Circular Microstrip Antenna PDF

Chapter 3
Circular Microstrip Antennas

3.1 Circular Microstrip Antenna Properties
In Chapter 2 we saw that the rectangular microstrip antenna has a number
of useful designs. The circular microstrip antenna offers a number of
radiation pattern options not readily implemented using a rectangular patch.
The fundamental mode of the circular microstrip patch antenna is the TM
11
.
This mode produces a radiation pattern that is very similar to the lowest
order mode of a rectangular microstrip antenna. The next higher order
mode is the TM
21,
which can be driven to produce circularly polarized radia-
tion with a monopole-type pattern. This is followed in frequency by the TM
02

mode, which radiates a monopole pattern with linear polarization. In the
late 1970s, liquid crystals were used to experimentally map the electric eld
of the driven modes surrounding a circular microstrip antenna and optimize
them.
[1]
In Figure 3-1, the geometry of a circular microstrip antenna is dened. The
circular metallic patch has a radius a and a driving point located at r at an
angle measured from the x axis. As with the rectangular microstrip antenna,
the patch is spaced a distance h from a groundplane. A substrate of
r
separates
the patch and the groundplane.
An analysis of the circular microstrip antenna, which is very useful for
engineering purposes, has been undertaken by Derneryd and will be utilized
here.
[2]
The electric eld under the circular microstrip antenna is described
by:
E E J kr n
z n
0
( )cos( ) (3.1)
The magnetic eld components are described as
76
Circular Microstrip Antennas 77
H
j n
k r
E J kr n
r n

2
0
( )sin (3.2)
H
j
k
E J kr n n

0

( )cos (3.3)
where k is the propagation constant in the dielectric which has a dielectric
constant
0
r
. J
n
is the Bessel function of the rst kind of order n. J
n
is the
derivative of the Bessel function with respect to its argument, is the angular
frequency ( 2f). The open circuited edge condition requires that J
n
(ka)
0. For each mode of a circular microstrip antenna there is an associated radius
which is dependent on the zeros of the derivative of the Bessel function. Bessel
functions in this analysis are analogous to sine and cosine functions in rectan-
gular coordinates. E
0
is the value of the electric eld at the edge of the patch
across the gap.
Figure 3-1 Circular microstrip antenna geometry. The circular microstrip antenna is
a metal disk of radius a and has a driving point location at r which makes an angle
with the x axis. The thickness of the substrate is h, where h <<
0
, which has a relative
dielectric constant of
r
.
78 Circular Microstrip Antennas
The resonant frequency, f
nm
, for each TM mode of a circular microstrip
antenna is given by

f
A c
a
nm
nm
eff r

2
(3.4)
where A
nm
is the mth zero of the derivative of the Bessel function of order n.
The constant c is the speed of light in free space and a
eff
is the effective
radius of the patch. A list of the rst four Bessel function zeros used with
equation (3.4) are presented in Table 3-1. (In the case of a rectangular microstrip
antenna, the modes are designated by TM
mn
, where m is related to x and n is
related to y. The modes for a circular microstrip antenna were introduced
as TM
nm
, where n is related to and m is related to r (often designated ). The
reversal of indices can be a source of confusion.)
a
eff
is the effective radius of the circular patch, which is given by
a a
h
a
a
h
eff
r
+

+
_
,
1
]
1
1
2
2
1 7726
1 2

ln .
/
(3.5)
a h / >>1
where a is the physical radius of the antenna.
Equation (3.4) and equation (3.5) can be combined to produce:

a
A c h
a
a
f h
nm
r
r nm

+

+
_
,
1
]
1
2
1
2
2
1 7726
1 2

ln .
/
(3.6)
Table 3-1 First four Bessel function zeros used with
equation (3.4).
A
nm
TM
nm
1.84118 1,1
3.05424 2,1
3.83171 0,2
4.20119 3,1
The form of equation (3.6) is
a f a ( )
(3.7)
which can be solved using xed point iteration (Appendix B, Section B.3) to
compute a design radius given a desired value of A
nm
from Table 3-1, which
determines the mode TM
nm
, and given the desired resonant frequency f
nm
at
which the antenna is to operate.
[3]
An initial approximation for the radius a
0
to begin the iteration is
a
A c
f
nm
nm r
0
2

