HEALTH, EDUCATION AND COUNSELLING INSTITUTE/HECOIN

INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMA IN PHLEBOTOMY TECHNICIAN Accredited by City and Guilds of London Institute

FOR HECOIN STUDENTS ONLY!!!

PHLEBOTOMY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Question What is the first vein of choice? What is the second vein of choice? What is the third vein of choice? What is near the Basilic Vein? What will a properly tied tourniquet do? How far above the site should the tourniquet be tied? What does palpate mean? What is the bevel of a needle? What is the shaft of a needle? What is the hub? What is the rubber sleeve? What is the adapter? What is the Patient Bill of Rights? Answer Median Cubital Vein Cephalic Vein Basilic Vein Brachial Artery and Median Nerve Allow Arterial blood to flow, and Venous blood to slow and pool. 3-4 inches To examine by touch The opening of the needle, which should always be facing up. This is the gauge of the needle. Where the needle threads into the adapter This prevents blood from leaking when tubes are removed Aids in the placement and removal of tubes Not a legal document, but an accepted statement of principle a patient must understand their rights. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Diagnosis Related Groups, government decides payment of patient care regardless of length of stay Large independent labs that have contracts with other facilities to preform both routine and highly specialized tests

What does HIPAA stand for?

What are DRG's?

What are reference laboratories?

What are ICD-9 codes?

International Classification of DiseasesNinth Edition. What will be paid by insurance companies and Medicare depending on the diagnosis code provided by the doctor Center for Disease Control, responsible for tracing and preventing the spread of disease Occupational Safety and Health Administration, regulates workplace safety Occurs when a pathogen invades the body Throughout the whole body Restricted to a small area of the body The organism that causes the disease (bacteria, fungus, virus) Infections that are contracted by a patient after admission to the hospital. Six It is a bacteria, fungus, virus or protozoa Where the causative organism can survive How the infection leaves their host The method by which microorganisms can be transmitted from one hos to another How the microorganism enters the susceptible host A person with a compromised immune system Five Direct- skin to skin and Indirect- exposing a susceptible host to a pathogen by the means of an inanimate object (fomite) Droplet Transmission

What is the CDC and what do they do? What is OSHA and what do they do? Define infection Define Systemic Infection Define Local Infection Define pathogen What is a Nosocomial Infection? How many links make up the chain of infection? Define Causative Agent Define Reservoir Host Define Exit Pathway Define Means of Transmission Define Entry Pathway Define Susceptible Host How many Means of Transmission are there? Define the two subcategories of Contact transmission Which means of transmission can only travel less than 3 feet and cannot remain suspended in air?

Which means of transmission are generated by talking, coughing, and Airborne Transmission sneezing, can travel more than 3 feet and

remain suspended on dust particles? Which means of transmission carries causative agents through contaminated food, water, medications, and blood? Which means of transmission carries infections through flies, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and rats? What's the difference between TB disease and TB infection? How do you break the chain of infection? Which vaccination is required by federal law to be available free of charge to all employees that have occupational risk? What are PPE's? What are the 5 types of Isolation? Vehicle Transmission

Vector Transmission TB disease is active TB, while TB infection is when the bacteria is present but the carrier is not contagious Washing your hands Hepatitis B Vaccination Personal Protective Equipment Strict, contact, respiratory, blood and body fluids, and reverse or protective isolation Designed to prevent the transmission of blood borne pathogens. All blood and most body fluids that contain blood are considered potentially infectious. Regardless of diagnosis all patients are considered potentially infectious was designed for the body fluids UP did not cover, regardless if there was blood present or not, stated that hand washing after glove removal was not needed Combine UP and BSI into a single set of precautions to be used for the care of all patients when coming into contact with body fluids regardless if there is blood present Used when a patient has a known or suspected infection an infectious agent Biohazards

Define Universal Precautions

Define Body Substance Isolation

Define Standard Precautions

Define Transmission Based Precautions A Biologic Hazard is Any materials that are harmful to health are Needles, lancets and broken glass all go into which category of objects that can cause blood borne infections?

