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The document provides a definition of the political as the distinction between friend and enemy. This distinction is autonomous from other distinctions like good/evil, beautiful/ugly, etc. and refers specifically to the intensity of association or disassociation between collective groups. The political enemy is existentially different and conflict between them cannot be resolved by a neutral third party. War results from enmity between political entities and represents the existential negation of the enemy, though politics does not necessarily mean constant war between all nations.
The document provides a definition of the political as the distinction between friend and enemy. This distinction is autonomous from other distinctions like good/evil, beautiful/ugly, etc. and refers specifically to the intensity of association or disassociation between collective groups. The political enemy is existentially different and conflict between them cannot be resolved by a neutral third party. War results from enmity between political entities and represents the existential negation of the enemy, though politics does not necessarily mean constant war between all nations.
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The document provides a definition of the political as the distinction between friend and enemy. This distinction is autonomous from other distinctions like good/evil, beautiful/ugly, etc. and refers specifically to the intensity of association or disassociation between collective groups. The political enemy is existentially different and conflict between them cannot be resolved by a neutral third party. War results from enmity between political entities and represents the existential negation of the enemy, though politics does not necessarily mean constant war between all nations.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formati disponibili
Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
lrom: Carl SchmlLL. 2007. !"# %&'(#)* &+ *"# ,&-.*.(/-. 1ransl. wlLh an lnLroducLlon by Ceorge Schwab. Chlcago: 1he unlverslLy of Chlcago ress. p. 26-32, 34-37, 43, 48f., 31, 33, 36f. llrsL publlshed as "uer 8egrlff des ollLlschen" ln AugusL 1927.
1he speclflc pollLlcal dlsLlncLlon Lo whlch pollLlcal ac- Llons and moLlves can be reduced ls LhaL beLween frlend and enemy. 1hls provldes a deflnlLlon ln Lhe sense of a crlLerlon and noL as an exhausLlve deflnlLlon or one lndlcaLlve of subsLanLlal conLenL. lnsofar as lL ls noL derlved from oLher crlLerla, Lhe anLlLhesls of frlend and enemy corresponds Lo Lhe relaLlvely lndependenL crlLerla of oLher anLlLheses: good and evll ln Lhe moral sphere, beauLlful and ugly ln Lhe aesLheLlc sphere, and so on. ln any evenL lL ls lndependenL, noL ln Lhe sense of a dlsLlncL new domaln, buL ln LhaL lL can nelLher be based on any one anLlLhesls or any comblnaLlon of oLher anLlLheses, nor can lL be Lraced Lo Lhese. lf Lhe anLlLhesls of good and evll ls noL slmply ldenLlcal wlLh LhaL of beauLlful and ugly, proflLable and unproflLable, and cannoL be dlrecLly reduced Lo Lhe oLhers, Lhen Lhe anLlLhesls of frlend and enemy musL even less be con- fused wlLh or mlsLaken for Lhe oLhers. 