(3.8)
The initial value a
0
is placed into the right-hand side of equation (3.6) to
produce a value for a. This value is designated a
1,
then is placed into the right-
hand side to produce a second, more rened value for a designated a
2,
and so
on. Experience indicates that no more than ve iterations are required to
produce a stable solution.
The lowest order mode, TM
11
, is the bipolar mode, which is analogous to
the lowest order mode of a rectangular microstrip antenna. In Figure 3-2 we
can see the electric eld concentrated at each end of the antenna for the n
1 mode with a sign reversal. The mode number n corresponds to the number
of sign reversals in radians of .
The next resonant mode is the TM
21
mode, which is called the quadrapolar
mode. Figure 3-2 shows the electric eld distribution for the n 2 mode. Note
the four concentrations of electric eld with alternating signs. This mode is the
rst of a family of modes that may be used to create a circularly polarized
monopole-type pattern.
The third mode is the TM
02
unipolar mode. In this situation, the mode index
n is zero, which implies that no sign reversals occur because the cosine in
equation (3.1) becomes unity for all values of , and it therefore is independent
of the angle . Figure 3-2 shows the n 0 mode and illustrates the uniform
electric eld around the edge of the circular antenna. This mode radiates
a monopole-type pattern. Following the introduction of the mathematical
analysis equations for directivity, driving point impedance, and efciency, we
will examine these modes in more detail.
3.2 Directivity
A very useful formulation for the directivity of the fundamental mode of a cir-
cular microstrip antenna was presented by Derneryd.
[4]
The radiation conduc-
tance of a circular microstrip antenna is given by
G
k a
B k a B k a d
rad n M P
+
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
480
( )
[ ( sin ) ( sin )cos ]sin
(3.9)
Figure 3-2 Electric and magnetic eld patterns of a circular microstrip antenna at
resonance.
where

n
n
n
0
2 0
1 0
( )
( )
and
B X J X J X
P n n
( ) ( ) ( ) +
+ 1 1
B X J X J X
M n n
( ) ( ) ( )
+ 1 1
The directivity of a circular patch for the n 1 mode is expressed as
D
k a
G
rad
( )
0
2
120
(3.10)
The losses associated with the dielectric may be expressed as
G
hf
ka n
r
n
mn

0
0
2 2
4
tan
[( ) ] (3.11)
The ohmic loss associated with the conductors is

G
f
h
ka n
cu
n mn
0 0
3 2
2
2 2
4
( )
[( ) ]
( ) /
(3.12)
The total conductance is
G G G G
rad cu
r
+ +
(3.13)
3.3 Input Resistance and Impedance Bandwidth
The input resistance at resonance as a function of radius r is
Z r
G
J kr
J ka
in
n
n
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
(3.14)
The cavity Qs, which allow us to compute the impedance bandwidth of a
circular microstrip antenna, may be dened as the following:
The radiation Q is
Q
ka n
h f k a I
R
r
240
2 2
0
2
1
[( ) ]
( )
(3.15)
where

I J k a J k a
J k a
n n
n
1 1 0 1 0
2
0
2
1 0
+
+
+
[{ ( sin ) ( sin )}
cos { ( sin )

JJ k a d
n1 0
2
( sin )} ]sin
(3.16)
The dielectric Q is
Q
D

1
tan
(3.17)
The conductor Q is
Q h f
C r c

0
(3.18)
As related previously:

1 1 1 1
Q Q Q Q
T R D C
+ +
The impedance bandwidth [S : 1 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)] of a
circular microstrip antenna is given by

