The Role of State in A World of Global Governance

Pa!s!
stra University of Cambodia
The Role of State in A World of Global Governance
RESEARCH PAPER The Role Of The State In A World Of Global Governance Written By: LONG Kimkhorn Master of Arts in International Relations and Diplomacy Pa!s!stra University of Cambodia Modern Diplomacy Theory
Instructed By: Dr. TROND Gilberg, PhD and Dean of PUC Social Science and International Relations Faculty
Phnom Penh, August 15, 2012
Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.

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Student: LONG KimKhorn, MA.!
Pa!s!stra University of Cambodia
TABLES OF CONTENT I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Abstract Acknowledgement Introduction Literature Review Methodology Scope of Research Facts and Findings References 3 5 5 8 10 10 10 13 17
Conclusion and Recommendation

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I.
Abstract
As what we have known so far that the United Nations established aiming to prevent a third world war. Even though, the UN was born but it wasnt prevent the total war happening because not along a go after the birth of UN, the Cold War happened and have potentially changed the whole world politics across the board from the West to East and from the North to South of 21st geo-political landscape. There was no world war anymore since the creation of the UN but proxy wars happened everywhere around the world, especially intra-state war like Iran-Iraq. The UN cant ignore the impact of Iran-Iraq war on the potentiality to spill over the global politics. Elected Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali responded the situation with the initiative of An Agenda for Peace preventive deployment of UN peacekeepers to restore peace in any hostilities rather than by coalition of Member States. By early 1995, another initiative1 set up to cope the serious setbacks in Bosnia and the inability to stop the genocide in Rwanda. But An Agenda for Peace of the UN of Boutros-Ghalis mandate was the most disastrous failure in decades because it set up without the cooperation and contribution from the UN Member States. Drawing the previous lesson, Neither the Security Council nor the Secretary-General at present has the capacity to deploy, direct, command, control, and enforce operations except perhaps on a very limited scale. . . . It would be folly to attempt to do so at the present time when the Organization is resource-starved and hard pressed to handle the less demanding peacemaking and peacekeeping responsibilities entrusted to it. The United Nation is not the world government2. Any state act rational toward their national interest for their citizen and keeps balancing its responsible roles as the UN Member State. The UN can issue million pages of international norms and standards for world order and governance but finally, everything still rest with the states how to send mail, travel from their own country to the world, import and export goods and services across the border through land, sea, air, and internet. That is to say, without effectively functioning government, the UN papers are useless.
1
David M. Malone, The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st
Century, (Lynne Rienner Publishersj, 2004) Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.

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How is the world governed even in the absence of a world government? What accounts for the formal and informal norms, codes of conduct, and regulatory, surveillance, and compliance instruments? Still no answer. A peacekeeping operation needs to remain impartial3 and has to be regarded as so, otherwise the UN wont solve the conflict but became a party itself involved in the conflict. Generally it is said that if a peacekeeping operation has lost the consent of the parties and is regarded to be, or is, partial, its continuation requires adapting the mandate towards war fighting. For instance, during the 1990s, operations like the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Yugoslavia and the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) in Somalia faced huge problems amongst others because their mandates were not changed and they subsequently trapped in the middle way between peacekeeping and war fighting. Looking back to the past, whenever the inter-state, intra-state, or global problem appeared, the question raised up about the UN role in the world governance but the other point to each sovereign state involved in the conflict. Some may say, only the UN is the legitimate global governance4 and can do everything but the others have doubts. If the UN legitimate, they have to have the power to introduce and enforce world order through their total agenda but does UN have one voice or it still a notunited confederation and if so, who is the important actor to legitimize the power of the global governance the United Nation? If the answer is Member States of the UN, how they play their roles in the Global Governance?
Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, United Nations Intellectual History
Project, (The CUNY Graduate Center, 2009) &&&'()*+,-./0'./1!

