EPS Software Products

ReO ReO Forecast WellFlo PanSystem PanMesh DynaLift MatBal i-DO

A Weatherford Company

Key Drivers for Optimization

Well Activity vs. Life Cycle Phase Well/Field Activities: Well Test Analysis (PanSystem, PanMesh) Reservoir Surveillance (PanSystem, MatBal, WellFlo, i-DO opportunity) Production Optimization (WellFlo, ReO) Field Development Planning (ReO Forecast, ReO, WellFlo, MatBal)* *ReO, WellFlo helpful for detailed well design ReO Forecast for integrated planning MatBal for reservoir models Typical field life cycles, key business drivers for each phase, and benefits derived from EPS products are represented in the above chart. The number of bullets (S) for each section is a visual guide of the impact of the respective software packages for each activity. Although this model is oversimplified it provides a macro perspective on the value delivered and where our software products can benefit operators and asset managers. SSS SS Phase Key Driver Exploration Discoveries S Appraisal Reserves SSS Development CAPEX SSS S S SSS Plateau Decline Volumes Produced Operational Costs SS SSS SS S S SS SSS

eP Global Office Locations

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SOFTWARE

Edinburgh Petroleum Services (EPS) is now a part of eProduction Solutions (eP), Weatherford Internationals production optimization company. EPS Products are the leading suite of petroleum engineering software tools in the industry. These tools have been enhanced and developed over time to answer emerging application issues, provide innovative technological breakthroughs, and to fit current production goals and environments as the industry evolves.

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Now more than software, EPS Products are part of a comprehensive production optimization solution.

EPS Products: The Denitive History

EPS began as Edinburgh Petroleum Development Services (EPDS) in 1983 by the staff of the Petroleum Engineering Department at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh. The company slowly expanded its global reach and tool belt as their client list and expertise grew. EPDS was reorganized in 1989 as Edinburgh Petroleum Services Ltd. to adjust to the rapid growth of the organization and the increasing reach of their products, training, and consulting services. Global EPS gained international respect and a solid reputation as the leading developer of well testing and production optimization software. Major oil companies in the US, Europe, the Middle East, Australia, Asia, and Latin America use EPS software to optimize production at the well, reservoir, and field levels. As a result of the acquisition in 2004 by Weatherford International, EPS Products are now part of a larger development and support effort, eProduction Solutions (eP). In complement to cutting-edge software, the EPS Products group includes training and consulting services from our Edinburgh offices, global field offices, and other Weatherford training facilities.

Powerful

Real-time

eP and EPS Products: Fit and Commitment

Comprehensive Real-Time Production Optimization eP/Weatherford has solutions for all types of production. From onshore stripper wells to high-volume offshore and subsea wells, eP/Weatherford appreciates that different types of wells and reservoirs require different methods of optimization. eP offers a range of products and services that enables production optimization initiatives to be located throughout the entire enterprise. These initiatives can range from downhole instrumentation within the wellbore through asset planning tools that integrate reservoir management and optimization of well, reservoir, and surface equipment into a single software solution. eP/Weatherford is the world leader in providing production optimization solutions for flowing wells and all forms of artificial lift. The solutions provided by eP increase production and lower lifting costs. The role of a service company is to maximize recovery and profitability in the completion and production of green and brown fields. EPS Products offers the industrys leading software tools to optimize operations and reservoir management. EPS Products are a perfect fit for ePs core solutions group of products and services. Manufacturing and service facilities are located in Edinburgh, Houston, Wallingford, Dubai, Great Yarmouth, Aberdeen, Singapore, and Trondheim.

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EPS Products Support and Evolution eP is focused and committed to continued research, support, testing, and development of EPS Products as emerging opportunities and needs of our industry and clients demand. EPS Products are continually updated, supported, and improved with new and emerging tools and technologies. Our software applications are a key priority now and for the future. eP Software Solutions Field production rate is determined by reservoir, wellbores, and surface equipment. The production rate varies over the field life as the properties of the individual elements change. eP is able to address these changes by offering a range of agile and complementary software solutions that model field operations above and below the surface. Combining this with work flow management software provides operators with planning, monitoring, and control systems to efficiently analyze and manage fields into the future.

Software solutions include: Field Production Optimization Software iDO intelligent daily operations DynaLift dynamic gas lift optimization WellFlo well modeling software ReO network management optimization

Field Development Planning Software ReO Forecast capex planning decisions Reservoir Production Optimization Software MatBal reservoir analysis and production forecasting PanSystem well test analysis PanMesh 3-D numerical simulation

Table of Contents
EPS History ReO ReO Forecast WellFlo
EPS delivers agile, well-supported products and services that foster innovative approaches to optimizing production which helps companies work better, smarter, and faster.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

PanSystem PanMesh DynaLift MatBal iDO Reservoir Monitoring Tools and Solutions

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Typical pay back times for investments in ReO can vary from as little as two weeks to a few months. Depending on operating conditions
and production parameters