BW
S
Q S
T
100 1 ( )
%
(3.19)
3.3.1 Gain, Radiation Pattern, and Efciency
The antenna efciency is
e
Q Q
Q Q Q Q Q Q
C D
C D C R D R
+ +
(3.20)
The radiation patterns may be calculated using

E j
Vak e
r
n J k a J k a
n
jk r
n n

+
0
1 0 1 0
2
0
cos [ ( sin ) ( sin )]
(3.21)

E j
Vak e
r
n J k a J k a
n
jk r
n n
+
+
0
1 0 1 0
2
0
cos sin [ ( sin ) ( sin )]
(3.22)
where V is the edge voltage at 0:
V hE J ka
n
0
( ) (3.23)
when n 1 [equation (3.10)] may be used to compute the antenna directivity.
One must numerically integrate equation (3.21) and equation (3.22) to obtain
directivity estimates of a circular patch when n 1. The efciency obtained
from equation (3.20) allows one to compute the gain of a circular microstrip
antenna.
3.4 Circular Microstrip Antenna Radiation Modes
3.4.1 The TM
11
Bipolar Mode
The TM
11
mode of a circular microstrip antenna is analogous to the lowest
order mode of a rectangular patch antenna. This can be seen in Figure 3-2 for
the n 1 mode. This mode is essentially similar in design utility to a rectangular
microstrip antenna driven in the TM
10
mode. The impedance bandwidth is
slightly smaller for a circular patch than its rectangular counterpart. The center
of a circular patch driven in the TM
11
mode may be shorted if a direct current
(DC) short is required.
We will use a circular microstrip antenna with a radius of 21.21 mm on a
dielectric substrate that is 1.524 mm thick and has a relative dielectric constant
of
r
2.6 and tan 0.0025 to illustrate the properties of the TM
11
mode. A
nite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis of this antenna placed on a cir-
cular groundplane that has a 33.43 mm radius produces a resonant frequency
of 2.435 GHz. Equation (3.4) predicts the resonant frequency to be 2.467 GHz
for the TM
11
mode. The antenna is fed 7 mm from the center of the antenna at
0. Figure 3-3 shows the E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns. The direc-
tivity of the antenna is computed to be 7.12 dB by FDTD analysis. Using equa-
tion (3.20), the antenna efciency is computed to be 78.37%, which reduces the
directivity peak by 1.06 dB for a gain of 6.06 dBi. As is the case with the rect-
angular patch, the pattern directivity of a TM
11
circular patch antenna decreases
as the relative dielectric constant of the substrate increases.
The TM
11
bipolar mode has a virtual short at a plane along its center in the
same way a rectangular microstrip patch has one. This allows one to place a
shorting plane in the center of the circular patch antenna and create a half-
patch circular antenna.
[5]
This antenna is analogous to the quarter-wave patch
antenna of Section 2.4 in Chapter 2.
3.4.2 TM
11
Bipolar Mode Circular Polarized Antenna Design
Lo and Richards developed a perturbation relationship to design circularly
polarized rectangular and circular microstrip antennas using the TM
11
mode.
[6]

They extended their work on rectangular microstrip antennas and demon-
strated that a circular microstrip antenna may be stretched into an ellipse,
Figure 3-3 E-plane and H-plane patterns of a circular microstrip antenna driven in
the TM
11
mode.
which will produce circular polarization from the superposition of the radia-
tion of a pair of orthogonal modes when it is fed at 45. The ratio of
the semimajor to semiminor axes that will produce circular polarization
is given by equation (3.24). As with the design of a circularly polarized rectan-
gular microstrip antenna, the Q of the unperturbed circular patch is rst
obtained to compute the a/b ratio of a patch which will produce circular
polarization.

a
b Q
+ 1
1 0887 .
(3.24)
The value of antenna Q can be computed using the cavity model equation
(3.15), equation (3.17), and equation (3.18) with equation (3.25).