3
Jar van der Lijn, If only There Were a Blueprint! Factors for Success and Failure of
UN Peace-Building Operations, p. 3-12

4
Sustainable
Development
Knowledge
Partnership,
Global
Environmental
Governance: The Role of Local Governments/ Sustainable development insights, (Boston University, 2011) p.2

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II.
Acknowledgement
The paper acknowledges the guides under the instruction of Dr. TROND Gilbert and the handful of documents/ sources/ data from the academia, scholars, researchers through PUC library and accessible e.library via Internet. III. Introduction
What do we mean by governance when applied to the international realm? In the minds of some, the term still confuse with world government. In fact, there is no world government. Global governance here is nothing beside the initiatives, norm, standards, regulations, and rules established by the UN to guarantee global political stability, peace, and world order. States need to develop a deeper awareness of their dual role in our global world. Beside the national obligation toward their citizen interest, states have to, collectively, ensure the harmonious for the global citizen in which they are sharing with each other through daily life. Traditionally governance has been associated with governing, or with political authority, institutions, and, ultimately, control. In recent years, however, scholars have used governance to denote the regulation of interdependent5 relations in the absence of overarching political authority, such as in the international system. These may be visible but quite informal (e.g., practices or guidelines) or temporary units (e.g., coalitions). But they may also be far more formal, taking the shape of rules (laws, norms, codes of behavior) as well as constituted institutions and practices (formal and informal) to manage collective affairs by a variety of actors (state authorities, intergovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, and private sector entities). Good global governance implies, not exclusive policy jurisdiction, but an optimal partnership between diverse types of actors operating at the local, national, regional, and global levels from the respective of Member States. Universal membership of the global governance in the new global age makes the UN a unique role to preserve the shared values of world citizen stated in the Charter6.
Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, United Nations Intellectual History
Project, (The CUNY Graduate Center, 2009) ! www.UNhistory.org Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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It is the UNs job to ensure that globalization provides benefits, not just for some, but for all; that peace and security hold, not only for a few, but for the many; that opportunities exist, not merely for the privileged, but for every human being everywhere. More than ever, the United Nations is needed to coordinate differences among Member States in power, culture, size and interest. More than ever, with the principles and practices of multilateralism, the UN is needed to define the ground rules of an emerging global civilization within which there will be room for the worlds rich diversity to exist itself fairly. Better governance means greater participation in the principles of accountability and transparency. Therefore, the international public institutionsincluding the United Nationsmust be included the participation of the many actors whose contributions are essential to managing the path of globalization. Depending on the issues at hand, this may include civil society organizations, the private sector, parliamentarians, local authorities, scientific associations, educational institutions, citizen networks, specificinterest groups and many others. To seek for the global governance after the World War I, US President Woodrow Wilson strived to creation of the League of Nations, involving all states together to solve their disputes through a rationalistic and legalistic approach7. In 1919, Initiative resulted in 44 states made an international contract among themselves for collective security, granting the international authority to coordinate, institutionalize and implement multilateral policy-making while holding on to the enforcing powers that would give the organization attributes of an international government. After the sufferings caused by the Second World Wars aftermath, the UN was born to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. It aimed to correct the League of Nations' deficiencies, and managed to survive since 1945.
6
Kofi A. Annan, We the people: The role of the United Nations in the 21st Century,
(N e w Yo r k: United Nations, 2000) p.13

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Jibecke H. JOENSSON, Understanding Collective Security in the 21st century: A
Critical Study of UN Peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia, (Florence: European University Institute, 2010) p.18 &121

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Though the Cold War prevented the UN to function satisfactorily in the peace and security matters, it nevertheless successfully pursued its Charter goals in many other areas such as decolonization, protection of human rights, respect for international law, promotion of social progress and better living standards for the people. In addition, to remedy the superpower rivalry the UN made some adjustments to cope with the threats to international peace and security by enlarging close cooperation with Member States. The Charter envisaged that States could reasonably be required to abstain from the use of force save in self-defense8 through the provision of collective security by the Security Council. Article 39 empowers the Security Council to determine the existence of a threat to or breach of international peace, and to recommend or decide on measures to maintain or restore international peace. The Security Council would thus be able to order economic and diplomatic sanctions, and also - directly, if it so chose, without first imposing sanctions under Article 41 - military sanctions but the UN never success in doing its mission alone without the core participation of the states. The United Nations offers the world community a system of global governance9. Its cardinal missions include: (a) The maintenance of international peace and security; (b) The promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development; (c) The promotion of solutions to international economic, social, health and related problems; and international cultural and educational cooperation; (d) Universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.
Rosalyn Higgins, Peace and Security Achievements and Failures, p.446-449 John O. Kakonge, United Nations Success and Challenges in the 21
Century, (UNDP), p.1