Sharps

When a substance has a risk of causing a possible exposure to toxic, or Chemical Hazard carcinogenic substance it is a? Anything with electricity running through it Electrical Hazard is a potential? Bunsen burners, oxygen and chemicals can all be what type of hazard? Lifting incorrectly, bending and running are all examples of What is the Needle Stick Safety and Prevention Act? Fire or Explosive Physical Hazards Any new equipment that is brought into the facility must be first used by the employees, and after a trial period employees will be asked about the equipment Ordinary combustibles like wood, paper and cloth. Flammable liquids like grease, gasoline, paints and oils. Electrical equipment, motors and switches Flammable metals Pull pin, Aim nozzle, Squeeze trigger, Sweep nozzle Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish Distance, Shielding, and Time "The right to know law"meaning all dangerous chemicals must be labled Material Safety Data Sheets, contains information for all chemicals

What is a Class A fire? What is a Class B fire? What is a Class C fire? What is a Class D fire? What does P.A.S.S. stand for? What does R.A.C.E. stand for? What are the principles involved in radiation safety? What is the OSHA HazCom Standard? What is an MSDS?

Pale cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, increased shallow breathing, and Shock expressionless face and staring eyes are symptoms of? What are the 5 steps to providing first aid for shock? Superior means Inferior means 1. Maintain an open airway, 2. call for help, 3. Lie the victim down and elevate the feet, 4. Attempt to control bleeding or other cause of shock, 5. Keep the victim warm Upper Below

Anterior means Posterior means Medial means Lateral means Proximal means Distal means Prone means Supine means Frontal Plane divides the body into Sagittal Plane divides the body into Transverse Plane divides the body into Dorsal cavity includes which 2 cavities? The Ventral Cavity includes which 3 cavities? Define Metabolism Define Anabolism Define Catabolism Cells are? A group of cells that have the same shape and function create a..? Two or more types of tissues that have the same shape and function create a..? A group of organs that have the same functions create an..? What are the four (4) types of tissues?

Front or Ventral back or dorsal toward the middle toward the side Towards the point of attachment Away from the point of attachment face down Face up front and back portions right and left portions. Midsagittal is equal upper and lower portions Cranial (Brain) and Spinal (spinal cord) Thoracic (lungs heart ribs) Abdominal (digestive system) and Pelvic (reproductive organs) all the chemical reactions that happen within the body create needed product break down of products The smallest living unit Tissue Organ Organ system Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Every living organism is in a constant process of maintaining a "steady state" or Homeostasis balance. This is called The skeletal system consists of? Ligaments connect.. Tendons connect.. What are the 4 classifications of bones? Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons Bone to bone Muscle to bone Flat bones, Irregular bones, Long bones and

Short bones Synovial joints contain.. What is Gout and what test is used to check for it? Synovial fluid A metabolic disease caused by deposits of Uric Acid in the joints becoming full of crystals. Its a Uric Acid test, drawn in an SST and sent to Chemistry Imbalance between the breaking down of bone Inflammation of the bone caused by bacterial infections SST and sent to Chemistry SST and sent to Chemistry SST and sent to Chemistry SST and sent to Chemistry Skeletal (Striated), Smooth (Non-striated), and Cardiac (lightly striated) Voluntary- Skeletal Involuntary- Cardiac and Smooth

What is Osteoporosis? What is Osteomyelitis? What is Alkaline Phosphatese (ALP) drawn in? What is a Calcium (Ca) test drawn in? What is a Phosphorus (P) test drawn in? What is a Vitamin D test drawn in? What are the three types of muscles? Which Muscles are under voluntary control, and which are involuntary

What is a Creatine Phosphokinase STAT- Green and sent to Chemistry (CK/CPK) or CPK/CK Iso enzymes drwan Routine- SST and sent to Chemistry in for STAT and routine tests? What is a Lactic acid drawn in and what are the special procedures? What is a Lactic Dehydrogenase (LD/LDH) drawn in? What is a Myoglobin test drawn in? What is Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (GOT) (SGOT) drawn in? What is a Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB) drawn in? What is Muscle Atrophy? What is Muscular dystrophy? What is the outermost layer of the Integumentry system? Gray top tube, with NO tourniquet and NO fist, must be transported on ice to Chemistry SST and sent to Chemistry, STAT is Green SST and sent to Chemistry SST and sent to Chemistry STAT Green SST and sent to Chemistry Decrease in size due to inactivity Genetic disease in which muscles waste away Epidermis

What is the Stratum Corneum? What is the Stratum Germinativum?