1 1 1 1
Q Q Q Q
R D C
+ + (3.25)
One can also measure the Q of the antenna experimentally, or use results from
a full-wave analysis such as FDTD with equation (3.26) to estimate Q:
[7]
Q
f
f

0
3
( )
( )
resonance frequency
bandwidth dB
(3.26)
where
f
0
is the resonant frequency of the patch antenna, and
f is the bandwidth between 3 dB return loss points.
The antenna must have a single apparent resonance with reasonable symmetry
for this equation to apply.
If the radius of the unperturbed circular patch which operates at the desired
design frequency f
0
is designated as , the semimajor axis a and semiminor
axis b of the ellipse which produce circular polarization (Figure 3-4) may be
written as
a a
L
+
(3.27)
b a
L

(3.28)
Using equation (3.27) and equation (3.28) with equation (3.24), we can write

L
a
Q
=
2
1 0887
1
.
(3.29)
The FDTD analysis of the circular patch example produced a negative return
loss plot from which we use equation (3.26) to obtain a value of 13.08 for Q.
We can compute
L
as

L
=
=
21 21
2 13 08
1 0887
1
0 84742
.
( . )
.
.
mm
mm
and from equation (3.27) and equation (3.28), because we used the radius
we obtain the semimajor and semiminor axis values:

a/ mm mm mm 2 21 21 0 84742 22 057 = + = . . .

b/ mm mm mm 2 21 21 0 84742 20 363 = = . . .
An FDTD analysis was undertaken to evaluate the circular polarization
produced using equation (3.24). The patch feed point location is x = 15.0 mm
Figure 3-4 Circular microstrip antenna and the antenna perturbed into an ellipse to
produce circular polarization (heavy dot is RHCP feed).
and y 15.0 mm with the ellipse centered in the x-y plane, with a circular
groundplane with a 33.43 mm radius.
Figure 3-5 provides synthesized rotating linear principle plane patterns from
an FDTD analysis driven with a sinusoidal source with a square coaxial probe
at 2.45 GHz.
[8]
The performance of the antenna is very good, and in a practical
design one could further optimize the antenna experimentally.
A branchline hybrid is an alternative method one may use to generate
circular polarization from a circular patch. Figure 3-6 shows a TM
11
mode
Figure 3-5 Rotating linear plots of an elliptical patch antenna which produces circu-
lar polarization designed using equation (3.24). On the left is a cut through the minor
axis of the ellipse (x-z) and on the right is a cut through the major axis of the ellipse
(y-z). The axial ratio at 0 is 2 dB.
Figure 3-6 (a) Circular polarization using a TM
11
mode circular patch may be synthe-
sized using a 90 branchline hybrid feeding the patch edges at a spatial angle of 90.
patch fed at orthogonal points to create circular polarization. This is analogous
to the use of a branchline hybrid to generate circular polarization with a square
patch. The right- and left-hand circular polarization (RHCP and LHCP) inputs
are labeled. In practice, the unused port would be terminated with a load.
3.4.3 The TM
21
Quadrapolar Mode
The TM
21
mode has the next highest frequency of operation (after TM
11
). This
particular mode is useful in creating a monopole radiation pattern that has
circular polarization, as described by Huang.
[9]
The electric eld pattern for the
n 2 mode in Figure 3-2 shows the four electric eld reversals which give this
mode its name. One can produce circular polarization from this mode by
providing two probe feeds to the patch; one is physically located at 0 and
the other at 45. The feed at 0 is fed with zero electrical phase. The
feed at 45 is fed with a 90 electrical phase with an identical amplitude
(Figure 3-7). This angular spacing produces two modes driven orthogonal to
each other, as is their radiation. The 90 phase difference with identical ampli-
tude using orthogonal modes is the usual manner of creating circular polariza-
tion. The combination of these feeds produces a resultant quadrapolar electric
eld, as seen in Figure 3-2, which rotates about the center of the patch antenna.
This has been veried with FDTD simulation.
Figure 3-7 A TM
21
mode circular microstrip antenna driven with two probe feeds
(heavy dots) 90 out of phase with equal amplitudes spatially separated by 45. This
antenna produces a monopole pattern with circular polarization.
One may obtain better circular polarization (axial ratio) by feeding the
antenna in four probe locations rather than two. These locations are diametri-
cally across from the two original feed points. In the case of an even mode,
n = 2, 4, 6, . . . (TM
21
, TM
41
, TM
61
, . . .), the diametric feeds have the same phase
as their original counterparts. The feeds have a phase arrangement around the
patch counterclockwise of 0, 90, 0, 90. In the case of an odd mode, n = 1,
3, 5, . . . (TM
11
, TM
31
, TM
51
, . . .) the diametric feeds have a phase arrangement
around the patch counterclockwise starting at the top of the patch of 0, 90,
180, 270. These relationships are related in detail by Huang.
[9]
As the resonant mode index n increases (n > 1) with m = 1, the peak direc-
tivity of the radiation pattern becomes more and more broadside. The pattern
will also move further broadside with increasing relative dielectric constant.
Huang has reported the pattern peak may be moved from broadside over a
range of 35 to 74 by use of a combination of a chosen higher order mode and
substrate relative dielectric constant adjustment.
In commercial applications, a complex feed structure with its required feed
network may be untenable as a design. It is possible to drive a patch in the
TM
21
mode with a single feed which will produce circular polarization.
[10]
One
may cut a pair of notches in a circular microstrip antenna driven in the TM
21

