1.

The diagram shows the process, gametogenesis in man.

Name the type of gametogenesis shown above. [1 mark] Where does this process takes place? [1 mark] Name the cell at and !. [" marks] What is the genetic constit#tion of the cell at !? [1 mark] Name the process $ and %. [" marks] What is the difference between the process $ and %? [" mark] What is process &? [" marks] $fter process &, what are these cells called? [1 mark] Where do they derive their no#rishment from? [1 mark]

".

The flow chart shows the hormones involved in a menstr#al cycle.

'a( Name gland ). [1 mark] 'b( What is the f#nction of the follicle stim#lating hormone? [" marks] *#teini+ing ,ormone stim#lates the change of -raafian .ollicle to !. What is !? [1 mark] %esides this, what is f#nction / of the l#teini+ing hormone. [1 mark] Name hormone 0. [1 mark] What is the f#nction of hormone 0? [" marks] 'e( What is the effect of estrogen and hormone 0 on gland )? [" marks] What will happen to ! if fertili+ation occ#rs? [" marks] fertili+ation does not occ#r? [" marks]

3.

The diagram below shows an ov#le and the stages of development of the embryo sac in the ov#le.

'a( The ov#le develops from a #niform mass of cells called the........... [1 mark] 'b( 1t is connected to the placenta by a stalk known as............ [1 mark] What is process )? [1 mark] What will happen to the three cells labelled 2? [1 mark] Name process /. [1 mark] ,ow many times does process / occ#r d#ring the development of the embryo sac? [1 mark] Name !. [1 mark] What is formed when a male gamete were to f#se with !? [1 mark]

Name 0. [1 mark] What will be formed when a male gamete were to f#se with 0? [1 mark] $fter fertili+ation, what will happen to the following str#ct#res? 3v#le. 3vary. 3#ter integ#ment. 1nner integ#ment. [" marks]

1n an e4periment, the dry weight of some seedlings was obtained over a period of time. The data was plotted in the graph above. 5t#dy the graph caref#lly and answer the 6#estions below. 'a( What type of growth c#rve is shown above? [1 mark] Which part of the graph shows a negative gradient? [1 mark]

,ow do yo# acco#nt for it? [1 mark] 'c( -ive a reason for an increase in the dry weight from % to 7. [1 mark] What is the dry weight of the seedling at &? 7? 8? .? [9 marks] What is the rate of growth from & to 7 '-ive yo#r answer in mg. per day(? [1 mark] 8 to . '-ive yo#r answer in mg. per day(? [1 mark] Which part of the graph shows the fastest rate of growth? [1 mark] -ive reasons for yo#r answer. [1 mark]

:.

This e4periment is to st#dy the distrib#tion of growth in the radicle of pea seedlings. Ten seedlings were marked off into 1; +ones of e6#al lengh with 1ndian ink. $t the end of " days the average increase in length of each +one was recorded and plotted on the graph as shown above. 'a( Why is it necessary to #se 1; seedlings in the e4priment? [" marks] 'b( Why was 1ndian ink #sed as a marker? [" marks] 'c( ,ow long sho#ld each +one be? [" marks] Which part of the radicle shows slow growth? [1 mark] -ive reasons for yo#r answer. [1 mark] Name the two +ones which show ma4im#m increase in length. [1 mark] ,ow wo#ld yo# acco#nt for this increase? [1 mark]

7o yo# e4pect to obtain the same type of graph if the same e4periment is carried o#t on a coleoptile of a mai+e seedling? [1 mark] -ive yo#r reasons. [1 mark]

5$5 855$! /=85T13N 1. 'a( The anther contains fo#r pollen sacs in which the pollen grains develop. The latter are the bearers of the male gametes which are important in fertili+ation in plants. With the aid of diagrams, describe the formation of pollen grains. [< marks] 'b( )ollen grains are transferred to the stigma by pollination. $fter pollination, a lot of changes occ#r to the pollen grain. 7escribe these changes from the time pollination occ#rs #ntil fertili+ation. [1" marks] ". 'a( What is 2hes#s factor? 84plain how the 2hes#s factor can ca#se problems to the foet#s. [1; marks] 'b( $ co#ple who has been sterile for 1; years wishes to have a child. =sing yo#r biological knowledge, s#ggest a techni6#e that can be #sed to help this co#ple. >#stify the techni6#e #sed. [1; marks] >$W$)$N 4.0 REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH 1. 'a( 'i( 5permatogenesis. 'ii( 5eminifero#s t#b#le. 'b( 'i( ? 5permatogoni#m. ! ? 5econdary spermatocyte. 'ii( ,aploid. 'c( 'i( $ ? @itosis. % ? @eiosis. 'ii( 1n process $, the n#mber of chromosomes in the da#ghter cell is the same as the parent cell while in process %, the n#mber of chromosomes in the da#ghter is half the n#mber of chromosomes in the parent cell. 'd( 'i( 7ifferentiation. 'ii( 5perms. 'iii( 5ertoli cell. ". 'a( )it#itary gland. 'b( 'i( 5tim#lates the development of primary follicle to -raafian follicle.

