Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1.

. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitneys interchangeable parts Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became smaller and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express. IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution The period of time in which America was hit with a wave of urbanization and sweeping improvements in technology, such as agricultural technology (plows, mower-reaper) and transportation (trains). Nativism This is based on anti-immigration ideas. The people within groups such as The Order of the Star Spangled Banner ostracized immigrants and put up signs such as NINA against immigrants seeking employment. Canal Age This age began with the Erie Canal, which lowered transportation costs and increased flow in terms of trade. This increase in transportation and ease of trade also boosted the significance of many American cities, such as New York. Samuel Slater He is known as the father of the factory system. After escaping from England in disguise, he brought back textile trade secrets that helped factories in the United States flourish. Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin Eli Whitney was an inventor who made most of his money making interchangeable parts for firearms. However, his most notable contribution to the Industrial Revolution is the cotton gin, which made it possible for cotton to become the Souths chief product. Elias Howe He was one of the men who perfected the sewing machine, an invention that allowed industry in the United States to become more widespread. Lowell/Waltham System A way of running labor in the newly industrialized United States. This was made possible by

many new inventions of the time, such as the sewing machine and the booming textile industry. Commonwealth v. Hunt This was a Massachusetts case in which the court ruled in favor of labor unions. It stated that unions were not illegal conspiracies if they were honest and peaceful. Erie Canal This was an integral part of the Canal age. It was built in 1818-1825, and was around 100 miles long, from Albany to Buffalo. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like? Settlers on the frontier were incredibly rowdy. Men often wrestled without any regulations. They were also incredibly lonely people, with many women going insane after a short time. Their life span wasnt very long either, with sanitation and health conditions still rather poor. Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. The settlers did not hold back when it came to using the wests natural resources. They plundered their resources to their benefit. Fur trappers worked based on the rendezvous system, and eventually animals such as the beaver became scarce in the United States. However, George Catlin, an artist, fought for the establishment of national parks in order to fight against the careless destruction of their environment. The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860? During this period of time, many European immigrants, such as the Irish and the Germans, fled from their countries to the United States. In the Irishs case, they fled from the Potato Famine, to the US, which they perceived was the land of opportunity. Millions of Irishmen and Germans came, and brought with them their culture, language, and ideas. However, they were not received well by many Americans who were threatened by their presence.

The Emerald Isle Moves West Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain. After reading this section, it is logical that an Irish-American became president in 1960. Although there was an immense amount of discrimination against the Irish immigrants, they also managed to become a force to be reckoned with in social and political aspects. Politicians began twisting the

British Lions Tail in order to sway Irishmen and they also became more prominent in law enforcement, hence the term paddy wagons. Therefore, the fact that they have become accepted in law enforcement and politics leads to a logical jump to presidency. The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain. Yes, I believe that Germans did make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did. Today, kindergarten is an educational step taken by all children in the United States. It is a widely known term, even though its origin may be obscure. Also, beer is one of the most popular alcoholic drinks, and is served throughout the United States.

Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated? Immigrants from Germany and Ireland were feared and hated mostly by the working class Americans. There were an astonishing amount of them, each one looking for a way to make a living. Naturally, this threatened Americans because they saw the Germans and the Irish as competition, and as people who would take their jobs away from them. Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States? For starters, Britain had a huge advantage when it came to industry. They were much more advanced in terms of technology, and kept their techniques under tight wraps. Their factories were also in competition with others. The United States was at the time a mainly agricultural nation, which kept many people reluctant to accept other ways of making a living for fear of abolishing the life they were already familiar with. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain. Samuel Slater basically gave the United States the blueprints for an industrial nation. His information on how Britain achieved their industrial success helped factories in the North flourish. However, since the South had always been a sparsely populated agricultural region, they could not achieve the same success as the north in terms of factories. Eli Whitneys cotton gin allowed them to increase the production of cotton, which allowed them to keep up and supply the norths textile industry. This is what encouraged the north to keep being an industrial region, while the south was encouraged to focus on agriculture (mainly cotton). Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse

10.

Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain. In my opinion, new inventions were more important than the changes in business forms and legal status. This is because these new inventions, such as the sewing machine and the cotton gin, as well as the cotton thread spinner, made industrialization in the US possible. Without the help of this new technology, the new laws most likely would not have had an effect on a rural nation. Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's? In the 1830s and 40s, workers went on strike in order to gain more benefits. They wanted shorter work days, higher pay, free public education, and a ban on debtors jails. In order to gain these benefits, they formed labor unions. However, many of their strikes were ignored, or often disregarded by employers through the use of strikebreakers or immigrants who would take any work available, regardless of how horrid the conditions. Fortunately, labor unions caught a break with the court case, Commonwealth v. Hunt, which stated that unions were not illegal conspiracies if they were honest and peaceful. Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.) Many women were employed in textile factories. These women were mostly young, single girls, and were watched very carefully. Women often worked in these types of jobs, and then stopped working after they were married. After marriage, women usually focused on family. The Cult of Domesticity placed a heavy emphasis on homemaking and family. Even feminists such as Catherine Beecher, who promoted the idea of women in the educational field, supported this belief. However, later on, domestic feminism went on the raise, which promoted birth control and marriage for love instead of arranged marriages. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers? New technology were extremely pivotal in the productivity increase for farmers. The mechanical mower-reaper, created by Cyrus McCormick, helped farmers harvest much more crops. John Deeres steel plow also allowed these farmers to work their fields much more efficiently. This increase in efficiency therefore led to the raising of more cash crops, which helped the economy for these farmers flourish. Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important? Turnpikes and steamboats were incredibly important to America during the time of the Industrial Revolution. The Lancaster Turnpike stretched from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Philadelphia, which brought expansion to the west. The National Road and the steamboat, invented by Robert Fulton, let people transport goods and passengers from area to area with fewer expense and difficulties.

"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal 15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain. The Erie Canal helped the United States develop both agriculturally and economically. Farmers who lived in the east couldnt possibly keep up a good crop with their environments lackluster soil. And so many relocated to the west, which allowed the west to expand even more. Canals, which were the main source of transportation, then became an area of development for sprouting cities. This change in development let regions grow differently. Since the east was not suitable for farming, it became more industrialized than the south and the west. The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads. Railroads allowed easy and quick transportation to previously far-off places. They let passengers go off in what seemed to be a much safer mode of transportation. Unfortunately, early trains were poorly built. First off, their breaks did not work well. Stops were often changed, and passengers got lost. Most unfortunately, the embers that came off of railroads caused houses nearby to catch fire. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain. Basically, the clipper ship, stagecoach, and Pony Express failed in the end because they could not adapt to the changing times. As the society around them evolved, they were left behind. Clipper ships were fast, but could not hold enough cargo or passengers to keep up with British tea kettles. Stage coaches were nice, but since they were horse-drawn, they were not fast or efficient enough. Lastly, while the Pony Express could travel 2000 miles in ten days, they were quickly replaced by telegraphs, which could be sent much quicker. The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis. The division of labor allowed each region to focus on their own specialties. The south focused on cotton, the west focused on grain and livestock, and the east focused on industrialization and textiles. Through the use of the Mississippi River, the South believed that they were connected to all the places they needed. Therefore, they did not support the use of government money or taxes to build any other roads or canals. This created an obvious tension between each of the regions, who seemed to hold some kind of contempt for one another. The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War? Social Mobility was somewhat possible in the United States before the Civil War. Wages were a little bit improved through the efforts of labor unions, but hardly enough to make a drastic difference. The standard of living was raised, however, by the new benefits

established by workers. People could make a living for themselves, but so-called rags-toriches tales were incredibly rare. Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening It was another wave of spiritual revival that swept through the United States. This Awakening was followed by the beginning of new religions and the start of reform movements such as Temperance, womens rights, and abolition. Shakers This was a group of spiritual individuals who followed a monastic lifestyle that promoted the segregation of the sexes and celibacy. They were led by a woman named Mother Ann Lee, and at their peak had 6000 members until their vow of celibacy made them fade into obscurity.