mode in accordance with:

S
S Q
=
1
2 5014 .
S
a
Q
=
2
2 5014 .
(3.30)
We will use a patch of radius 20.26 mm as a design example. Each notch
area is S/2 for each of the notches in Figure 3-8(a). The substrate thickness
is 1.524 mm,
r
= 2.6, tan = 0.0025, with a resonate frequency of 4.25 GHz
computed using FDTD analysis. The feed point radius is 16.0 mm. Equation
(3.4) predicts 4.278 GHz for the TM
21
mode. FDTD was used to analyze a cir-
cular patch antenna with the previous parameters and produce a negative
return loss plot. The Q was computed to be 22.83 from the negative return loss
plot 3 dB points using (3.26). We then nd |S| using (3.30)
S

( . )
. .
.
20 26
2 5014 22 83
0 022578
2
mm
mm
which is a square with sides of length L 4.75 mm. Each notch in this example
is L/2 L, which corresponds to S/2 for each notch in Figure 3.8(a). The
radiation patterns computed with an FDTD simulation of this design is pre-
sented in Figure 3-9. The patterns are synthesized rotating linear plots. Figure
3.8(b) shows an alternative method using tabs and indents which perturb the
patch to produce circular polarization from the TM
21
mode.
Figure 3-8 (a) A TM
21
circular microstrip antenna is modied with a pair of slots
using equation (3.30) with a single probe feed (heavy dots) at 22.5. This antenna
produces a monopole pattern with circular polarization. (b) A TM
21
circular microstrip
antenna with indents and tabs spaced 45 apart. The feed is at 22.5, which also
produces a monopole pattern with circular polarization.
3.4.4 The TM
02
Unipolar Mode
The next mode in order of increasing frequency is the TM
02
mode. This mode
has the useful characteristic that the electric eld around the circular microstrip
antenna is uniform. This is seen in Figure 3-2 for the n 0 mode, which we
note has no electric eld reversal [(cos (0) 1 for all in equation (3.21)]. The
TM
02
mode has the useful property that it produces a vertically polarized (