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IV.
Literature Review
Regarding to the UN Resolution 46/182 states10: The sovereignty, territorial integrity and national unity of States must be fully respected in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. In this context, humanitarian assistance should be provided with the consent of the affected country and in principle on the basis of an appeal by the affected country. Each State has the responsibility first and foremost to take care of the victims of natural disasters and other emergencies occurring on its territory. Hence, the affected State has the primary role in the initiation, organization, coordination, and implementation of humanitarian assistance within its territory. Beside humanitarian relief, the UN has role to guarantee peace in failed state or weak state through all kind of processes including peace-building, peacekeeping, peace implementation, state building, nation building, political stabilization, reconstruction or post-conflict recovery, and peace operations but without the close cooperation and agreement from the individual state and neighbor countries which involved in the conflict, the UNs mission for peace is just a dream without ground and can, possibly, turn war ending mission to war fighting operation without self-acknowledgment. The old war ended, the new war began (Hegre 2004:244). The total number of wars has globally declined by roughly half since the very early 1990s but unfortunate number of wars that ended has recurred. Most argue, however, that between one-fifth and one-third of all ended conflicts revert to warfare within 5 years (Collier and Hoeffler 2004). Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler, and Ma !ns So "derbom (2006), for instance, indicate a 23% chance of reversion within 5 years and 17% in the subsequent 5 years11. The global institution to carry out peace operation is the United Nations but the actor to wage war is the UN Member States. There is simply to say that if state not willing to give up war, the UN can never ending war and make peace in the world.
10 th
26
ALNAP, Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in
Humanitarian Actions, (Kuala Lumpur: 2010)

11
Charles T. Call & Elizabeth M. Cousens, Ending Wars and Building Peace:
International Responses to War-Torn Societies, (Nepal: 2008) p.1-21 Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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One among the ambitious objective of the UN through the World Trade Organization is to regulate international trade fairly and compete justly. In 2009, the WTO estimated that international trade decline by 9% resulted in 103 million more people will fall into poverty or fail to escape poverty because of the crisis, creating economic insecurity and decreasing human development12. The ILO estimated in 2008 that unemployment in 2009 could increase by some 30 million and reach almost 60 million. As incomes and employment are hit, it is the poorest who are least likely to be in a position to survive. The UN through its agencies set up international trade regulations but crisis created by the UN Member States. So to speak, if state fail to set precautionary methods to deal with economic and financial crisis, the UNs mission in regulating trade will fail. To eradicate the world poverty, the UN set up MDG goals for its Member States to lift their people from poverty by 2015. In developing regions, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day fell from 47 per cent in 1990 to 22 per cent in 201013. About 700 million fewer people lived in conditions of extreme poverty in 2010 than in 1990. Despite this impressive achievement at the global level, 1.2 billion people are still living in extreme poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa, almost half the population lives on less than $1.25 a day. The World Bank projects that, by 2015, about 970 million people will still be living on less than $1.25 a day in countries classified as low- or middle-income in 1990. The United Nations set up MDG goal to eradicate poverty but the main actor to lift the standard of living of the people is State. Therefore, if State fail to eradicate poverty, the UNs MDG goal will be fall. The article 1 of the United Nations stated that the organization and its members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members14.
12
Arjun Jayadev, Global Governance and Human Development: Promoting
Democratic Accountability and Institutional Experimentation, (Human Development Research Paper, 2010) p.17
13
United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report, (New York: 2013),
p.7 Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.

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Through this article stated in the Charter means that even though all the Member States required fulfilling its international obligation in the global affairs but all state still act, without interference from the UN, according to the international laws to preserve the national interest for the sake of their citizen. So we can say, if the Member States dont rationally perform their roles and duties as the main actor in their respective country, the United Nations will face the huge problem to implement their agendas in the global governance in the name of so-called world government. V. Methodology
The paper will use all secondary data to write literature review, consult fact and finding, discuss, compare, and contrast the arguments. Furthermore, paper is the social research study, so I will use qualitative method to write the whole paper. VI. Scope of Research
Due to time limit and because this is just a term paper so I will focus on the role of the state in a world of global governance in the 21st century by discussing on recent socioeconomic and political events under the supervision of the UN stated in the Charter, in particular, on the affairs of global peace, international trade and humanitarianism. VII. Facts and Findings
The group of G-20 leaders put huge effort to reform the governance of the Bretton Woods institution to global financial governance and the most important initiative was to transform the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) to Financial Stability Board (FSB) in 2009 at the London Summit15. The FSB has been given a mandate to promote global financial stability by strengthening international prudential standards, assessing vulnerabilities affecting the global financial system and encouraging coordination and information exchange among national financial authorities, international financial institutions and international standard setting bodies. It has also been given a strong organizational structure and new functions relating to early warning exercises, mandatory peer review for members, strategic reviews of the work of international standard-setting bodies and the creation and guidance of supervisory colleges for all major cross-border financial institutions (FSB 2009: 3).
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United Nations Charter, (SAN FRANCISCO: 1945), p.3