ReO
ReO is a simulation and optimization solution for surface networks incorporating everything from individual wellhead performance to the macro-details of the processing plant. ReO simulates the total production system behavior and provides essential information on current operating conditions and asset performance. Concurrently, ReO optimizes the user defined economic model and generates alternative production system management strategies, which typically result in substantial production increases and simultaneous reductions in operating cost. Typical Applications Optimization of Processing Capacity: Using available hydrocarbon processing capacities more effectively increases hydrocarbon production. Processing capacity optimization with ReO typically achieves production gains of three to five percent without any requirement for capital expenditure. For this and all other applications, ReO automatically returns the field and choke settings that provide increased hydrocarbon production. Optimization of Production System: Increase hydrocarbon production by re-routing fluids making better use of the existing production system. ReO optimizations of this type also typically achieve production gains of three to five percent without any requirement for capital expenditure. Asset-Based Gas Lift Optimization: Injection and production system pressure requirements as well as all production system and fluid processing constraints are used to optimize the allocation of lift gas to gas lifted wells. Gas lift optimization with ReO typically achieves a three to twelve percent gain in production revenue and a reduction in lift gas requirement of three to ten percent with associated cost reductions. Gas and Oil Blending: Automatically blend gas and/or oil production from different reservoirs to achieve contractual quality standards. Production Allocation: Simulate accurately how measured field production translates into individual well and reservoir off-takes. This application of ReO provides data which forms an essential input for asset and reservoir development planning. Artificial Lift Design: Evaluate the effect of artificial lift design based on individual well parameters on full asset performance. Following the installation of artificial lift equipment in individual wells, ReO allows quick and accurate assessment whether production gains predicted lead to a corresponding increase in asset production, especially taking into account production and processing system constraints. De-bottlenecking: Cost effective means of identifying which production or processing system constraints impede production and evaluating different ways of addressing such issues. ReO allows the user to create a detailed and highly accurate representation of the whole production system. Such detail allows bottlenecks to be identified correctly. It also ensures the full systems response to measures to overcome such issues can be predicted quickly and accurately.

Network Management Optimization

choke diameter

control variables

Process facilities in ReO.

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ReO is based on sequential linear programming (SLP), which can model complex, non-hierarchical networks with no limits on network complexity. A typical nodal analysis approach solves parts of the network individually. The ReO solution process considers the network as a whole.

Key Technical Features Choice of fully compositional or black oil PVT modeling. Can handle all well types in arbitrary number and combination (naturally flowing, gas lifted, ESP, and other forms of artificial lift, and injection wells). Fully integrated with EPS WellFlo application. Full set of processing and network equipment including pipes, links, chokes, block and check valves, junctions, sinks, flares, compression and pumping equipment, heat exchangers, separation equipment, and gas processing equipment. Equipment can be modeled with varying degrees of sophistication according to engineering needs.

Why Reo?
Versatile. ReOs advanced solver technology makes it applicable to a large variety of advanced production and asset management problems. Robust and Reliable. ReO models have been stress tested in online systems running six different automatically updated scenarios four times a day for months without a significant failure rate. Fast and Efficient. The ReO solver has been designed for speed and efficiency. In contrast to many other available software packages, ReO solution times stay acceptable as problem complexity increases. Scalable. ReO models have been built for a single platform asset in the North Sea to a set of intricately linked gas lifted well assets in the Middle East comprised of hundreds of wells and literally thousands of pipes. ReO has an unrivaled track record for robustness both in terms reliability and solution time for even the most complicated assets. Easy to Use. ReOs modern drag and drop user interface is highly intuitive. Bulk data entry and edit facilities allow fast and efficient model building. Results plotting and visualization aid effective results interpretation.

Intuitive and flexible facility to define system constraints at any point in the network and to assign monetary rewards or costs to network fluids and other optimization variables. Robust solver based on advanced SLP technology to allow truly arbitrary network size, configuration, and complexity. Automatic calculation of flow directions. Graphic user interface (GUI) allows bulk data entry/editing and easy definition of view hierarchies to structure complex networks visually. Fully detailed multiphase fluid and equipment results at all points in the network. User configurable solution visualization and plotting. Comprehensive results reporting with export using various industry standard formats including Microsoft Excel.

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Allows integration of surface and subsurface modeling supporting multi-disciplinary expertise and team working.

ReO Forecast
Many methods are available to forecast field production rates, ranging from simple exponential decline curves to finite difference reservoir simulation models. One of the limitations common to most methods is that they do not adequately consider the detailed interactions of the reservoir, wellbore, and surface equipment, instead putting the bulk of the modeling effort into only one or two of these areas. The result is usually a thorough understanding of the area(s) where the focus has been applied, but the output production forecasts may be unsuitable for complex planning decisions because the total system performance has not been adequately considered. ReO Forecast is a production forecasting and field planning tool that supports engineers and managers making business planning decisions for oil or gas fields. It seamlessly links together models of the reservoir, wellbore, and surface equipment to predict their combined performance and detailed interactions. This allows integrated production forecasting and optimization from reservoir to delivery point. ReO Forecast is an essential tool to provide a view of how the asset will perform in the future and how this varies with changes in development and investment decisions. These forecasts are as accurate as possible and therefore the results are extensively used to make rational investment decisions about the development of both green and brown field assets.

Capex Planning Decisions

model

Typical Applications Field Development Optimization: Evaluate different field development scenarios for green field assets. ReO Forecast can be used to determine optimal development phasing, well drilling and workover schedules and sizes for surface equipment to maximize overall return on investment. The application allows the user to create, analyze, and contrast predicted profiles for different development scenarios quickly and efficiently. Investment Decision Support: ReO Forecast establishes the production gain over time resulting from investment in additional wells, well workovers, or enhanced surface equipment. It uses this information as input into net present value calculation to support investment decisions. Validation of Subsurface Production Plans: It establishes whether proposed surface facilities are sufficient to achieve proposed reservoir depletion and management plans. Production profiles generated highlight discrepancies quickly and accurately. Gas Contract Optimization: ReO Forecast determines achievable gas daily contract quantities for gas assets over time to avoid costly breaches of delivery contracts later in field life.

develop optimize

Simple oil production profile.