E
)
monopole-type pattern. This can be very useful for replacing a quarter-wave
monopole antenna, which can be easily damaged in a hostile mechanical envi-
ronment, with a conformal version.
We will use a patch of radius 21.21 mm as an example. The substrate thick-
ness is 1.524 mm,
r
2.6, tan 0.0025, on a circular groundplane of radius
33.43 mm with a resonate frequency of 5.02 GHz computed using FDTD analy-
sis. The patch is probe fed with a square coaxial transmission line. Equation
(3.4) predicts 5.13 GHz for the TM
02
mode. The feed point radius is 7.52 mm.
The maximum directivity computed by FDTD analysis is 5.30 dB. The efciency
computed using equation (3.20) is 87.88%, which is a loss of 0.561 dB, for a
predicted antenna gain of 4.74 dBi. The computed radiation patterns are pre-
sented in Figure 3-10.
Figure 3-9 Synthesized rotating linear radiation patterns of TM
21
circular microstrip
antenna modied with a pair of slots using equation (3.30) with a single probe feed.
A thermal plot of the total electric eld just above the circular patch element
is presented in Figure 3-11. We see the electric eld is uniform around the edge
of the element, which is consistent with Figure 3-2 for n 0. The small square
is the probe feed.
The description of driving point impedance is given in equation (3.14). The
driving point impedance for the TM
02
mode passes through a short at a radial
position where the Bessel function J
0
(kr) passes through zero and then
increases to the edge resistance value at r a. Figure 3-12 presents a thermal
plot of the total electric eld just below the circular patch element. We see a
ring of zero eld corresponding to the short in the driving point impedance
predicted by equation (3.14).
3.5 Microstrip Antenna Cross-Polarization
The cross-polarization performance of microstrip antennas is considered to be
rather poor. The permittivity and thickness of the substrate used to create a
microstrip antenna determines its cross-polarization performance. It has been
Figure 3-10 A TM
02
circular microstrip antenna pattern as computed by FDTD analy-
sis. The pattern on the left is a cut in a plane perpendicular to the plane which contains
the probe feed. On the right is a cut through the plane of the probe. The maximum
pattern directivity is 5.30 dB.
Figure 3-11 A TM
02
circular microstrip antenna thermal plot of the total electric eld
just above the element (computed with FDTD analysis). One can see the uniform elec-
tric eld distribution which is consistent with the n 0 mode of Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-12 A TM
02
circular microstrip antenna thermal plot of the total electric eld
distribution just below the element (computed by FDTD analysis). The ring of zero
electric eld is consistent with the electric eld as predicted by Derneryd [2].
related previously that the gain and impedance bandwidth of a microstrip
antenna can be increased by decreasing the permittivity of the substrate. When
a low dielectric constant is used to design a microstrip antenna element, it also
increases the radiated cross-polarization level.
[11]
A higher permittivity sub-
strate will produce better cross-polarization performance, but at the expense
of impedance bandwidth. The cross-polarization performance of a linearly
polarized patch is dependent on substrate thickness, feed point location, and
substrate permittivity.
The origin of the radiated cross-polarization is associated with the genera-
tion of higher order modes on the patch.
[12]
When a circular microstrip patch
is driven in the TM
11
with a single driving point, the next highest frequency
TM
21
mode is consistent with the measured cross-polarization patterns.
[13]