'ii( 5tim#lates the ovary to prod#ce the hormone estrogen. 'c( 'i( &orp#s l#te#m. 'ii( 5tim#lates ov#lation. 'd( 'i( )rogesterone. 'ii( @aintain the thickness of the endometri#m. 1f fertili+ation has occ#red, pregesterone will prevent the secretion of follicle stim#lating hormone and l#teini+ing hormone, th#s obstr#cting menstr#ation and ov#lation. 'e( 8strogen stim#lates gland ) to secrete l#teini+ing hormone. The high level of estrogen on the fo#rteenth day prevents the secretion of .5, by gland ). ,ormone 0A )rogesterone obstr#cts the secretion of .5, and *,. 'f( 'i( ! will remain and prod#ce more progesterone. 'ii( ! will disintegrate ca#sing the level of progesterone to go down. =terine lining disintegrates and menstr#ation begins.

B. 'a( N#cell#s. 'b( .#nicle. 'c( 'i( @eiosis. 'ii( 7egenerate. 'd( 'i( @itosis. 'ii( B times. 'e( 'i( 8gg cell. 'ii( 0ygote. 'f( 'i( )olar n#clei. 'ii( )rimary endosperm n#cle#s. 'g( 'i( 5eed. 'ii( 3vary. 'iii( Testa. 'iv( Tegmen.

C. 'a( 5igmoidA5Dshaped growth c#rve. 'b( $% and -,. $% D 7#ring seed germination, tiss#e respiration breaks down stored carbohydrates, the seedling cannot photosynthesise, therefore, there is a net loss in dry weight. -, D The plant in old age drops its leaves, fr#its and dies. The rate of catabolism e4ceeds anabolism. 'c( The plant can carry o#t photosynthesis. 'd( 'i( :.; mg. 'ii( 1C.; mg. 'iii( ";.; mg. 'iv( ";.; mg. 'e( E 'i( & to 7 ? = 1.< mg A day. C

'ii( 8 to . ? ; mg A day. 'f( &7. The steepest gradient at &7 indicates the fastest rate of growth. :. 'a( To obtain an average val#e so that the data collected wo#ld be more reliable, slight fl#ct#ation in environmental factors and any genetic variation wo#ld be red#ced. 'b( Non to4ic, waterDproof and gives a district mark. 'c( 1 mm. 'd( 'i( 84treme tip and base of radicle. 'ii( $t the tip of the radicle, there is rapid cell division b#t no elongation, th#s little increase in length. $t the base of the radicle, the cells have completed elongation and are #ndergoing cell differentiation and speciali+ation. 'e( 'i( 0one " and B. 'ii( 2apid cell elongation occ#r in these " +ones. 'f( 'i( !es. 'ii( The +ones where cell division, cell elongation and cell speciali+ation occ#r in a coleoptile is the same as that of a radicle.

'a(

8ach polen sac contains a denselyDpacked mass of pollen mother cells which are diploid. 8ach pollen mother cell #ndergoes meiosis to give a tetrad of fo#r haploid pollen grains. With each pollen grain, the haploid n#cle#s divides mitotically into two n#clei, one of these is the generative n#cle#s, the other the t#be n#cle#s. 'b( The pollen grains adhere to the stigma as a res#lt of the stigma secreting a sticky s#bstance. The latter also stim#lates the pollen grain to germinate, sending o#t its pollen t#be. When the pollen t#be germinates, the t#be n#cle#s occ#pies a position at the tip of the growing pollen t#be. The generative n#cle#s divides mitotically into a pair of male gamete n#clei. 3n reaching the ovary, the pollen t#be enters the ov#le, penetrates the wall of the embryo sac and b#rsts open. The t#be n#cle#s disitegrates, leaving a clear passage for the entry of the male n#clei. 3ne male n#cle#s f#ses with the egg cell to form a diploid +ygote, the other f#ses with the polar n#cle#s to form a triploid n#cle#s, known as primry endosperm n#cle#s. 'a(

The 2hes#s factor is a type of antigen on the erythrocyte of an individ#al. $ person who has this antigen is said to be 2h positive while another person witho#t this antigen is 2h negative. 1f a women who is 2h negative marries a man who is 2h positive, it is probable that their child can be 2h positive. )roblems may arise if the mother is 2h negative and the child 2h positive. The blood of the mother and child do not mi4 b#t in the later stage of pregnancy some blood from the foet#s may go into the motherFs blood. The mother will prod#ce antibodies, antiD2h to fight the antigen. =s#ally the amo#nt of antibodies prod#ced d#ring the first pregnancy will not harm the child. 1f the second child is also 2h positive, then the amo#nt of antibodies that is at a high concentration will ca#se aggl#tination of the foet#s erythrocytes. The child will face a condition known as erythroblastosis fetails.

'b( The techni6#e that can be #sed is in vitro fertili+ation. The women is given an inGection containing follicle stim#lating hormone and l#teini+ing hormone, to stim#late the release of a few mat#red ov#m from the ovary. $ laparoscope was #sed to remove a few ov#m from the ovary. The ov#m and seminal fl#id from the h#sband was p#t together in a c#lt#re medi#m. 9< ho#rs after fertili+ation, when the +ygote has developed into an embryo, it is implanted into the #ter#s of the mother. )regnancy begins if the embryo has s#cceeded in implanting itself to the #terine wall. >#stification for the techni6#e #sed. This techni6#e is good as the s#ccess rate is high. 7oes not raise the 6#estion from the religio#s, moral or social point of view as the sperm and ov#m are from the married co#ple and not from a donor.