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Why ReO Forecast?

Substantial Cost Savings. ReO Forecast reduces engineering cycle time for typical planning activities with easy generation of what-if scenarios. This provides a substantial cost saving over traditional forecasting and field planning methods. More Accurate. ReO Forecast provides the ability to generate forecasts to a high degree of resolution and precision. This enhances the accuracy of the engineering work done and thus maximizes the confidence in predicted cash flows and rates of return on investment.

All wells GOR and oil.

Real World. ReO Forecast provides the automatic incorporation of commercial sales contracts and physical production constraints. It also has the ability to optimize revenue throughout the forecast under changing economic and field conditions. This ensures that forecasts are realistic in the sense that they take into account the physical and economic realities in which the asset is being operated. They are also optimal in the sense that they maximize economic return taking all such constraints into account. Compatible. ReO Forecast allows seamless integration with popular reservoir simulation output to leverage investment in existing reservoir models. Key Technical Features Production forecasting and optimization from reservoir to delivery point through integration of surface network, well, and reservoir modeling. Well modeling is provided by EPS WellFlo product or use of parameterized inflow performance relationships (IPRs) and tubing performance tables. Reservoir modeling is provided by EPS MatBal product or in the form of tabulations of cumulative offtake, reservoir pressure, and evolving GOR and water cut versus time sourced from other applications. Manual and automated drilling schedules and well abandonment priorities can be defined including choice of abandonment criteria. Production events (e.g. changes in water handling capacity, surface network configuration changes) can be defined at any time step for any point in the surface network. Choice of production rules can be defined to suit different reservoir management strategies. Combined peak rate and daily contract quantity (DCQ) calculations for gas contracts. Extensive plotting facility to visualize asset performance over time and compare and contrast different asset development scenarios. In addition to evolving reservoir pressure, aquifer influx, etc., information from MatBal, well behavior from WellFlo, and optimum well rates from ReO, ReO Forecast allows the user to describe the reservoir using a reservoir simulation model. With this feature, ReO Connect, users are able to link ReO Forecast dynamically to reservoir simulators thus combining the power of rigorous reservoir simulation with state-of-the-art surface model simulation and optimization.

Plot showing oil rate and water cut development.

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Lateral Thinking For horizontal wells, users are finding that you can analyze transient pressure and model inflow performance using PanSystem and WellFlo together.

WellFlo
For over a decade, WellFlo has been trusted by petroleum engineers around the world to solve their most challenging production engineering problems. It delivers sophistication, speed, and accuracy for designing completions, forecasting performance, diagnosing well problems, and optimizing production from existing installations. At the same time, the program remains simple to use, ensuring rapid learning and a high level of productivity in todays highly demanding oil and gas industry. WellFlo integrates many sophisticated engineering features in a single program allowing rapid comparisons of different scenarios. As a result, users can quickly identify those engineering factors dominating well performance. Typical Applications Naturally Flowing Wells: WellFlo allows approximate modeling when only limited aspects of a well can be entered such as well PI and local reservoir pressure. This approach of allowing approximate modeling with limited information or detailed modeling where the information is available makes WellFlo a very flexible well modeling tool. Gas Lift Design and Optimization: Multiple gas lift valves can be modeled, and WellFlo is supplied with all the standard gas lift calculations. Users can enter the response of the well and field to varying amounts of injection gas and injection pressure as sensitivity variables. The software can include interfaces to accurate valve models from Valve Performance Clearing House. Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) Design and Analysis: WellFlo ESP is widely used as a design tool by oil companies and pump suppliers to design and diagnose ESP installations. It models the performance of the pump in-situ taking account of the wells completion and the PVT properties of the fluid being pumped. The software contains a database of pump performance from all of the leading manufacturers, which can be updated by the user as new pumps become available. When WellFlo ESP performs a Design calculation, a number of pumps will be proposed for a particular well if required and the system will calculate the number of stages and the power and current required for the designed installation. Variable speed drives (VSDs) and pump performance can be modeled at selected frequencies. Gas separators and their efficiencies are included, enabling the engineer to ensure that the gas flow through the pump remains within acceptable engineering limits. Once well models have been built and matched to measured data in WellFlo, they can be combined into field models in ReO. The operating conditions are optimized for the entire field including the network of surface flowlines, compressors, separators, and lift gas distribution systems. This allows the engineer to review many different scenarios to ensure optimum field production is achieved.

Advanced Well Modeling

optimization

design analysis

Well configuration panel.