Table 3-1 shows the modes occur in order of increasing frequency as TM
11
,
TM
21
, TM
01
, etc. Garcia-Garcia states that when an antenna is driven in the
fundamental mode TM
11
, this mode is mostly perturbed by the TM
21
mode.
When a patch is designed to be driven in the TM
21
mode, the radiation purity
is disturbed by the dominant TM
11
and next higher TM
01
mode.
Figure 3-13 presents sketches of the current of (a) a TM
21
mode circular
patch antenna and (b) a TM
11
mode circular patch antenna. When a patch is
driven in the fundamental TM
11
mode, and the majority of the cross-polariza-
tion radiation is due to TM
21
, we note that in the x-z plane (H-plane), the
copolarized radiation
E
y
dominates the pattern. The cross-polarized pattern
in the H-plane
E
z
has two lobes approximately 15 dB below the copolarized
pattern maximum. The cross-polarization pattern is consistent with the
pattern shape expected from the TM
21
mode. In the E-plane, the radiated eld
of the driven TM
11
and the TM
21
mode are in parallel, which means whatever
cross-polarization exists is of uncertain origin. It could be from an im-
perfect generation of the TM
21
mode, other modes, or due to a different
mechanism.
An illustrative example was analyzed with the FDTD method. The substrate
is vacuum
r
= 1 with a thickness of h = 1.524 mm (0.060 inches). The patch
has a radius of a = 14.71 mm. The probe feed is 5.5 mm below the center of
the patch, which has a resonant frequency of 5.35 GHz. The FDTD analysis
results are presented in Figure 3-14(a) and (b). We note the H-plane pattern
has the expected TM
21
mode pattern shape. The E-plane pattern has a small
amount of cross-polarized radiation which has a peak magnitude that is
approximately 30 dB below the copolarized maximum. The E-plane cross-
polarized pattern has a shape consistent with the TM
11
mode. The geometry
of a circular patch does not enforce a single direction for the TM
11
mode
as a square patch does for the TM
10
mode. It is very possible the computed
cross-polarization is from the generation of a TM
11
mode with very small
amplitude.
Figure 3-13 (a) Sketch of the theoretical current distribution of the TM
21
mode of a
circular patch antenna. (b) Sketch of the theoretical current distribution of the TM
11

mode of a circular patch antenna.
Figure 3-14 Circular patch co- and cross-polarization of the (a) H-plane and
(b) E-plane.
3.6 Annular Microstrip Antenna
When a concentric circle of conductor is removed from the interior of a circu-
lar microstrip antenna it forms an annulus. The ring-shaped microstrip conduc-
tor which is formed has its geometry dened in Figure 3-15. We assume the
Figure 3-15 Annular microstrip antenna geometry. The outer radius is b, the inner
radius is a, with a probe feed at radius r at angle .
thickness of the substrate is small compared with a wavelength H <<
0
, which
implies no variation of the electric eld in the z direction. The cavity model
with magnetic walls on the edges of the annulus may be used to obtain solu-
tions for the elds beneath the annulus. The elds are assumed to be TM
nm
in
cylindrical coordinates:
[14,15]
E E J kr Y ka J ka Y kr n
z n
n n
n

0
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]cos

(3.31)
H
j
k r
E
r
z
(3.32)

H
j
k
E
r
z
(3.33)
The Bessel functions (J
n
and Y
n
) are of the rst and second kind of order n.
The prime signs signify the rst derivative of the Bessel functions. The wave
number k is in the dielectric substrate k
r
2
0

, where is the substrate

permittivity and
0
is the wavelength in free space. The mode integer n is
associated with the variation along , and mode integer m is associated with
the variation of elds along the radial direction.
The surface currents on the annulus may be computed using K
H
r
and
K
r
H
. The radial component of the surface current will disappear at an

edge:
K r b H r b
r
( ) ( )
0 (3.34)
It follows from equation (3.31), equation (3.33), and equation (3.34) that the
wave number must obey:
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] J kb Y ka J ka Y kb n n n n

0 (3.35)
Equation (3.35) may be solved to obtain the modes associated with a
given inner radius a and outer radius b. J
n
and
n
are the derivatives of the
TM
02
TM
11
TM
21
TM
31
J
H
q
Figure 3-16 (a) Sketch of the theoretical current distribution of the TM
21
mode of a
circular patch antenna. (b) Sketch of the theoretical current distribution of the TM
11

mode of a circular patch antenna. (From [14], copyright 1973, IEEE. Reprinted with
permission.)
Bessel functions with respect to kr. Approximate values for k may be
obtained with
k
n
a b
+
2
(3.36)
where (b a)/(b + a) 0.35 and n 5.
The resonant frequency of the annular microstrip antenna may be computed
with

