All real processes occur spontaneously in the direction that increases the entropy of the universe

Intake Stroke (1): The piston moves down and the petrol air (gasoline-air) mixture enters the cylinder. Compression stroke (1-2): The piston then moves upwards and compresses the air-fuel mixture. The spark plug then fires (an electrical discharge) and the compressed mixture explodes. (2-3) Power stroke (3-4): This explosion drives the piston downwards. Exhaust stroke (4-1): The piston then returns to the top of the cylinder and drives the exhaust gases out of the engine.

 Intake Stroke (1): The piston moves down and the petrol air (gasoline-air) mixture enters the cylinder. Compression stroke (1-2): The piston then moves upwards and compresses the air-fuel mixture. At the beginning of the power stroke, petro diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder just rapidly enough to keep the pressure constant. This creates explosion. (2-3) Power stroke (3-4): This explosion drives the piston downwards. Exhaust stroke (4-1): The piston then returns to the top of the cylinder and drives the exhaust gases out of the engine.

isobaric ignition

compression stroke adiabatic compression

adiabatic expansion power stroke isochoric exhaust

intake

The refrigerant enters the compressor as a vapor and is compressed to the condenser pressure. It leaves the compressor at a relatively high temperature and cools down and condenses as it flows through the coils of the condenser by rejecting heat to the surrounding medium. It then enters a capillary tube where its pressure and temperature drop drastically due to the throttling effect. The low-temperature refrigerant then enters the evaporator, where it evaporates by absorbing heat from the refrigerated space. The cycle is completed as the refrigerant leaves the evaporator and reenters the compressor.

Reversible Isothermal Expansion Some heat is transferred from the reservoir into the gas such that the gas temperature is kept constant at TH.

Reversible Adiabatic Expansion At state 2, the reservoir is replaced by insulation and the gas continues to expand slowly, doing work on the surroundings until its temperature drops from TH to TL

Reversible Isothermal Compression At state 3, the insulation is removed and the cylinder is brought into contact with a sink. Some heat is transferred to the sink such that the gas temperature remains constant at TL

Reversible Adiabatic Compression At state 4, the insulation is put back on the cylinder head and the gas is compressed in a reversible manner to its initial state

The thermal efficiency of any heat engine, reversible or irreversible, is

For reversible heat engines, the heat transfer ratio in the above relation can be replaced by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the two reservoirs, as given by

Then the efficiency of a Carnot engine, or any reversible heat engine, becomes

a.

b.

The coefficient of performance of any refrigerator or heat pump, reversible or irreversible, is given by

The heat transfer ratio in the above relation can be replaced by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the two reservoirs, as given by

Then the COP relations for reversible refrigerators and heat pumps become