dead cells, outermost layer, where Keratin is produced live cells, innermost layer of Epidermis, where melanin is produced

Which layer is also called the "true skin"? Dermis The dermis contains 2 glands, what are they and what do they produce? What is the Subcutaneous Layer? Sebaceous gland- produces oil called sebum Sudoriferous gland- produces sweat Lies underneath the Dermis and is composed of Fat and loose connective tissue, and insulates deep tissue A form of skin cancer found in patients with AIDS. Characterized by numerous bluish red lesions on the skin Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles Staph or strep infection Chronic skin condition of unknown origin characterized by clearly defined red patches of scaly skin Brain and Spinal Cord Cerebrum

What is Kaposis Sarcoma?

Define Acne Define Impetigo What is Psoriasis? What does the Central Nervous System include? What is the largest part of the brain?

Which part of the brain plays an important part in motor control and in Latin also Cerebellum means "little brain"? Which is the brains link to the Endocrine System? What connects the spinal cord to the brain and manages messages going between the brain and the rest of the body? What are Meninges? What is the Pia Mater? What is the Arachnoid Mater? What is the Dura Mater? Hypothalamus

Brain Stem

Membranes that surround the Central Nervous System Inner layer of meninges, adheres to the surface of the brain Middle layer of the meninges outermost layer of meninges that surrounds the skull

What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of? What are the 2 main nerves associated with the Peripheral Nervous System, and what do they do? What is a Neuron? What is the brain of a cell? What do the Dendrites do? What is the Axon? What is the Myelin Sheath? What is a Synapse? What is epilepsy? What is Meningitis? What is Multiple Sclerosis? What is Shingles? What is a Dilantin test drawn in? What is Seratonin drawn in? What does a Cerebral Spinal Fluid test consist of? What does the Endocrine System Produce? Which is the master gland that secretes hormones to stimulate other glands?

All the nerves that project from the brain and spinal cord Motor- efferent nerves carry impulses from the CNS Sensory- afferent nerves carry impulses to the CNS Specialized cells that direct impulses Nucleus Carry impulses to the nucleus A fiber optic highway that extends from the cell body, carrying impulses away from the cell body Protective layer over the Axon A small space separating the neurons from the next set of dendrites Seizure disorder Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord and brain Disease that causes destruction of the Myelin Sheath Adult onset Chicken Pox SST and sent to Toxicology SST and sent to Toxicology CSF (not drawn by us) Glucose, Protein, cell count, and culture Hormones Pituitary Gland

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) SST glands to secrete Cortisol? What tube and to Chemistry department? Which hormone stimulates the Kidneys to Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) SST to reabsorb water? What tube and Chemistry department? Which hormone stimulates the development of Ova and Sperm? What tube and department? Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) SST to Chemistry

Which hormone stimulates growth? What Growth Hormone (GH) SST to Chemistry tube and department? Which hormone controls Thyroid Activity? Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) SST to What tube and department? Chemistry Which gland is located in the middle of the brain and calcifies after puberty? Which hormone effects sleep and wake cycles? What tube and department? Which is the largest gland in the body? Which hormone regulates calcium in the blood? What tube and department? Which hormone accelerates metabolic rate in the tissues? What tube and department? Which hormone maintains normal heart rate and development of bone and muscle tissue? What tube and department? Which small glands are located posterior the Thyroid gland Pineal Gland Melatonin. SST to Chemistry Thyroid gland Calcitonin SST to Chemistry

Thyroxine (T4) SST to Chemistry

Triidothyronine (T3) SST to Chemistry

Parathyroid glands

Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels, increases blood calcium levels, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) SST to and regulates P metabolism? Which tube Chemistry and department? Which gland is active in immune response? Which hormone is active in the development of lymphocytes? What tube and department? Which glands are located on top of each Kidney? Which hormone is active in fight or flight response? Which tube and department? Which hormones are produced by the Adrenal Cortex? What is the name of the cluster of cells found within the Pancreas? What does insulin do? Thymus gland

Thymosin Hormone SST to Chemistry

Adrenal glands Adrenal Medulla Hormone. SST to Chemistry Corticosteroid hormones and Androgens and estrogens Islets of Langerhans Needed for movement of glucose into the

cells and decreases blood glucose levels Which word means secreting too little? Which word means secreting too much? Which disorder is characterized by the over growth of hands, feet and face caused by excessive Growth Hormone in adult hood? Hyposecretion Hypersecretion

