL=Dayat money Mother sends Dayat money

However, in [9] SD-BD and [10] SD-BD, both of sentences are

ditransitive. The verb may take suffix {an-} in Sakra dialect for applicative marker but in Bayan dialect tends to use circumfix applicative. {N-/-ang} The in marking of

promotion

benefactive to Object, omit the oblique tipaq in Sakra and duen in Bayan and adding suffix {-an} in Sakra and tipaq in Sakra and duen in Bayan circumfix {N-/-ang} in Bayan to the and the verb may take a suffix {an-} in verb for applicative marking. Sentence Sakra and circumfix {N-/-ang} in Bayan [10] BD denotes glossed circumfix {Nfor applicative marking. Suffix {-an} in

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/-ang} for applicative and omit the oblique duen in the sentence with promote the benefactive to object as the example. Bayan dialect must glossed possessive marker in subject as in example [10] BD. The subject

Dissimilarity between a- and aa dialect also is genitive marker in the Subject of Bayan dialect. Compare [10] SD with [10] BD. Subject inaq/mom in Bayan should be attached genitive marker ku in the subject inak and omitted phoneme /k/ become

inaq/mom must added genitive ku to the subject. However, in a- (Sakra) dialect the subject inaq cannot be attached genitive marker, glossed suffix {-an} to the verb, and promote the benefactive applicativeness. Unacceptable in SD to gloss prefix nasal on the verb for applicative marking and BD must add circumfix to the verb. *SD: inak ngirimangke apel Mom sent me apples *BD: inagku kirimangku apel Mom sent me apples to object for

inangku/my mom. In contrast, Sakra dialect is ill-formed in adding

possessive marker to subject inak, for instance in this following illustration [11]. The sentence cannot be receipt in Sakra dialect with subject that

connected with possessive marker and in Bayan Subject inak/mom will be illsyntactic when the S not connected possessive marker. Compare [11] SD and BD. [11] SD : Inakke kirimanke apel Mom sends me money. BD: Inak ngirimangku apel Mom sends me money.

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Processing to create active become passive voice in English is similar to 4. Passive Marker in a-a and a- Dialects Trask (2005) explained that voice grammatical category is a regulation which manages the way subject in the sentences related to the action of the verb. He also notes there are two ways to distinguish voice are active and passive voice. Active voice is subject of the sentence performs the action but passive voice is subject in active sentence alter becomes a patient in passive voice. As George and Julia (1980:217) proposed an illustration in English: Active voice : Shakespeare wrote Sasak language. However, one dialect to another dialect has different affixation which is glossed in the verb as passive marker. Involving of this thesis, the writer discovered various differences in terms of component of language among dialects of Sasak language, one of those is in verbal affixes. For example, compare Sakra and Bayan dialects of language in these following sentences:
[12] SD:Buku no te- bace isiq kakak

Book-DEM-PASS read by brother the book is read by brother BD:buku no Book-DEN m-baca-e keang kakak
PASS-read-1SG

by brother

the book is read by brother [13] SD: Atum no te - sawut isiq Bakri Pen-DEM pass-throw by Bakri the pen is thrown by Bakri BD:Atum no mbuang-e
Pen-DEM PASS- throw-3SG

Hamlet in about 1602 Passive voice : Hamlet was written by Shakespeare in about 1602

keang

Bakri

by

Bakri

the pen is thrown by Bakri

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Sasak

canonical

passive

three allomorphs such as {m-},{n-}, and {ng-} to sign passive marker as well as followed by preposition keang. For illustrate, in sentence [12] and [13] BD, the verbs baca and buang is attached prefix {N-} which is glossed pronoun e and followed by preposition keang. There are three allomorphs of Nasal as passive marker in a-a dialect, such as {m-}, {n-}, and {ng-}. Consider this table:

especially in Sakra is marked by prefix {te-} as well as followed by the preposition isiq. Prefix {pe-} in a-e dialect tesawut is symbolized as passive marker. In [12] and [13] SD the prefix te attached with the verb baca and sawut and it is followed by the preposition isiq.. However, passive marker in Sakra is different from in Bayan. Bayan dialect used nasal with

Table 4: Affixation as passive marker in a- and a-a dialect

Word Tambah Pantok Borong Siduk Oros a- dialect Tetambah Tepantok Teborong Tesiduk Teoros a-a dialect Ntambah Mpantok Mborong Ngiduk Ngoros

In summary, a-a dialect attached prefix {N-} with allomorph {n-} and {m-} are glossing when the verb that

began by consonant. Meanwhile, when the verb is initialed by vowel, the prefix {N-} with allomorph {ng-} leads to the

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verb as those illustrations. However, a- dialect used prefix passive {te-} in

a-e dialect used base verb bait/take to express imperative sentence as in [13] BD. It cannot attach affixation in the verb as this sentence Mbait jaje tie or add circumfix {N-/-ang} in the verb to

demonstrating

marker.