f
ck
r
e
2
(3.37)
The effective dielectric constant
e
is for a microstrip transmission line of
conductor width W b a (Appendix C). The resonant frequencies predicted
by equation (3.37) are within 3% of experimental values.
The rst few modes of an annular microstrip antenna are presented in
Figure 3-16. We note they are very similar to the modes of a circular micro-
strip, as shown in Figure 3-2. The patterns produced by the modes are
also very similar to those produced by a circular microstrip antenna. Slot
insets may be used to create circular polarization in the same manner as in
Section 3.4.2.
[16]
While the rectangular patch antenna is perhaps the most commonly imple-
mented microstrip antenna, the circular patch antenna can offer pattern options
that are generally much more exible in a single element. We have seen that
it is possible to have a broadside radiation pattern with linear or circular polar-
ization, a monopole-like pattern with linear polarization, or a monopole-like
pattern which is circularly polarized.
References
[1] Kernweis, N. P., and McIlvenna, J. F., Liquid crystal diagnostic techniques an
antenna design aid, Microwave Journal, October 1977, Vol. 20, pp. 4758.
[2] Derneryd, A. G., Analysis of the microstrip disk antenna element, IEEE Transac-
tions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1979, Vol. AP-27, No. 5, pp.
660664.
[3] Burden, R. L., Faires, J. D., and Reynolds, A. C., Numerical Analysis, Boston:
Prindle, Weber, and Schmidt, 1978, pp. 3138.
[4] Derneryd, A. G., Analysis of the microstrip disk antenna element, IEEE Transac-
tions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1979, Vol. AP-27, No. 5, pp.
660664.
[5] Hirasawa, K., and Haneishi, M., eds., Analysis, Design, and Measurement of Small
and Low-Prole Antennas, London: Artech House, 1992, p. 69.
[6] Lo, Y. T., and Richards, W. F., Perturbation approach to design of circularly
polarized microstrip antennas, Electronics Letters, May 28, 1981, pp. 383385.
[7] Reference Data for Radio Engineers, 6th ed., Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams
& Co., 1982, p. 97.
[8] Marino, R. A., and Hearst, W., Computation and measurement of the polarization
ellipse, Microwave Journal, November 1999, Vol. 42, pp. 132140.
[9] Huang, J., Circularly polarized conical patterns from circular microstrip
antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1984,
Vol. AP-32, No. 9, pp. 991994.
[10] Du, B., and Yung, E., A single-feed TM
21
-mode circular patch antenna with circular
polarization, Microwave Optics Technology Letters, May 2002, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.
154156.
[11] Hanson, R. C., Cross polarization of microstrip patch antennas, IEEE Transac-
tions on Antennas and Propagation, June 1987, Vol. AP-35, No. 6, pp. 731732.
[12] Lee, K. F., Luk, K. M., and Tam, P. Y., Crosspolarization characteristics of circular
patch antennas, Electronics Letters, March 1992, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 587589.
[13] Garcia-Garcia, Q., Radiated cross-polar levels and mutual coupling in patch radia-
tors, International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Design,
December 2000, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 342352.
[14] Wu, Y. S., and Rosenbaum, F. J., Mode chart for microstrip ring resonators, IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, July 1973, Vol. MTT-21, No.
No. 7, pp. 487489.
[15] Bahl, I. J., Stuchly, S. S., and Stuchly, M. A., A new microstrip radiator for medical
applications, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Decem-
ber 1980, Vol. MTT-28, No. 12, pp. 14641468.
[16] Licul, S., Petros, A., and Zafar, I., Reviewing SDARS antenna requirements,
Microwaves & RF September 2003, Vol. 43, pp. 5162.

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Chapter 3

Circular Microstrip Antennas

, where is the substrate

. The radial component of the surface current will disappear at an

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