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Key Technical Features Inflow and Completion Modeling: If your information is limited, WellFlo allows you to enter a PI, reservoir pressure, and inflow mode such as Vogel or Fetkovich. Alternatively, detailed completion data including damaged zone, well deviation, partial penetration, perforating specification, gravel pack information, fracture geometry, relative permeability effects, and more can all be entered to predict the effect on well deliverability. Pressure Traverse and Temperature Calculations: WellFlo incorporates multiphase flow correlations, and multiple temperature modeling options to give the user maximum flexibility in modeling heat losses through the system. The user can plot observed data along with predicted data for rapid matching. Also, it allows the user to capture additional data beyond pressure and temperature, such as insitu phase densities and velocities, flow regime Analysis results screen. and hold-up plus the gravitational, frictional, and acceleration terms of the pressure drop. PVT Calculations: The PVT package provided includes standard black oil correlations and allows these to be tuned to honor observed data. The tuned correlation is then used throughout the program to calculate fluid properties. For near critical fluids, where the black oil correlations are unreliable, WellFlo incorporates an equationof-state technique with tuning facilities to allow accurate modeling of these fluid types. Data Export and Import: WellFlo generates vertical flow table data for use in reservoir simulators.

Wellbore equipment panel.

Survey matching workbench.

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From large scale reservoir characterization to the monitoring of individual well performance, well test analysis provides information for many important operational decisions.

PanSystem
PanSystem has been the industrys leading well test analysis program for more than 20 years. PanSystem is dedicated to well testing, a key technical function in the oil and gas industry. A pressure transient well test has the unique ability to obtain information from within the reservoir surrounding the well. With the appropriate testing techniques well testing can provide a wealth of information. Permeability of the near-wellbore region and the reservoir-at-large Vertical permeability, vertical communication in layered systems Completion efficiency, effective open interval size (over life of well) Well performance (over life of well) Reservoir structure (boundaries, heterogeneities) Nature of pressure support Connected pore volume and initial hydrocarbons in place Reservoir pressure Production forecasts

Well Test Analysis

reporting

Typical Applications The task of designing, executing, and analyzing a well test depends on operating conditions, completion type, and reservoir type. PanSystem analyzes a wide range of assets and situations. Low Pressure Reservoirs, Heavy Oil: Wellbore fill-up and leak-off tests ESP Pumping Wells: Acoustically-derived pressures and rates Medium Oil Reservoirs: Conventional drawdown and build-up tests Gas Wells: Conventional analysis using real gas pseudo-pressure, turbulent skin analysis for high rate wells, and gas well deliverability by empirical (C-and-n) and LIT methods Volatile Oil/Condensate Reservoirs: Conventional analysis techniques, but using multiphase pseudo-pressure to model phase behavior and its effect on relative permeability (liquid dropout) Hydrothermal Wells: Steam Gas and Water Injection Wells: Injection and fall-off tests, including multi-region analysis Interference Tests: Interwell permeability and Ct from type-curve analysis and/or history matching by simulation Multi-Layered Reservoirs: Conventional analysis or specialized testing technique (MLT) Varying Rate Tests: Rates measured on surface or with downhole flowmeter Permanent Downhole (or Surface) Gauges: Special PDA section to analyze longterm pressure and rate records for hydrocarbons in place

From large scale reservoir characterization to the monitoring of individual well performance, the results of well test analysis provide information for many important operational decisions. Workover: Completion efficiency from skin factor and early time derivative shape, open interval length for stimulation or re-perforation Reservoir Characterization: Horizontal permeability (from kh), vertical permeability, boundaries and heterogeneities, gas cap/aquifer support, pressure support from second compartment for reservoir model refinement, and field development planning Reserves Estimation: Extended production test, long-term flowing pressure record (with permanent downhole gauge), build-up testing for reservoir model refinement, and field development planning Production Performance Prediction: Single well forward prediction with material balance included for field development planning Reservoir Pressure Decline for Field Development Planning

simulation design

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Key Technical Features PanSystems graphical interface offers the user an efficient workflow. Its versatile data processing and analysis capabilities meet the challenges presented by the high performance of modern pressure gauges and the large volumes of data which they can acquire. Versatile Data Preparation Easy entry of basic rock and fluid parameters Import of raw data ODBC databases supported (Weatherford RMS or any standard SQL) Import from file or Microsoft Excel spreadsheet More than adequate capacity (20 million data points) Append new data to existing data Data processing Wavelet transform filter for outlier removal, denoising, and reduction Large choice of data reduction and smoothing algorithms Data manipulation (function, shift, copy, paste, merge, resample, tidal filter) Flowrates Manual and automatic identification of rate change events Flowrate averaging from long-term production records Wavelet filter reduces size of rate data channel while honoring cumulative production Wellhead to bottomhole flowing pressure conversion using VFP format flowing pressure files, EPS Products WellFlo application, or simplified dry gas model Analysis Wide range of wellbore, reservoir, and boundary models User-defined models can be easily integrated Up to six different models can be investigated in a single file Diagnostic plots include log-log with selection of pressure derivatives, rate normalization and superposition/ convolution, line-fitting, and type-curve matching Quick single-well simulation allows rapid validation of selected models and parameters Auto-regression for automatic parameter optimization Pressure decline analysis (PDA) facility for the analysis of long term flowing pressure and rate (or cumulative) data to estimate hydrocarbons in place using: Agarwal-Gardner type-curves Equivalent constant rate (ECR) deconvolution method Simulation In addition to the quick simulation for model validation, PanSystem contains multi-well, multi-layer simulators to generate pressure from flowrate (advanced simulation) and, less conventionally, flowrate from pressure PanSystems companion numerical well test simulator, PanMesh, available under a separate license, provides more complex well and reservoir configurations which are beyond the capabilities of analytical models Deliverability and Production Forecasting From WTA, or from direct measurements of flowing pressures and rates Conventional IPR for oil or water Empirical C-and-n and rigorous LIT methods for gas wells Production forecasting module predicts flow profile through transient, semi-transient, and semi-steady state phases Constant bhfp option or constant thfp (using a VFP format file for tubing performance) Reservoir pressure computed in depletion cases Design Well test design module includes test time and flowrate advisor Predicted pressure response generated by advanced simulation includes gauge resolution, noise, and drift PanManager Opens multiple PanSystem files for comparison of gauge datasets and interpretations Well tests run in same well at different times Well tests run in different wells Different interpretations of one well test Reporting User-configurable report format can be stored as a template Output to printer or to Microsoft Word Version 4 of the regulatory Pressure ASCII Standard (PAS) format of the Alberta EUB supported for TRG.PAS PanScan Utility to scan in mechanical gauge records and digitize these ready for import into PanSystem