1he dlsLlncLlon of frlend and enemy denoLes Lhe uLmosL degree of lnLenslLy of a unlon or separaLlon, of an assoclaLlon or dlssoclaLlon. lL can exlsL LheoreLlcally and pracLlcally, wlLhouL havlng slmulLaneously Lo draw upon all Lhose moral, aesLheLlc, economlc, or oLher dlsLlncLlons. 1he pollLlcal enemy need noL be morally evll or aesLheLl- cally ugly, he need noL appear as an economlc com- peLlLor, and lL may even be advanLageous Lo engage wlLh hlm ln buslness LransacLlons. 8uL he ls, neverLhe- less, Lhe oLher, Lhe sLranger, and lL ls sufflclenL for hls naLure LhaL he ls, ln a speclally lnLense way, exlsLen- Llally someLhlng dlfferenL and allen, so LhaL ln Lhe ex- Lreme case confllcLs wlLh hlm are posslble. 1hese can nelLher be declded by a prevlously deLermlned general norm nor by Lhe [udgmenL of a dlslnLeresLed and Lherefore neuLral Lhlrd parLy. Cnly Lhe acLual parLlclpanLs can correcLly recognlze, undersLand, and [udge Lhe concreLe slLuaLlon and seL- Lle Lhe exLreme case of confllcL. Lach parLlclpanL ls ln a poslLlon Lo [udge wheLher Lhe adversary lnLends Lo negaLe hls opponenL's way of llfe and Lherefore musL be repulsed or foughL ln order Lo preserve one's own form of exlsLence. LmoLlonally Lhe enemy ls easlly LreaLed as belng evll and ugly, because every dlsLlnc- Llon, mosL of all Lhe pollLlcal, as Lhe sLrongesL and mosL lnLense of Lhe dlsLlncLlons and caLegorlzaLlons, draws upon oLher dlsLlncLlons for supporL. 1hls does noL alLer Lhe auLonomy of such dlsLlncLlons. Conse- quenLly, Lhe reverse ls also Lrue: Lhe morally evll, aes- LheLlcally ugly or economlcally damaglng need noL necessarlly be Lhe enemy, Lhe morally good, aesLheLl- cally beauLlful, and economlcally proflLable need noL necessarlly become Lhe frlend ln Lhe speclflcally pollLl- cal sense of Lhe word. 1hereby Lhe lnherenLly ob[ec- Llve naLure and auLonomy of Lhe pollLlcal becomes evldenL by vlrLue of lLs belng able Lo LreaL, dlsLlngulsh, and comprehend Lhe frlend-enemy anLlLhesls lnde- pendenLly of oLher anLlLheses. 1he frlend and enemy concepLs are Lo be under- sLood ln Lhelr concreLe and exlsLenLlal sense, noL as meLaphors or symbols, noL mlxed and weakened by economlc, moral, and oLher concepLlons, leasL of all ln a prlvaLe-lndlvlduallsLlc sense as a psychologlcal ex- presslon of prlvaLe emoLlons and Lendencles. 1hey are nelLher normaLlve nor pure splrlLual anLlLheses. [. . .] 1he enemy ls noL merely any compeLlLor or [usL any parLner of a confllcL ln general. Pe ls also noL Lhe prl- vaLe adversary whom one haLes. An enemy exlsLs only when, aL leasL poLenLlally, one flghLlng collecLlvlLy of people confronLs a slmllar collecLlvlLy. 1he enemy ls solely Lhe publlc enemy, because everyLhlng LhaL has a relaLlonshlp Lo such a collecLlvlLy of men, parLlcularly Lo a whole naLlon, becomes publlc by vlrLue of such a relaLlonshlp. 1he enemy ls "&0*.0, noL .'.1.(20 ln Lhe broader sense, !"#c$"% [)&-#1.&0], noL c&0po% [#("*"3&0]. As Cerman and oLher languages do noL dlsLlngulsh beLween Lhe prlvaLe and pollLlcal enemy, many mlsconcepLlons and falslflcaLlons are posslble. 1he ofLen quoLed '"Love your enemles" (MaLL. 3:44, Luke 6:27) reads "dlllglLe lnlmlcos vesLros," oyonc o c!po uv, and noL 4.-.5.*# "&0*#0 6#0*3&0. no menLlon ls made of Lhe pollLlcal enemy. never ln Lhe Lhousand-year sLruggle beLween ChrlsLlans and Mos- lems dld lL occur Lo a ChrlsLlan Lo surrender raLher Lhan defend Lurope ouL of love Loward Lhe Saracens or 1urks. 1he enemy ln Lhe pollLlcal sense need noL be haLed personally, and only ln Lhe prlvaLe sphere only does lL make sense Lo love one's enemy, l.e., one's adversary. 1he blbllcal quoLaLlon Louches Lhe pollLlcal 36 Monsters and Scapegoats
