4.2 Temperature Sensor (LM35) 4.2.

1 Description

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centi-grade scaling.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C t room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10 with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available pack-aged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, w LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is al able in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package plastic TO-220 package.

4.2.2 Features:

Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 for 1 mA load.
4.2.3 Applications

The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integratedcircuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature. This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an

intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature. To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which will insure that the leads and wires are all at the same temperature as the surface, and that the LM35 dies temperature will not be affected by the air temperature. The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metal surface or pipe without damage. Of course, in that case the V terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal. Alternatively, the LM35 can be mounted inside a sealed-end metal tube, and can then be dipped into a bath or screwed into a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35 and accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where condensation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes such as Hum seal and epoxy paints or dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connections. These devices are sometimes soldered to a small light-weight heat fin, to decrease the thermal time constant and speed up the response in slowlymoving air. On the other hand, a small thermal mass may be added to the sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviations in the air temperature.

4.3 Gas Sensor (MQ5)

4.3.1 Description

The sensors contain two or three electrodes, occasionally four, in contact with an electrolyte. The electrodes are typically fabricated by fixing a high surface area precious metal on to the porous hydrophobic membrane. The working electrode contacts both the electrolyte and the ambient air to be monitored usually via a porous membrane. The electrolyte most commonly used is a mineral acid, but organic electrolytes are also used for some sensors. The electrodes and housing are usually in a plastic housing which contains a gas entry hole for the gas and electrical contacts
4.3.2 Operation

The gas diffuses into the sensor, through the back of the porous membrane to the working electrode where it is oxidized or reduced. This electrochemical reaction results in an electric current that passes through the external circuit. In addition to measuring, amplifying and performing other signal processing functions, the external circuit maintains the voltage across the sensor between the working and counter electrodes for a two electrode sensor or between the working and reference electrodes for a three electrode cell. At the counter electrode an equal and opposite reaction occurs, such that if the working electrode is an oxidation, then the counter electrode is a reduction.

4.3.3 Structure and circuit

Structure and configuration of MQ-5 gas sensor is shown in below fig., sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-5 have 6 pin ,4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.

4.3.4 Features:

High sensitivity to LPG, natural gas , town gas Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke. Fast response Stable and long life They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are

4.3.5 Applications

suitable for detecting of LPG, natural gas , town gas, avoid the noise of alcohol and cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.
4.3.6 Sensitivity characteristics of the Sensor

Above figure shows the typical sensitivity characteristics of the MQ-5 for several gases. At Temp: 20 Humidity: 65% O2concentration 21%

RL=20kO Ro: sensor resistance at 1000ppm of H2in the clean air. Rs: sensor resistance at various concentrations of gases.

4.4 Optocoupler Sensor

In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals by utilizing light waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its input and output".[1] The main purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one side of the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side.

The slotted optocoupler is available with photo transistor and photo Darlington photo detectors, with the device package structured to provide an additional element of control.

The package normally has an air gap between its two sections measuring about one-eighth of an inch in width. One section has an infrared LED and the other, a photo detector .Slotted opto couplers with wider air gaps are available.
Circuit PCB:

An optocoupler as a combination of an LED and a phototransistor. To send a signal, the transmitting side powers the internal LED, just as you would power a regular LED. This lights up and causes the phototransistor on the other to start conducting current. You can think of it as kind of a switch at this point, and use it to turn on a low-power device directly, or turn on a relay to turn on a higherpowered device. The above circuit diagram should work for an automatic keyer. Choose the resistor based on your microcontroller voltage and the current draw of the optocoupler chip that you use. One thing to remember is that the output is polarized, so you have to make sure to connect it up so that the high voltage side is on the collector, and the low voltage side on the emitter.

4.5 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click orkeystroke.

Applications:

Microwave ovens and House hold appliances Annunciate panels Electronic metronomes