PanSystem provides many complementary tools for well test interpretation and analysis. This figure shows flow regimes, straight line diagnostics, and model responses (showing two sensitivities which can be seen on the plot and whose parameters are displayed in the tabbed results box bottom right).
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Numerical well test simulation provides the opportunity to model real completions and complex geology in 3-dimensions. PanMesh makes numerical simulation accessible to the well test analyst without requiring simulation expertise.

PanMesh
Many analytical models have been developed, and are still being developed, to describe different well and reservoir configurations. However, approximations or simplifying assumptions have to be made in order to make the mathematics manageable, and there is a limit to the complexity that can be achieved analytically. PanMesh uses numerical simulation which envelopes all existing analytical solutions and has potentially unlimited flexibility. The reservoir and completion are discretised into a number of blocks or elements, and the flow and pressure equations are solved across each of these. Almost any geometry can be represented, encompassing multiple layers, irregular boundaries, multiple completions, and so on. Numerical simulation provides the opportunity to model real completions and complex geology in three dimensions. Its revolutionary patented mesh generation technology has encapsulated all the power of full 3-D numerical simulation in an easy to use software tool. PanMesh makes numerical simulation accessible to the well test analyst without requiring simulation expertise. Typical Applications PanMesh can be used to simulate bottomhole flowing pressures for history matching to a well test data set, or to design a well test. Flowing pressures can also be generated at any point in the reservoir for interference test simulation. Because PanMesh is a 3-D simulator, this includes vertical interference tests. Because it is fully integrated into PanSystem, PanMesh fulfils the same basic simulation objectives as the quick and advanced simulators available in PanSystem in terms of model validation and test design, and occupies a similar place in the workflow. Additionally, the use of a numerical simulator enables the well test analyst to reach beyond the limits of analytical simulation in terms of complexity of reservoir structure and completion design. PanMeshs color visualization facility offers a deeper understanding of the nature of the transient response. By tracking the pressure as it propagates through the reservoir, it enables the analyst to see how changes in the model structure correlate with changes in the pressure derivative.

3-D Numerical Simulation

reservoir complexity

well and completion

The use of a numerical simulator enables the well test analyst to reach beyond the capabilities of analytical simulation in terms of complexity of reservoir structure and completion design. PanMeshs color visualization facility tracks the pressure as it propagates through the reservoir, enabling the analyst to see how changes in the model structure correlate with changes in the pressure derivative.
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PanMesh provides highly useful visualization tools including:

Key Technical Features The PanMesh graphical interface has been designed to make setting up the model a simple task, and the whole simulation process, from start to finish, retains many of the benefits of analytical methods in terms of workflow and speed. Single Well Finite Element Simulator 3-dimensional Fast automatic meshing with local refinement around wellbore, economical meshing algorithm aims to provide an accurate solution that will incur a minimum simulation time PanMesh uses a patented complex 3-D mapped mesh generation technology, using a 20-node brick format with quadratic interpolation Fast solver provides solutions in seconds to minutes, depending on model complexity Generates real-time and pressure response for any well test flow schedule Pressure response at any selected point in the reservoir can also be generated Pressure at a point capability allows horizontal and vertical interference tests to be modeled Can be used to history match an existing well test or to design a future test History file stores the entire simulation (pressure vs. time at all nodes) for future replay Batch mode for multiple runs and sensitivity studies Reservoir Complexity Geometry Can be drawn over a reservoir map outline if available Template option for preset reservoir forms 3-dimensional permeability Multiple layers (with/without vertical communication), multiple regions within each layer Independently dipping layers, varying layer thicknesses via tilted surfaces or stepped sub-layers Different rock and fluid properties per region Irregularly-shaped internal fault structures Partially sealing faults/fissures Irregularly shaped outer boundary 3-D graphical display of the reservoir structure No-flow and constant pressure upper/lower and outer boundaries Multiphase flow using multiphase pseudo-pressure, and/or different fluid properties per region with static interfaces Well and Completion Vertical, slant, or horizontal well, with defined azimuth Up to six open intervals Visualization Color contouring allows advance of pressure disturbance to be tracked with time through the reservoir, on any selected plane Simultaneous display of pressure derivative shows correlation between derivative events and reservoir features encountered by the leading edge of the color contours Radius of investigation iso-pressure surface display Save views option stores selected visualization Flow plane feature shows orientation and relative magnitude of flow on any plane, while stream tube option displays flow path into the well from any selected point Percentage flowrates per open interval (for a nominal constant total rate) Pore volume per layer, total bulk reservoir volume

Stream tube to show the flow path from any point in the reservoir into the well.