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The United Nations want to involve in Yugoslavia conflict by issuing the Security Council Resolution which adopting a general and complete embargo on deliveries of weapon and military equipment. But the UN hesitated whether to intervene or not for a while because the resolution touching the heart of the nature of international laws in the post-Cold War era on self-determination and state sovereignty. At the last resort of negotiation with the approval from the Yugoslavian authority, the SC proposed for a peacekeeping operation and the UN protection force (UNPROFOR) established in 1992 to address Yugoslavian tragedy16. If the UN goes without the support from the Yugoslavian authority, the UN will go nowhere. Another example of the States role in global governance was happened in 1991 and 1992 after civil order collapsed in Somalia when clans took control over parts of the country. Deaths, scarcity of food and famine accompanied the fghting and forced thousands of people to seek urgent humanitarian assistance. The UN asked Pakistani troops set up UNISOM I to protect humanitarian relief workers. Then, SC Resolution 794 authorized a large US led military-humanitarian intervention (Unifed Task Force on Somalia, or UNITAF, also known as Operation Restore Hope) to secure ports and airfields, protect relief shipments and workers, and assist humanitarian relief efforts. When the UNISOM I &UNISOM II17 fail because, in October 1994, Somalia showed unwillingness to reconcile with each other. Soon afterward, General Aidid was killed and fighting among clans again spoiled stability in Somalia. As for the case of Burundi-Rwanda, Inter and intra-state war broke out in Rwanda in October 1990, fighting between the armed forces of the Hutu-led government of Rwanda and the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) operating from Uganda. In 1993, SC established the UN Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR). And even the UN tried to negotiate for a new government and cease-fire at national level but local massacres did not end18. After many civilian were killed and millions of Rwandan refugees escaped to neighboring countries, the SC decided to set up another international force; the UNAMIR (the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda), for the implementation of the peace agreement.
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CHRISTOPH
POHLMANN,
STEPHAN
REICHERT,
HUBERT
REN
SCHILLINGER, THE G-20: A GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNMENT IN THE MAKING?, (Friedrich Elbert Stiftung, 2010) Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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UNAMIR concentrated on arranging a cease-fre, but it was not successful and killings continued. Thus, the SC considered the situation in Rwanda as a threat to international peace and security, and imposed an arms embargo against Rwanda. The civil war ended after RPF forces took control in Rwanda; they declared a cease-fre and a transitional government was established for fve years. In Cambodia, after the collapse of Pol Pot regime on January 7, 1979, then, the UN started to talk for peace agenda in Cambodia proposed a peacekeeping mission for Cambodia (UNTAC) to implement the agreement and ensure a neutral political environment before the general elections19. Even though the proxy wars still woke out in some areas but there is no mass killing and the question pointed to the UN why did the UN not intervene to help Cambodian citizen during Pol Pot regime? and why just come after the cruel regime collapsed? There were many answers we can give but one thing that we should not forget is the UN cannot move across the sovereign state border without the approval from its Member State. How does the UN carry out the collective security protocol? Article 39 states that The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken [. . .] to maintain or restore international peace and security. But the UNSC can authorize uses of force by regional organizations or coalitions of the willing,20 which means the Member States still play a crucial role in peacekeeping missions including financing operation. More than 2.6 million people are infected with HIV each year21, and AIDS is the leading cause of death of women of reproductive age around the world. Malaria kills 800,000 people every year, mostly children under age five, with an estimated 250 million more cases annually. More than 9 million people develop tuberculosis (TB) every year, and 1.7 million die from this disease.
16,17,18 &19
D!LEK LAT!F, UNITED NATIONS' CHANGING ROLE IN THE POST-
COLD WAR ERA, (UN, 2000) p.46-51