anLlLhesls even less Lhan lL lnLends Lo dlssolve, for ex- ample, Lhe anLlLhesls of good and evll or beauLlful and ugly. lL cerLalnly does noL mean LhaL one should love and supporL Lhe enemles of one's own people. 1he pollLlcal ls Lhe mosL lnLense and exLreme anLag- onlsm, and every concreLe anLagonlsm becomes LhaL much more pollLlcal Lhe closer lL approaches Lhe mosL exLreme polnL, LhaL of Lhe frlend-enemy grouplng. ln lLs enLlreLy Lhe sLaLe as an organlzed pollLlcal enLlLy decldes for lLself Lhe frlend-enemy dlsLlncLlon. [. . .] 1he ever-presenL posslblllLy of confllcL musL always be kepL ln mlnd. lf one wanLs Lo speak of pollLlcs ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe prlmacy of lnLernal pollLlcs, Lhen Lhls confllcL no longer refers Lo war beLween organlzed naLlons buL Lo clvll war. lor Lo Lhe enemy concepL belongs Lhe ever-presenL posslblllLy of combaL. All perlpherals musL be lefL aslde from Lhls Lerm, lncludlng mlllLary deLalls and Lhe de- velopmenL of weapons Lechnology. War ls armed combaL beLween organlzed pollLlcal enLlLles, clvll war ls armed combaL wlLhln an organlzed unlL. A self- laceraLlon endangers Lhe survlval of Lhe laLLer. 1he essence of a weapon ls LhaL lL ls a means of physlcally kllllng human belngs. !usL as Lhe Lerm #'#17, Lhe word (&18/*, Loo, ls Lo be undersLood ln lLs orlglnal exlsLenLlal sense. lL does noL mean compeLlLlon, nor does lL mean pure lnLellecLual conLroversy nor symbol- lc wresLllngs ln whlch, afLer all, every human belng ls somehow always lnvolved, for lL ls a facL LhaL Lhe en- Llre llfe of a human belng ls a sLruggle and every hu- man belng symbollcally a combaLanL. 1he frlend, ene- my, and combaL concepLs recelve Lhelr real meanlng preclsely because Lhey refer Lo Lhe real posslblllLy of physlcal kllllng. War follows from enmlLy. War ls Lhe exlsLenLlal negaLlon of Lhe enemy. lL ls Lhe mosL ex- Lreme consequence of enmlLy. lL does noL have Lo be common, normal, someLhlng ldeal, or deslrable. 8uL lL musL neverLheless remaln a real posslblllLy for as long as Lhe concepL of Lhe enemy remalns valld. lL ls by no means as Lhough Lhe pollLlcal slgnlfles noLhlng buL devasLaLlng war and every pollLlcal deed a mlllLary acLlon, by no means as Lhough every naLlon would be unlnLerrupLedly faced wlLh Lhe frlend-enemy alLernaLlve vls-a-vls every oLher naLlon. And, afLer all, could noL Lhe pollLlcally reasonable course reslde ln avoldlng war? 1he deflnlLlon of Lhe pollLlcal suggesLed here nelLher favors war nor mlllLarlsm, nelLher lmperl- allsm nor paclflsm. nor ls lL an aLLempL Lo ldeallze Lhe vlcLorlous war or Lhe successful revoluLlon as a "soclal ldeal," slnce nelLher war nor revoluLlon ls someLhlng soclal or someLhlng ldeal. 1he mlllLary baLLle lLself ls noL Lhe "conLlnuaLlon of pollLlcs by oLher means" as Lhe famous Lerm of ClausewlLz ls generally lncorrecLly clLed. 