Flow plane to show the flow magnitude and orientation on any plane.

Cut planes which show pressure contours on any orientation of slice through the reservoir.

Radius of investigation, an incredibly intuitive way to visualize the expanding response of a well test over time.
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Typical gains realized from optimizing gas lift wells are 2 to 25%. Payoffs can be large with minimal costs that extend the economic life of the field and potentially increase total recoverable reserves.

DynaLift
The gas lift process in oil wells is complex and not straightforward to either design systems or diagnose problems. Getting it right is the key to optimizing production from gas lifted wells and fields. Existing modeling tools and approaches simulate gas lift in terms of a steady state solution and make sweeping assumptions about the performance of the valves and the completion. DynaLift addresses the opportunity to improve the performance of gas lifted wells through a better understanding of the gas lift unloading process combined with detailed performance modeling of valves. The DynaLift package is a Windows based application encapsulating many years of experience in gas lift valve performance modeling and design. It allows the user to build a comprehensive model of the well, completion, operating conditions, and reservoir.

Dynamic Gas Lift Optimization

gas lift modeling

DynaLift simulates the step-by-step process of unloading a gas lifted well by calculating the detailed physical parameters in time steps as unloading progresses. This means that: Gas lift designs can be validated and checked against variations of reservoir conditions Problem wells with heading, multi-pointing, and valve cutting can be diagnosed Correct operational procedures for kicking off these wells can be defined Different gas lift valves and designs can be evaluated to optimize workovers These capabilities mean that gas lifted wells can now be modeled in much more detail than was previously possible, leading to improved production performance, more efficient operations, and reduced downtime. Typical Applications Design Verification and Refinement: After initial design work in WellFlo, the well model can be exported to DynaLift and the unloading process simulated to verify that the design will operate successfully. Changes to reservoir conditions can be simulated to ensure that the completion will still function correctly as water cut changes or reservoir pressure falls. Diagnosis: Many problems with gas lifted wells are associated with heading or multi-pointing. For the first time a tool is available to diagnose and predict these conditions. Proposed workover solutions can then be developed and tested to ensure that the problem is rectified and the correct valves are chosen. Operations: DynaLift will predict the timing, volumes, temperatures, and types of fluid reaching the surface throughout the gas lift process. This provides an important guide to operations personnel working on gas lifted installations.

optimize workovers
DynaLift screen capture.
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Key Technical Features Completion: Detailed completion modeling allows the user to enter data for variable tubing strings and annular casing strings. Comprehensive pressure drop calculations are then performed for the injection gas and the produced fluids. Accurate temperature calculations are applied to produced fluids as they rise through the completion. Gas Lift Valves: Typical generic valve performance curves are provided and various manufacturers performance curves are available from the Valve Performance Clearing House. These can be selected on a case-by-case basis for each of the mandrels installed in the completion. The simulation can be stopped, and valves changed or a simulation of valve failure made, to evaluate the impact on the system performance. Accurate modeling of gas lift valve performance is the heart of an accurate modeling of the system and DynaLift performs a detailed calculation of the force balance, stem travel, and resulting gas passage and pressure drop for each valve at each step of the simulation. Reservoir: Reservoir inflow and injectivity is an integral part of modeling well performance. A correctly designed gas lift completion will take account of the reservoir performance. DynaLift correctly models the initial drilling fluid production during the early stages of the gas lift unloading. At later stages in the gas lift simulation the well flowing pressure will be determined in part by the productivity of the reservoir. It is important to realize in the design process that when the well is lifting off bottom the amount of produced fluids will be determined as much by the inflow performance as by the gas lift design.

Controls: The simulation is started from a definable set of starting conditions and allows the user to control the unloading method. Choke settings are provided for both injection and production chokes and the unloading method is selectable. The appropriate controls are adjustable while the simulation is running to allow different scenarios without having to start again. Output: The software outputs data in graphical form for the dynamic flowing gradient, wellhead pressure, wellhead flow rate, valve performance (gas and liquid passage), and reservoir flow with bottomhole pressure. Output data can also be captured in a file for later analysis as the simulation progresses.

Gas lift unloading sequence, showing amount of gas flowing through each of the valves as a function of time.

Simulation of valve erosion due to unloading of well fluids.

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Study of well stability as function of gas injection rate.

Material balance techniques are widely used throughout all phases of field development, providing a dynamic measure of hydrocarbon volumes and a critical estimate of key reservoir parameters.

MatBal
MatBal is a software package designed for reservoir analysis and reservoir-centered production forecasting based on a material balance approach.

Reservoir Analysis and Production Forecasting

For engineering applications, MatBal provides a quick and easy alternative to a full reservoir simulation study. Additionally, MatBal provides one important way of building an understanding of reservoir behavior, reservoir connectivity, and key reservoir parameters. If required, MatBal models can also form the basis on which a more comprehensive reservoir simulation study can be built. Typical Applications Commercial Viability: MatBals history matching capability uses initial appraisal data to estimate key reservoir parameters. From this the user can gain an understanding of the size of reserves and subsurface connectivity between reservoirs and aquifer to assess the commercial viability of a new development. Reserves Estimation and Reporting: Use the reservoirs reported production history and MatBals history matching capability to estimate fluids in place and other key reservoir parameters for ongoing reserves estimation and reporting.

easy to use

Field Development Planning: Use MatBals forecasting capability to produce a first-pass field development plan for green and brown fields including drilling schedules, well workovers, and well abandonment planning. Such plans can form the basis for a later more sophisticated analysis using field development optimization by ReO Forecast or full reservoir simulation.

