Chapter 9.

Impulse and Momentum

Explosions and collisions obey some surprisingly simple laws that make problem solving easier when comparing the situation before and after an interaction. Chapter Goal: To introduce the ideas of impulse and momentum and to learn a new problem-solving strategy based on conservation laws.

Chapter 9. Impulse and Momentum

Topics: Momentum and Impulse Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems Conservation of Momentum Inelastic Collisions Explosions Momentum in Two Dimensions

Momentum
10 m/s A After the collision A B

B v u

What is the velocity of ball A after the collision? ball B? What is conserved during the collision? MOMENTUM

r r p = mv
3

The total momentum is the sum of momentum of ball A and momentum of ball B.

Momentum

r r p = mv
m Av A,i = m Av + m B u

The total momentum of the system is conserved during the collision:

10 m/s

B u

Momentum is a vector. It has the same direction as corresponding velocity. General expression for the momentum conservation: the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision
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Momentum

r r p = mv

General expression for the momentum conservation: the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision A

r v A,i r v B ,i

r v A, f r vB, f
B

r r r r m Av A,i + m B v B ,i = m Av A, f + m B v B , f
Usually this equation is written in terms of components.

Example:
A 10 m/s B

m A = 1kg

m B = 4kg

After the collision the balls are moving together (have the same velocity). What is their velocity? A B v

Momentum before the collision: Momentum after the collision: Conservation of momentum:

pi = m Av A ,i

kg m = 10 s

p f = ( m A + m B )v = 5v pi = p f
6

10 = 5v

v = 2m / s

Why do we have conservation of total momentum? Newtons second law:

Acceleration:

Then

r Fnet

r r Fnet = ma r r dv a= dt r r r dv d ( mv ) dp =m = = dt dt dt
t2

momentum

After integration

r r p = Fnet dt
t1

The area under

r Fnet ( t )

curve.

r r J = Fnet dt
t1

t2

It is called IMPULSE, J.

The impulse of the force is equal to the change of the momentum of r r the object. 7

p = J

pi = mvix p f = mv fx < 0

J x = p f pi < 0

m1v fx ,1 m1vix ,1 = Fx ,2 on1dt m2 v fx ,2 m2 vix ,2 = Fx ,1on 2 dt

t1 t1 t2

t2

Newtons third law:

Fx ,1on 2 = Fx ,2 on1
Then

F
t1

t2

x ,1 on 2

dt = Fx ,2 on1dt
t1

t2

m2 v fx ,2 m2 vix ,2 = m1v fx ,1 m1vix ,1

m2 v fx ,2 m2 vix ,2 = m1v fx ,1 m1vix ,1 m1vix ,1 + m2 vix ,2 = m1v fx ,1 + m2 v fx ,2 pix ,1 + pix ,2 = p fx ,1 + p fx ,2 pix ,total = p fx ,total
The law of conservation of momentum

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Momentum
The law of conservation of momentum:

r r p = mv

The total momentum of an isolated system (no external forces) does not change. Interactions within system do not change the systems total momentum
isolated system

r v A,i r v B ,i

r v A, f r vB, f
B

r r r r m Av A,i + m B v B ,i = m Av A, f + m B v B , f
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Momentum
The ball is dropped onto a hard floor:

r r p = mv

The ball is not an isolated system (interaction with the floor) no conservation of momentum for the ball Initial momentum is

r r pi = mvi

Final momentum (after collision) is

r r p f = mv f

The ball+ the floor is an isolated system The total momentum (ball+floor) is conserved

r vf

r vi
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Example: Find

v2 x

Isolated system Motion with constant acceleration: Momentum before the collision:

( v1 x , B )2 = 2a x x1 = 16
v1 x , B = 4m / s

pi ,total = m B v1 x , B + mC v1 x ,C = m B v1 x , B = 75 4 = 300
Momentum after the collision:

kg m s

p f ,total = m B v 2 x , B + mC v2 x ,C = ( m B + mC )v 2 x = 100v 2 x
Conservation of momentum:

p f ,total = pi ,total
100v 2 x = 300 v 2 x = 3m / s
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Perfectly inelastic collision: A collision in which the two objects stick together and move with a common final velocity.

pi ,total = m1vix ,1 + m2 v ix ,2

p f ,total = ( m1 + m2 )v fx m1vix ,1 + m2 vix ,2 = ( m1 + m2 )v fx

vix ,2 m1 m1 3 3 = vix ,1 = 0.5 = 2.25m / s + 1 v fx m2 2 2 m2
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Chapter 9. Summary Slides

General Principles

General Principles

Important Concepts

Important Concepts

Applications

Applications

Chapter 9. Questions

The carts change of momentum is

A. 30 kg m/s. B. 10 kg m/s. C.10 kg m/s. D.20 kg m/s. E.30 kg m/s.

The carts change of momentum is

A. 30 kg m/s. B. 10 kg m/s. C.10 kg m/s. D.20 kg m/s. E.30 kg m/s.

A 10 g rubber ball and a 10 g clay ball are thrown at a wall with equal speeds. The rubber ball bounces, the clay ball sticks. Which ball exerts a larger impulse on the wall? A. They exert equal impulses because they have equal momenta. B. The clay ball exerts a larger impulse because it sticks. C. Neither exerts an impulse on the wall because the wall doesnt move. D. The rubber ball exerts a larger impulse because it bounces.

A 10 g rubber ball and a 10 g clay ball are thrown at a wall with equal speeds. The rubber ball bounces, the clay ball sticks. Which ball exerts a larger impulse on the wall? A. They exert equal impulses because they have equal momenta. B. The clay ball exerts a larger impulse because it sticks. C. Neither exerts an impulse on the wall because the wall doesnt move. D. The rubber ball exerts a larger impulse because it bounces.

Objects A and C are made of different materials, with different springiness, but they have the same mass and are initially at rest. When ball B collides with object A, the ball ends up at rest. When ball B is thrown with the same speed and collides with object C, the ball rebounds to the left. Compare the velocities of A and C after the collisions. Is vA greater than, equal to, or less than vC?

A. vA > vC B. vA < vC C. vA = vC

Objects A and C are made of different materials, with different springiness, but they have the same mass and are initially at rest. When ball B collides with object A, the ball ends up at rest. When ball B is thrown with the same speed and collides with object C, the ball rebounds to the left. Compare the velocities of A and C after the collisions. Is vA greater than, equal to, or less than vC?

A. vA > vC B. vA < vC C. vA = vC

The two particles are both moving to the right. Particle 1 catches up with particle 2 and collides with it. The particles stick together and continue on with velocity vf. Which of these statements is true?

A. vf = v2. B. vf is less than v2. C. vf is greater than v2, but less than v1. D. vf = v1. E. vf is greater than v1.

The two particles are both moving to the right. Particle 1 catches up with particle 2 and collides with it. The particles stick together and continue on with velocity vf. Which of these statements is true?

A. vf = v2. B. vf is less than v2. C. vf is greater than v2, but less than v1. D. vf = v1. E. vf is greater than v1.

An explosion in a rigid pipe shoots out three pieces. A 6 g piece comes out the right end. A 4 g piece comes out the left end with twice the speed of the 6 g piece. From which end does the third piece emerge?
A. Right end B. Left end

An explosion in a rigid pipe shoots out three pieces. A 6 g piece comes out the right end. A 4 g piece comes out the left end with twice the speed of the 6 g piece. From which end does the third piece emerge?
A. Right end B. Left end