Acromegaly

Which form of diabetes causes increased Diabetes Insipidus thirst and urine production? Which disorder is characterized by swollen "moon shaped" face and redistribution of fat to abdomen and back of neck caused by excess Cortisone? What is Diabetes Mallitis? What is the blood test called, and what is the tube and department? Name the six organs of the Gastrointestinal tract. What does the Liver do? What does the Gallbladder do? What does the Pancreas do? What is inflammation of the Gallbladder called? What is inflammation of the stomach lining called? Hepatitis means? What is inflammation of the Pancreas called? What is an occult blood test? Where is an Ova and Parasites test sent? What is the tube and department for an Ammonia test? Which is the primary filtering organ of the

Cushing Syndrome

Deficiency of Insulin. Hemoglobin A1C (Hgb A1C) Lavender to Chemistry Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines Manufactures bile, detoxifies harmful substances, stores vitamins, and makes Thrombin and Fibrinogen Stores bile Secretes insulin, produces digestive enzymes; Amalayse, Lipase, and Trypsin Cholecytitis Gastritis Inflammation of the liver Pancreatitis Blood in stool Microbiology section of Chemistry Department Green top to Chemistry. Don't forget to transport on ICE! Kidneys

Urinary system? What is the main filtering unit of the Kidneys? After the Nephrons, waste then travels to the _________________, inside this, the blood vessels get smaller and the tiny tufts of capillaries are called the ________ which make it possible to filter waste What do the Renal tubules do? From the kidneys, urine travels down the _______ and into the ______ The Urethra is..? What are Renal Calculi? What is External Respiration? What is Internal Respiration? Which is the main organ of your respiratory system? What is the glottis and epiglottis? Which structure of the respiratory system splits into smaller tubes which extend to each lung? What are the Bronchi? What are the smaller divisions of the Bronchi called? What is the name of the hollow sacs at the end of the Bronchioles where gas exchange takes place? What is the partial pressure of oxygen? What is the Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide? Nephrons

Glomerular Capsule (Bowmans Capsule), Glomerulus

Where what is needed by the body gets absorbed back into the bloodstream Ureters, Bladder How urine leaves the body Kidney Stones The actual act of breathing and getting the needed oxygen to the tissue cells Exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the blood Lungs Glottis is the slit in the larynx; Epiglottis is the flap of skin that covers the larynx during swallowing Trachea Two man branches if the Trachea that go into the lungs Bronchioles

Alveoli How high hemoglobin is in the lungs, and how low carbon dioxide is in the lungs how low hemoglobin is in the lungs

What is Apnea What is Asthma? What is Emphysema? What is Hypoxia? What is Pulmonary Edema? What is the Endocardium? What is the Myocardium? What is the Epicardium? What do the coronary arteries do? What is the sac that holds the Heart in place? What does the Right Atrium do? After the right atrium the deoxygenated blood flows through the..? After the Tricuspid (AV) valve, the deoxygenated blood moves to the..? from the R Ventricle, the deoxygenated blood moves through the _____ and into the ______. The pulmonary artery brings the deoxygenated blood where? And what happens there?

A temporary cessation of breathing difficulty breathing accompanied by wheezing, caused by spasm or swelling in bronchioles chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Deficiency of oxygen Accumulation of fluid in the lungs Inner layer of the heart Middle layer of the heart Outer layer of heart where Coronary arteries are located. Supply the heart with oxygenated blood Pericardium Receives deoxygenated blood from the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Tricuspid (Atrioventricular) Valve Right Ventricle.

Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery Lungs. The exchange of gases occurs. Blood becomes oxygenated, and leaves Carbon Dioxide

The Oxygenated blood enters the ______ Left Atrium, Pulmonary Veins through the ________ From the L Atrium, the oxygenated blood moves through the ______ and into the ______ From the L Ventricle, the oxygenated blood moves through the _____ and into the _____ From the Aorta, blood then goes where? The Pulmonary Artery is the only artery that transports what? Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve, Left Ventricle

Aortic Valve, Aorta To the rest of the body deoxygenated blood

The Pulmonary Veins are the only veins in the body that transports what? Which is the biggest artery in the body? Which is the largest vein in the body?