Model building.

flexible fast
All tabular data can be plotted with upgraded graphing tool.
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Why MatBal?
Flexibility and Accuracy: Unlike many material balance based software applications, MatBal allows the user to build sub-surface models containing several aquifers and reservoirs with complex connectivity. This makes MatBal applicable to a greater range of subsurface modeling needs and enhances the accuracy of model predictions and any management decisions based on them. Speed: MatBal models are quick to build and fast to run, especially when compared with the engineering effort and computation time required to build and run equivalent fullreservoir simulation models. Ease of Use: MatBals intuitive user interface and comprehensive help system allow engineers to familiarize themselves with the application quickly and efficiently. This minimizes engineering time lost during the familiarization phase. Integration: MatBal is seamlessly integrated with ReO and ReO Forecast applications to allow accurate production forecasting and optimization from reservoir to delivery point.

Non-linear history match.

Reportingselection of model data, history match, and forecasts for output. Key Technical Features Full history matching and reservoir production forecasting capabilities History matching using linear regression (straight line fits to the classic material balance equations) or non-linear regression Reservoir production forecasting at reservoir or well level., production can be controlled using a choice of rate or pressure schedules at reservoir, well or manifold level Suitable for oil, condensate, dry/wet gas, and volatile oil reservoirs Choice of aquifer geometries and models Tabular PVT data for each reservoir Well modeling based on inflow performance relationships (IPRs) and vertical flow performance (VFP) tables Well modeling and PVT data can be imported from WellFlo, alternatively, this data can be supplied from other applications Integration with ReO and ReO Forecast for asset wide production forecasting and optimization

Linear history matchclassic straight line fit to data (left); simultaneous display of diagnostic plots (right).

Key results are plotted as forecast progresses.

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i-DO automates asset-level production engineering tasks that today are often performed manually. Sustainable production gains between 3% to 7 % have been seen in the assets worked on to date.

i-DO
What is i-DO?

Intelligent Daily Operations

Production optimization ensures that wells and facilities are at all times operating at their peak performance to maximize production or to maximize revenues. The current manual production optimization approaches are both time consuming and error prone due to the complexity and large volumes of data that have to be considered. Frequent changes in well and surface equipment downtime, maintenance work, evolving reservoir conditions, etc., usually make it impossible for engineers to keep the asset tuned for optimal operating conditions. Production enhancement studies that are not linked to an automated optimization system have limited value because their recommendations quickly become out of date.
Historical Data Real-Time Data SCADA Historian Expired Data Completion, Production, Reservoir Data SCADA Server Results Optimized Set Points
Root Cause Analysis

Production Data Management

Conditions, Status Targets

Downtime Loss Management

Production Tests

Network Model and Optimizer

Economic Parameters

Well Perf Curves Pressure, GOR, BS&W

Well Models
Pressure, kh, Skin

intelligent

Reservoir Models LAN/WAN Internet/Intranet

Transient Pressure Analysis

Corporate Data Base

Review and Approve

Intelligent Daily Operations

i-DO

Recognizing these deficiencies, intelligent daily operations (i-DO) provides sustainable production optimization. i-DO links real-time downhole, surface, and corporate data sources to ensure that reservoir, well, and facility models are constantly monitored and updated to reflect actual operating conditions. The iDO calculation engine then simultaneously optimizes hundreds of critical parameters. The system can handle very complex producing networks having hundreds of wells or a single wells information. The ability to gather and interpret data online as well as implement many of the changes electronically means production optimization can be sustained effectively with minimum manpower and expense. The key advantage of the system is keeping the asset operating at peak performance.

daily operations

iDO is used on a daily basis to manage mature assets and make operational decisions. The system integrates production data management and reservoir modeling with transient pressure analysis, well modeling, and surface network modeling and optimization. The system can be applied without modification to a wide range of production optimization problems, including downhole controls in smart wells and intelligent completions.

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To help engineers overcome the variety of challenges they face in mature assets, the field-proven AIM-GAIN-SUSTAIN methodology has been developed to deliver early value and minimize iDO implementation costs. The methodology includes the engineering consulting, processes, and training needed by most producers to improve asset performance. The iDO systems. system leverages the investment of SCADA

Rather than having engineers perform individual tasks, a number of processes are automated in pre-defined schedules, triggered by specific events initiated manually. Well models are automatically updated to match production tests Network facility models are updated for current conditions Daily production data is allocated to wells Root cause analysis of unscheduled downtime determines the focus of maintenance efforts for maximum impact New reservoir models can be created, short-term production forecasts generated, and transient analysis of downhole pressure data determines current reservoir pressure and estimates permeability and skin Data is stored and data trending, production, and reservoir surveillance reports are generated The system can be successfully deployed on multiple types of assets Mature, artificially lifted oil fields producing at high rates with continuous gas lift Fields with intermittent gas lift Gas condensate and light/volatile oil fields High rate dry gas fields

Key results generated from the iDO system are the ability to optimize cash flow while integrating multiple variables and physical systems. Benefits include increased production volumes, less downtime, and reduced lifting costs. The asset inspection methodology (AIM) phase defines and prioritizes asset opportunities and builds a business case for implementation. During the GAIN phase, well and surface network models are built and recommendations are made to increase uptime and improve deliverability. At its heart, the iDO online system continuously optimizes well and surface network parameters to improve asset performance and deliver early paybacks. The production increase in the AIM and GAIN phases funds the SUSTAIN stage, where new production optimization technology is implemented, processes are finetuned, and people are trained to sustain profitability over the entire life of the asset.