1 War has lLs own sLraLeglc, LacLlcal, and oLher rules and polnLs of vlew, buL Lhey all presuppose LhaL Lhe pollLlcal declslon has already been made as Lo who Lhe enemy ls. ln war Lhe adversarles mosL ofLen con- fronL each oLher openly, normally Lhey are ldenLlflable by a unlform, and Lhe dlsLlncLlon of frlend and enemy ls Lherefore no longer a pollLlcal problem whlch Lhe flghLlng soldler has Lo solve. A 8rlLlsh dlplomaL correcL- ly sLaLed ln Lhls conLexL LhaL Lhe pollLlclan ls beLLer schooled for Lhe baLLle Lhan Lhe soldler, because Lhe pollLlclan flghLs hls whole llfe whereas Lhe soldler does so ln excepLlonal clrcumsLances only. War ls nelLher Lhe alm nor Lhe purpose nor even Lhe very conLenL of pollLlcs. 8uL as an ever-presenL posslblllLy lL ls Lhe leadlng presupposlLlon LhaL deLermlnes ln a characLer- lsLlc way human acLlon and Lhlnklng and Lhereby cre- aLes a speclflcally pollLlcal behavlor. [. . . ] A world ln whlch Lhe posslblllLy of war ls uLLerly ellmlnaLed, a compleLely paclfled globe, would be a world wlLhouL Lhe dlsLlncLlon of frlend and enemy and hence a world wlLhouL pollLlcs. lL ls concelvable LhaL such a world mlghL conLaln many very lnLeresLlng an- LlLheses and conLrasLs, compeLlLlons and lnLrlgues of every klnd, buL Lhere would noL be a meanlngful an- LlLhesls whereby men could be requlred Lo sacrlflce llfe, auLhorlzed Lo shed blood and klll oLher human belngs. lor Lhe deflnlLlon of Lhe pollLlcal, lL ls here even lrrelevanL wheLher such a world wlLhouL pollLlcs ls deslrable as an ldeal slLuaLlon. 1he phenomenon of Lhe pollLlcal can be undersLood only ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe ever-presenL posslblllLy of Lhe frlend-and-enemy grouplng, regardless of Lhe aspecLs whlch Lhls posslbll- lLy lmplles for morallLy, aesLheLlcs, and economlcs. War as Lhe mosL exLreme pollLlcal means dlscloses Lhe posslblllLy LhaL underlles every pollLlcal ldea, namely, Lhe dlsLlncLlon of frlend and enemy. 1hls
makes sense only as long as Lhls dlsLlncLlon ln manklnd ls acLually presenL or aL leasL poLenLlally posslble. Cn Lhe oLher hand, lL would be senseless Lo wage war for purely rellglous, purely moral, purely [urlsLlc, or purely economlc moLlves. 1he frlend-and-enemy grouplng and Lherefore also war cannoL be derlved from Lhese speclflc anLlLheses of human endeavor. A war need be nelLher someLhlng rellglous nor someLhlng morally good nor someLhlng lucraLlve. War Loday ls ln all llkell- hood none of Lhese. 1hls obvlous polnL ls mosLly con- fused by Lhe facL LhaL rellglous, moral, and oLher an- LlLheses can lnLenslfy Lo pollLlcal ones and can brlng abouL Lhe declslve frlend-or-enemy consLellaLlon. lf ln facL Lhls occurs, Lhen Lhe relevanL anLlLhesls ls no longer purely rellglous, moral, or economlc, buL pollLl- cal. 1he sole remalnlng quesLlon Lhen ls always wheLher such a frlend-and-enemy grouplng ls really aL hand, regardless of whlch human moLlves are suffl- clenLly sLrong Lo have broughL lL abouL. noLhlng can escape Lhls loglcal concluslon of Lhe po- llLlcal. lf paclflsL hosLlllLy Loward war were so sLrong as Lo drlve paclflsLs lnLo a war agalnsL nonpaclflsLs, ln a war agalnsL war, LhaL would prove LhaL paclflsm Lruly possesses pollLlcal energy because lL ls sufflclenLly sLrong Lo group men accordlng Lo frlend and enemy. lf, ln facL, Lhe wlll Lo abollsh war ls so sLrong LhaL lL no longer