Attaching prefix {te-} to the verb in a- proves that the sentence is passive. 5. Imperative Sentences in a-a

express

imperative

sentence

as

mbaitang jaje tie. Adding prefix nasal in the verb bait/take is unacceptable. The prefix nasal with allomorphs {m-} must be omitted; prefix nasal appears in the preverbal position in a- dialect it cannot be receipt. However, a-a

and a-

In imperative sentences Bayan and Sakra have different way to give command to other people. Sakra dialect tend used zero affix in commanding other people to conduct an activity but Bayan dialect used prefix {-N} in establishing imperative sentence.

dialect must be glossed affixation or prefix nasal [16] BD mbet to denote imperative sentence. It is unacceptable to omit the prefix nasal with allomorph {m} in the verb as the sentence above bet jaje cha. The sentence becomes ill-snyactic if an imperative sentence is not attached the prefix nasal on the verb.

Considering the following examples [16] SD and BD: [16] SD: Bait jaje tie Take snack that take the snack M-bet jaje cha N take snack DEM take the snack

BD:

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However, Suffix {-an} is glossed in the verb when people asking help in Sakra dialect. For example in English which is more polite to ask help could you open the door please?. Sasak language used prefix {an-} in Sakra dialect and Circumfix {N-/-ang} in Bayan to express asking help.

take the snack for me

In [17] SD interfaces suffix {-an} in the verb to express benfactive function and the sentence baitanke jaje tie in a- it means that please, take the snack for me. Glossing circumfix {N-/-ang} in aa dialect is the same as attaching suffix {-an} in a-.

Affixation is used for benefactive case, as in Mariam Webster dictionary noted that benefactive is indicating that someone is benefited; it used especially of affixes and verb forms in various dialects in Sasak language. Suffix {-an} for a- dialect and circumfix {N-/-ang} for a-a dialect denote benfactive case. For instances, compare both a- (Sakra) and a-a (Bayan dialect) in this following illustration:
[17] SD: Baitan ke jaje
snack

E. Conclusion and Suggestion After analyzing the data of verbal affix in a- (Sakra) and a-a (Bayan dialect), the writer concluded that: 1. Derivation of prefix in a- dialect consist of prefix {N-} with two

allomorphs {ny-} and {ng-}, prefix {te} with two allomorphs {te-} and {tepe}, prefix {pe-}, and prefix {be-}. While

tie
that

in a-a dialect discovered there are three prefix {N-}, {me-}, and {ke}. Prefix

Take SUF BENF

take the snack for me BD: M-bet-ang-ku jaje cha N-take-N1SG.posssnackDEM

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{N-} with three allomorphs {m-}, {n-}, and {ny-}, prefix {me-} with three allomorphs are {me-}, {mem-}, and {meny-}, and prefix {ke-}. There is a suffix in a-e dialect is suffix {-an} but in a-a dialect consist of two suffixes are {-in} and {-ang}. Circumfix in a-e dialect are {be-/-an}, {pe-/-an} and {N/-an} and a-a dialect has two

4.

Base Intransitive verb cannot be

attached with affixation in a-e dialect but in a-a must glossed prefix {me-} in the verb. 5. verb Transitivization either a- or of one-place dialect

a-a

corresponding suffix to the verb. Unaccusative can be realized with promote the Object become Subject and construct the verb with omit affixation ( affix). 6. Three place verb construction

circumfixes are {N-/-ang} with three allomorphs {m-/-ang}, {ny-/-ang}, {ng/-ang} and circumfix {me-/-an} with allomorphs {meng-/-an}. 2. Prefix {te-} is as passive marker in a-e dialect but it is very unique in aa dialect to demonstrate passive marker used prefix {N-}. 3. In imperative sentence, a-

(ditransitive), the verb can be added prefix {N-} in a- dialect but a-a dialect cannot be glossed affixation to the verb. For applicative marker in a-e dialect which is glossed suffix {-an} to the verb and prefix {N-} will be omitted and a-a

dialect may not used affixation or affix in the verb. Conversely, a-a dialect must used prefix {N-} in denoting imperative.

dialect the verb can derived into applicative which is glossed circumfix {N-/-ang} in the verb.

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The next researcher also can examine Sakra and Bayan language in more specifically in terms of passive marker in both of dialects because that

is very unique. It aims to find out and denote Sasak language has unique and various different among dialects.

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