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Reservoir Monitoring Tools and Solutions from eP/Weatherford

Domain Technique Goal Data and Model Integrate earth Visualization model and engineering data Software Data Acquisition Frequency All data Per study including real data

Conventional Method

Visualization

Complexity & Cost High (software, lots of data, and high reservoir skills) High (software, lots of data, and high reservoir skills) Medium (needs further data and intermediate reservoir skills)

Reservoir Simulation

Full Field*

Validate 3D model and predict recovery/ profile

Material Estimate Balance/Sweep reserves and Efficiency predict recovery/ profile Simple Material Balance Decline Curve Analysis Vertical Lift Diagnosis Inflow Profile Estimate reserves Predict as is production/ recovery Diagnose artificial lift (gas lift) effectiveness Observe flow contribution per layer in multiple zone reservoir Resolve inflow changes Pres, PI, and skin Resolve vertical lift from inflow changes Apparent decline in vertical lift efficiency, Pres, PI, or skin

Allocated flow rates/well tests, reservoir pressures, and flow profiles Allocated flow rates/well tests, MatBal and reservoir pressures (BU, RFT) Allocated flow MatBal rates/well tests Allocated flow Decline curve rates/well tests Reservoir simulators (e.g. VIP, Eclipse) Well tests and flowing gradient survey Well tests and production logs

Per study

Permanent Sensor Online Software Benefit Use of P-T, gauges, flowmeters, and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) Use of Sufficient and P-T, gauges, better quality flowmeters, and data for matching DTS Use of P-T and flowmeters Sufficient and better quality data for matching

Alternative Method

Per study

Per study

WellFlo

Low (needs basic reservoir skills) Per study Low (most fields have allocated rates) Per FGS: annual Medium (run DTS in gas lifted or less gauges plus completion skilled analysis) Per production log run: annual or less Medium (run gauges plus skilled analysis) DTS across sandface or flowmeters P-T and optional flowmeters

Plato (PanMesh)

Single Well

Inflow and Reservoir Decline InflowVertical Lift Resolution Basic Well Performance

PanSystem

Well tests, BHP, Per BHP gauge Medium (run and build-up with shut in: less gauges plus than annual skilled analysis) Well tests and BHP Well tests (THP and flow rates) Per run of bottom Medium (run hole gauge: (bi-) gauges) annual or less Per well test: monthly or less Low (most wells are tested)

P-T

WellFlo

i-DO: automates this workflow i-DO: automates this workflow

WellFlo

Assess gas lift valve performance on demand Assess flow profiles on demand/ continuously Grab unplanned build-ups to eliminate deferred production Continuous assessment vertical lift vs. inflow effects Continuous well performance monitoring vs. models

*iDO can automate many full-field workflows. Contact your eP/Weatherford representative for specific applications.

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eP/Weatherford Training and Consulting Services for EPS Products

Training eP/Weatherford instructors draw from wide international experience and expertise in applying industry best practices to reach each students development goals and technical requirements. Many of the techniques taught are applied through our advanced EPS Products engineering software. Delivered by internationally-respected practicing engineers and teachers, course attendees leave with a full understanding of the intricacies and issues of the subject matter, including both theoretical understanding and practical application of engineering techniques. Three levels of course training, general, engineer, and advanced, ensure that content and subject matter are pertinent to the intended audience. The background of the attendees often provides a major enhancement to the total class experience as they bring their own unique experience to the training courses and learn much from each other, as well as the instructor. Your facility or ours. The courses can be delivered at the clients facility or can be attended at one of eP/Weatherfords multiple training facilities worldwide, including our premier facility located on the campus at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland. Some examples of open course titles are Well Test Analysis, Advanced Gas Reservoir Engineering, Production Logging, and courses such as PanSystem and WellFlo User Training. For a complete list of currently offered courses, campuses, and schedules, please access www.ep-solutions.com or email: training@ep solutions.com. You can also contact us at +44 (0) 131 4494536 for availability and scheduling of on-site training at your facility. Consulting Services eP/Weatherford provides advanced consultant services to clients all over the world. We offer solutions for wells, fields, and reservoirs. These services range from a single well test analysis project or single well production optimization to delivery of full-field integrated development plans and the technical management of offshore fields. eP/Weatherford employs a host of experienced professional engineers and technicians. The diverse backgrounds of our staff means that the application of advanced technology is accompanied by a solid understanding of the cultural and business context in which it must succeed. Clients include E & P companies (operating and non-operating), service companies, stockbrokers, and banks. Our range of services includes: production optimization, well data integration, reservoir engineering, field development planning, and reservoir management. Contact any eP/ Weatherford office worldwide for more information about specific consulting services.

A Weatherford Company

Visit www.ep-solutions.com for local sales, service, and support locations.

eProduction Solutions products and services are subject to the Companys standard terms and conditions, available on request. For more information contact an authorized eP representative. Unless noted otherwise, trademarks and service marks herein are the property of eP. Specifications are subject to change without notice. 2006 eProduction Solutions. All rights reserved. Rev. 00, 04/06

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