20
Erik Voeten, Why no UN Security Council reform?, (Institutionalist theory), p.295-
297

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More than a billion people suffer from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and 500,000 die every year from these diseases. 358,000 women die annually from largely preventable complications related to pregnancy or childbirth; millions more women suffer often debilitating pregnancy-related injury and infections. 215 million women want to avoid pregnancy but are not using a modern method of contraception, and two-fifths of all pregnancies in the developing world are unintended. 8.1 million children under five die every year, many from easily treatable or vaccine-preventable conditions or malnutrition; 40 percent of them die during their first four weeks of life. 200 million children under age five and 1 out of 3 women in the developing world are undernourished. There is no way that the UN can address all these issues depending on their nearly 10,0000 staffs around the globe without the sole effort of the Member States. Depending on a study, they found out that, at least, there are four main driving forces behind the increase of interdependence22 of the world from one to another across the continent: (a) trade and investment liberalization; (b) technological innovation and the reduction of communication costs; (c) entrepreneurship; and (d) global social networks. Although many believe that technological innovation and entrepreneurship are the main forces behind globalization, these factors cannot alone explain the process of enhanced economic integration. The State is the hub of activities connecting multiple partners and stakeholders from very varied fields, regions, cultures, occupations, professions and interests. VIII. Conclusion and Recommendation The world became too big than ever before requiring the multilateral effort across the region from one continent to the others. The drives behind the globalization are increasing the interdependency of the world administration and global governance in which there is no one party or institution or a single country can build and protect everything at everywhere.
21
The United States Government Global Health Initiative Strategy, p.4-8 Guido Bertucci and Adriana Alberti, Globalization and the Role of the State:
22
Challenges and Perspectives, p.1,14