shuns war, Lhen lL has become a pollLlcal mo- Llve, l.e., lL afflrms, even lf only as an exLreme posslbll- lLy, war and even Lhe reason for war. resenLly Lhls appears Lo be a pecullar way of [usLlfylng wars. 1he war ls Lhen consldered Lo consLlLuLe Lhe absoluLe lasL war of humanlLy. Such a war ls necessarlly unusually lnLense and lnhuman because, by Lranscendlng Lhe llmlLs of Lhe pollLlcal framework, lL slmulLaneously degrades Lhe enemy lnLo moral and oLher caLegorles and ls forced Lo make of hlm a monsLer LhaL musL noL only be defeaLed buL also uLLerly desLroyed. ln oLher words, he ls an enemy who no longer musL be com- pelled Lo reLreaL lnLo hls borders only. 1he feaslblllLy of such war ls parLlcularly lllusLraLlve of Lhe facL LhaL war as a real posslblllLy ls sLlll presenL Loday, and Lhls facL ls cruclal for Lhe frlend-and-enemy anLlLhesls and for Lhe recognlLlon of pollLlcs. [. . .] 1o Lhe sLaLe as an essenLlally pollLlcal enmlLy be- longs Lhe 920 8#--.: l.e., Lhe real posslblllLy of decldlng ln a concreLe slLuaLlon upon Lhe enemy and Lhe ablllLy Lo flghL hlm wlLh Lhe power emanaLlng from Lhe enLlLy. [. . .] 1o demand serlously of human belngs LhaL Lhey klll oLhers and be prepared Lo dle Lhemselves so LhaL Lrade and lndusLry may flourlsh for Lhe survlvors or LhaL Lhe purchaslng power of grandchlldren may grow ls slnlsLer and crazy. lL ls a manlfesL fraud Lo condemn war as homlclde and Lhen demand of men LhaL Lhey wage war, klll and be kllled, so LhaL Lhere wlll never agaln be war. War, Lhe readlness of combaLanLs Lo dle, Lhe physlcal kllllng of human belngs who belong on Lhe slde of Lhe enemy-all Lhls has no normaLlve meanlng, buL an exlsLenLlal meanlng only, parLlcularly ln a real combaL slLuaLlon wlLh a real enemy. 1here exlsLs no raLlonal purpose, no norm no maLLer how Lrue, no program no maLLer how exemplary, no soclal ldeal no maLLer how beauLlful, no leglLlmacy nor legallLy whlch could [usLlfy men ln kllllng each oLher for Lhls reason. lf such physlcal desLrucLlon of human llfe ls noL moLlvaL- ed by an exlsLenLlal LhreaL Lo one's own way of llfe, Lhen lL cannoL be [usLlfled. lf a parL of Lhe populaLlon declares LhaL lL no longer recognlzes enemles, Lhen, dependlng on Lhe clrcum- sLance, lL [olns Lhelr slde and alds Lhem. Such a decla- raLlon does noL abollsh Lhe reallLy of Lhe frlend-and- enemy dlsLlncLlon. [. . .] lf a people no longer possesses Lhe energy or Lhe wlll Lo malnLaln lLself ln Lhe sphere of pollLlcs, Lhe laL- Ler wlll noL Lhereby vanlsh from Lhe world. Cnly a weak people wlll dlsappear. [. . .] 1he Ceneva League of naLlons does noL ellmlnaLe Lhe posslblllLy of wars, [usL as lL does noL abollsh sLaLes. lL lnLroduces new posslblllLles for wars, permlLs wars Lo Lake place, sancLlons coallLlon wars, and by leglLlmlzlng and sancLlonlng cerLaln wars lL sweeps away many obsLacles Lo war. [. . .] A league of naLlons as a concreLe exlsLlng unlversal human organlzaLlon would, on Lhe conLrary, have Lo accompllsh Lhe dlffl- culL Lask of, flrsL, effecLlvely Laklng away Lhe 920 8#--. from all Lhe sLlll exlsLlng human grouplngs, and, se- cond, slmulLaneously noL assumlng Lhe 920 8#--. lLself. CLherwlse, unlversallLy, humanlLy, depollLlcallzed so- cleLy-ln shorL, all essenLlal characLerlsLlcs-would agaln be ellmlnaLed.