Oxygenated blood Aorta Superior/Inferior Vena Cava Ventricular Contraction, Atria are filling with blood and blood is being forced into the pulmonic and aortic valves. BP is higher, and is top number on BP Ventricular relaxation. Ventricles fill with blood, BP is at its lowest and is the bottom number on a BP Body's pacemaker, located in the right atrium, and starts the electrical impulse that spreads throughout the heart and will eventually cause ventricles to contract The Atrioventricular (AV) node

Define Systole

Define Diastole

What is the Sinoatrial Node? (SA Node)

After the SA Node, the impulses are then picked up by.?

After the AV Node, the Impulse travels to the ___________ and then to the little Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers bundle of fibers that branch off that called the ___________ Both the Bundle of His and the purkinje Fibers are located where? What is a Myocardial Infarction? Why do arteries have thick walls? Which artery is used to measure a Blood Pressure? Which artery is used to find a pulse? They curve around up towards the Ventricles Heart attack To withstand the pressure from the contraction of the ventricles Brachial Radial

What are arteries that join with capillaries Arterioles called? Veins transport what? What is the longest vein in the body? When a capillary joins to a vein it is called? What do the capillaries do? Deoxygenated blood Great Saphenous, from the groin to the lower leg Venules Where the exchange of gases and nutrients take place.

How thin are capillaries? What is the Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Externa? What is the middle layer of a vessel called? What is the Tunica intima?

only 1 cell thick The outer layer of a vessel Tunica media The inner layer of a vessel

The difference between arteries and veins Veins have valves to keep the blood flowing is in one direction and Arteries do not What is an Embolism? What is an Embolus What percent of blood are the formed elements? What percent of the blood is the plasma and what does it contain? What is an Erythrocyte? obstruction by a clot A circulating clot 45% 55% 7% proteins, 91% water, and 2% other solutes A Red Blood Cell (RBC)

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the What is an Erythrocytes primary function? tissues of the bod, and remove carbon dioxide Immature RBC's are called _______ and contain a _______ Reticulocyte, nucleus

Which type of formed element is the most Red Blood Cells numerous of the formed elements? What does hemoglobin do? What is a Leukocyte? a protien that gives the RBC's their color, and carries the oxygen A White Blood Cell (WBC)

Which type of WBC is the most numerous type that numbers increase during Neutrophils bacterial infections? There are 2 types of Lymphocytes, what are they and what do they do? Which is the largest of the WBC's and numbers increase during chronic infections Which WBC's numbers increase during allergies? Which WBC's numbers increase during allergic reactions and inflammatory B-Cell- produces antibodies, T-Cell- fighter cells that attack infected cells Monocytes

Eosinophils Basophils

reactions? Another name for platelets is..? What do the Thrombocytes do? For a person with Type A blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? For a person with Type B blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? For a person with Type AB blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? For a person with Type O blood, which antigen and which antibodies does it contain and where? Which blood type is the universal donor? Which blood type is the universal receiver? What does the D-Antigen determine? Where do you find serum? Where do you find plasma Which disorder is characterized by abnormal reduction in the number of RBC's in the circulating blood? What is Polycythemia? What is Thrombocytopenia? Define Hemostasis The first stage of hemostasis is Primary Hemostasis, what happens here? Stage 2 of hemostasis is called platelet plug formation, what happens here? Thrombocytes Clotting cells RBC has the A antigen, plasma contains the anti-b antibody RBC has the B antigen, plasma contains the anti-a antibody RBC has both A and B antigens, plasma has neither A nor B antibodies RBC has no antigens, plasma contains both A and B antibodies Type O Type AB the Rh factor Its the liquid portion of a clotted specimen It is the liquid portion of whole blood Anemia An abnormal increase in RBC's a decreased number of platelets the controlling of blood Vasoconstriction, the damaged vessel will constrict or narrow to slow the flow of blood When a vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and release a chemical that causes aggregation, then platelets stick together and adhere to the injured area Clots are formed from a protein called Fibrin, fibrin then turns to fibrinogen, from the enzyme thrombin, also needed is calcium, which acts as a glue to hold the fibrin to

Stage 3 of hemostasis is called Secondary hemostasis (Fibron clot formation) What happens here?

each other and form a loose mesh work. This stabilized mesh will trap RBC's