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This than ever before of the world history, the main changing geopolitical game has competed among states seeking additional power and economic survival. According to the US President Obama said the era is drawing to a close - In an era when our destiny is shared, power is no longer a zero-sum game, The era that turns the competition among great powers to the collective management of global threat from nuclear proliferation to climate change that potentially increasing damage to the international security, global prosperity for all humankind of all nations. Each of every UN Member States have their own special role and obligation in the global governance but just differing by size and extent whether the question on the dimension of regional or global affairs. But for the superpower like the United States, Obama as the president, America itself has taken a series of symbolic steps to return the United States to multilateral engagement, recommitted their own country to the international rule of law by shutting secret CIA prisons and detention facility in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Furthermore, they moved the US from a bystander to a leader on climate change, ground the G-20 as the ongoing summit-level forum, proposed improvements to the nuclear nonproliferation regime, strived to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). There are a lot of thing that a country can play role in the global governance. Since the collapse of the bipolar confrontation with the Soviet Union, there were debates about whether the international system is unipolar or increasingly multipolar. The more study revealed that the more multilateral relation the more stable global governance. To achieve the stable global governance in which everyone has land to stand and role to play in the world affairs, each UN Member States has to choose engagement approach not confrontation in the international relations and diplomatic affairs. It is what that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton calls a multipartner world in which the US works collectively with other governments, reformed institutions, and private sector, nongovernmental, and civil society to address global challenges. It is the same way that the UN goes to perform its global governance agendas so far in its history. In order to integrate emerging countries into a world order is another most challenging problem both for the UN and especially the Member States because they Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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have to, may be, erase all what they had been used in their states affairs management to adopt a new international standard that impact to every aspect of their government and citizen life. As President Obama mentioned at the London Summit of the G-20, shaping the world order was much easier when it was just Roosevelt and Churchill sitting in a room with brandy. There are simply far more players today, and rising powers are unlikely to accept the entire corpus of Western order without qualification or adjustment. If they still ignore the co-existence among others, how can the global governance take place. To be able each UN Member States can participate meaningfully in the global governance process in this 21st century, each state has to involve in the essential reform effort to and of the United Nations to bring every player including the global superpowers and major regional powers under the international rule of law respect human rights, fair trade across border, humanitarian relief, international security and peace keeping operation for the sake of all humankind. The essential reforms which we need urgently should be: a) International Peace and Security Reforms; b) Security Council and General Assembly Reforms. Among the peacekeeping reforms, the scholars suggest the UN should have: (a) Clear, achievable mandates for peacekeeping and peace-building missions, matched by the adequate resources; (b) Regular and rigorous oversight of peacekeeping missions to ensure effectiveness on the ground; (c) More emphasis on peace-building and conflict prevention in those countries where insecurity remains high; (d) Support for the UNs review of international civilian capacity; (e) Ensuring the review of the UNs Peace Building Commission in strategic and country-focused; (f) Consideration of the UN Regular and Peacekeeping Budgets to take into account the current economic climate and the need to pursue good budget discipline, and more modernized cost-share calculations to secure value for money. Security Council Reforms: many people agrees that the Security Councils permanent, veto-owner membership seem not work justly. An increasingly unrepresentative, anachronistic Security Council speaks with diminishing authority. Why reform Security Council related to the role of state in global governance, because important actors may be missing from every level of life and dead decisionmaking process of the world affairs. Whether you think the UN can accomplish a little Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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or a lot, a better Security Council would be able to get more done. Alas, the consensus ends there. Among todays permanent members France and Britain worry about their declining influence. China objects to Japan as a permanent member. Mexico and Argentina object to Brazil. Italy objects to Germany, and Pakistan objects to India. African states cannot choose between South Africa and Nigeria. Do you need a Muslim state? And if so, which - Indonesia? Widen the membership of the Security Council to make it more representative. Tackle the veto which puts all major reforms under the control of the existing permanent members. Change the way in which the SC orders military action in order to control the process. General Assembly Reforms: (a) Work for General Assembly regaining its powers and develop the responsibility to protect, a concept supported by the discussions at the UN General Assembly in September 2005; (b) The Charter makes it clear that the General Assembly of all member states is the primary UN body. Article 15 says that the Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special reports from the Security Council...and from the other Organs of the United Nations; (d) The chief limitation on its powers comes from Article 12 which lies down that when the Security Council is exercising its functions in dealing with matters of peace and security the Assembly shall refrain from making any recommendations. While this is a necessary condition it should be modified by a new rule, which should be mutually agreed by both institutions General Assembly and Security Council; (e) All procedures that had been written down for the overall implementation of all UN agencies mandate, should review one by one to adopt the current unpredictable international affairs. Former Secretary General Kofi Annan famously called the UN the only fire brigade in the world that has to acquire a fire engine after the fire has started. Even when peacekeeping is the most appropriate protection tool, the UN must always overcome significant challenges to deploy and support each new mission. UN is supposed to keep peace in the whole of the world with a two-year tiny peacekeeping budget for 2010- 2011 for $ 5.2 billion. This is less than the half of the cost of the 2012 London Olympics, or about the same amount spent by US citizens on cut flowers and potted plants every year. Both McDonalds and Coca Cola employee more people worldwide then the entire UN system. Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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IX.
References
1. Malone, David M. (2004). Lynne Rienner Publishersj. The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century. 2. United Nations Intellectual History Project. (2009). Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies. Briefing Note 15. www.UNhistory.org 3. Jar van der Lijn. If only There Were a Blueprint! Factors for Success and Failure of UN Peace-Building Operations. 3&12 4. Sustainable Development Knowledge Partnership. (2011). Boston University. Global Environmental Governance: The Role of Local Governments/ Sustainable development insights. 2 5. United Nations Intellectual History Project. (2009). Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies. Briefing Note 15. www.UNhistory.org 6. Annan, Kofi A. (2000). United Nations. We the people: The role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. 13 7. JOENSSON, Jibecke H. (2010). European University Institute. Understanding Collective Security in the 21st century: A Critical Study of UN Peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia. 18 &121 8. Higgins, R. Peace and Security Achievements and Failures. 446-449 9. Kakonge, John O. UNDP Resident Representative. United Nations Success and Challenges in the 21 Century. 1 10. 26 th ALNAP Meeting. (2010). Active Learning Network for Accountability and
Performance in Humanitarian Actions 11. Call, Charles T., Cousens, Elizabeth M. (2008). American University. Ending Wars and Building Peace: International Responses to War-Torn Societies. 1-9&21 12. Jayadev, A. (2010). Human Development Research Paper. Global Governance and Human Development: Promoting Democratic Accountability and Institutional Prof. Dr. TROND, PhD.
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Experimentation. 17 13. United Nations. (2013). The Millennium Development Goals Report. 7 14. United Nations. (1945). United Nations Charter. 3 15. POHLMANN, C., REICHERT, S., SCHILLINGER, HUBERT R. (2010). Friedrich Elbert Stiftung. THE G-20: A GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNMENT IN THE MAKING? 16,17,18,19. LAT!F, DI. (2000). UNITED NATIONS' CHANGING ROLE IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA. 46-51 20. Voeten, E. Institutionalist Theory. Why no UN Security Council reform? 295, 297 21. The United States Government Global Health Initiative Strategy. 4&8 22. Bertucci, G., Alberti, A. Globalization and the Role of the State: Challenges and Perspectives. 1&14 23. Patrick, S. (2010). The Stanley Foundation & CICIR and the Centre for International Governance Innovation. Global Governance Reform: An American View of US Leadership. 2-5
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stra University of Cambodia