Mormons A religion founded by Joseph Smith. Its established church is the Church of Latter Day Saints. This religion received a lot of opposition in states such as Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri. Brigham Young He was a Mormon who led his oppressed people to Utah in 1846. Years later, in 1850, he was made into a governor. As a governor, he was very territorial and authoritative, which was a thorn in the side of his neighbors.

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists beliefs were based on many European ideas, such as those of John Locke. They believed that truth transcended the body, and they also tried to bring Puritan ideas into the modern world. Famous transcendentalists include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson He was a popular transcendentalist writer. His most famous work was Self-Reliance, and his address to Phi Beta Kappa, The American Scholar. His style embodied the American spirit, and he urged others leave the European tradition behind. Henry David Thoreau He was a friend of R.W. Emerson, and a fellow transcendentalist writer. He detested the government for supporting slavery. His most famous work was the novel, Walden. Utopia An ideal society, in which people can live in harmony together. This is basically a heaven on earth, and is completely perfect for its inhabitants. Brook Farm This community was started in Massachusetts, and was a project completed between around twenty intellectuals. It eventually failed due to a massive fire on one of its recently-completed communal buildings, which launched it into severe debt. New Harmony Located in Indiana, this community was founded by Roger Owen, and at its peak, had around 1000 inhabitants. However, among these inhabitants were unsavory characters, which ultimately led to the community end in a morass of contradiction and confusion. Oneida Community This utopian society was founded by John Humphrey Noyes, who believed that a perfect Christian society could exist on earth. This community believed in the communal raising of children as well as polygamous relationships. Men and women also had equal responsibilities within this community. Temperance Crusade This was the movement which followed the Second Great Awakening. After the rise of heavy drinking and drunkenness in American Society, many decided to preach the idea of temperance, which was based on restraint from alcohol. Seneca Falls Convention This was a womens rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York. A large group of feminists met here, and read out the Declaration of Sentiments, which stated that all men and women are created equal. American Colonization Society

This organization focused on transporting freed black slaves to Africa. They also successfully established the colony, Liberia, in West Africa where these freed slaves could live. William Lloyd Garrison He was an incredibly aggressive abolitionist who was the head of the Boston publication, The Liberator. The Liberator became incredibly popular nationwide, and was noted for its inflammatory language toward anyone who supported slavery. David Walker He was an African American abolitionist, and a leader of a group of African Americans in Boston. In 1829, he wrote his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World: a call to awaken my brethren. Hudson River School This was a school that excelled in producing artists with skills centered on painting romantic mirrorings of local landscapes. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? One way religion in the United States grew more liberal is through the introduction of the Unitarian faith, where the Holy Trinity was cast aside by some people. Also, Unitarians appealed to others through logic and rationalism. Religion became more conservative because there was a pushback by some of the more traditional Christians. There was also the start of conservative movements such as the temperance movement, which prohibited liquor. Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? Due to the many reform movements that sprouted from the Second Great Awakening, organized religion was split up into different, diverse groups. In the Burned-Over-District, Puritan preachers focused on damnation and hellfire. Religions also separated over issues such as slavery, in which the Methodists and the Presbyterians split. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? The Mormon faith was established by Joseph Smith, who claimed that an angel had given him golden plates, from which he deciphered the Book of Mormon. However, there were many people who opposed this faith. This was mostly because of the accusations fired at Smith and the Mormons for polygamy, or marrying more than one person. Mormons also drilled their own militia in public, and they voted as a singular unit. Free Schools for a Free People

Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? During this time, many people, especially the workers, demanded that they receive free education for their kids. Reform was spearheaded by Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Noah Webster and William McGuffey also helped spread learning throughout the United States. Schools as a whole improved through better textbooks, a standardized written language, and lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years? The University of Virginia was established in 1819, and focused on subjects such as modern language and science, instead of Latin and religion. Womens schools for higher learning also went on a slow rise, from Emma Willards Troy Female Seminary, to Oberlin College allowing the admission of female students, and to Mary Lyons Mt. Holyoke Seminary. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorothea Dix 6. How and why did Dorothea Dix participate in the reform movements? Dorothea Dix participated in the reform movements through her focus on reforming prisons and asylums. She traveled around sixty thousand miles around the United States in order to investigate the conditions within prisons and asylums. What she wrote down eventually went into her petition to Massachusetts legislature. Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. The temperance reformers, in my opinion, were not very successful. Temperance reformers usually made use of T.S. Arthurs Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There in order to sway the opinions of people. Neil S. Dow, the mayor of Portland, was a large supporter of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited all manufacturing and ingestion of alcoholic liquor. However, these things did not actually stop or limit the drinking of people. They made people more aware of temperance, but they did not really accomplish their true goal. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century. Women in the first half of the 19th century were seen as inferior, mentally and physically, to men. However, they were also seen as morally strong and refined. The Cult of Domesticity promoted the position of women as homemakers. This belief also promoted the idea of the home being the center of a womans world, or sphere. Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers

9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America? Utopian communities were different from mainstream America because they were based on the ideals and beliefs of the person who established them. For instance, Oneida Community was started by John Humphrey Noyes. He believed in the possibility of a perfect Christian community on earth. Therefore, all of his efforts were focused on making this come true. The same was true for New Harmony and Brook Farm. However, Oneida Farm became incredibly controversial through their practices involving complex marriage. Each utopian society eventually fell into obscurity either through debt (Brook Farm) or through their outdated beliefs (the Shakers, who lived a very monastic life.) The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. I do not believe that the United States was a leader in the world in scientific pursuits. However, the United States did make many improvements in the scientific field. For example, Professor Benjamin Silliman was an incredibly influential as a chemist and geologist. John J. Audubon was also significant through his contribution, the illustrated Birds of America. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. I believe that the Oneida Community does fit this definition. While it was progressive in some points, with women and men having equal responsibilities, it was incredibly controversial in other parts. The complex marriages and the communal care of children scandalized many other Americans. Noyes was persecuted for these ideas, and this opposition caught up to him. They were forced to give up complex marriages due to complaints from outside parties. In the end, Oneidans ceased becoming a community, and instead, became a joint-stock company. Therefore, it hadnt at all accomplished any of its goals for a perfect Christian society. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. I think this statement is fairly accurate. At this time, Thomas Jefferson became a highly significant contributor in the field of architecture, including his design of the University of Virginia and his home, Monticello. Gilbert Stuart also emerged as very talented artist, and painted a portrait George Washington. Charles Willson Peale was also a successful artist, and had painted about 60 portraits of Washington. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? In the early 1800s, American writers such as Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were recognized world-wide for their ability. Irving was incredibly successful through his use of

American and European themes in his work, such as in Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Cooper was the first American novelist to gain world fame. His writing focused on Americas values and contrasted natural men with civilized society. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. In my opinion, Thoreau was the transcendentalist who best illustrated the theory in his life and writings. This is because he was incredibly strong in supporting his beliefs. He looked down upon the government for supporting slavery, and even refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax. He then spent an entire night in jail for his refusal to pay his tax. His essay, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience also supported idealistic thought. His writings also inspired civil rights leaders such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Longfellows writings were taken in by the less-cultured classes, and he was only American to be graced with the honor of a bust in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey. Greenleaf was a writer who created poems which had themes that went against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance. Lowell was a very popular and distinguished literary figure. He was a satirist in his publication, The Biglow Papers, which went against slavery-expansion. Holmes was a teacher at Harvard Medical School, and taught anatomy. He referred to Boston as the hub of the universe, and wrote the famous poem, The Last Leaf. Alcott was a female writer whose father was a philosopher. She later on wrote Little Women in order to support her family. Lastly, Dickinson was a recluse and did not publish any of her poems, but after she died, they were published. Their themes included nature, love, death, and immortality. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? In my opinion, Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places because their style was different from what typical writers used at that time period. Poe explored darker themes such as in his work, The Raven. Melvilles novel, Moby Dick, went unnoticed largely because of its impersonal and unknowable style. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? The geographic background of early historians definitely affected the history they wrote due to regional bias. Most historians were from New England, especially since Boston had very good libraries. These historians naturally painted a very harsh view of the South.