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Sukhoi Su-37

Sukhoi Su-37
Su-37

Role National origin Design group Built by First flight Status Number built Developed from

Multirole fighter technology demonstrator Russia Sukhoi KnAAPO 2 April 1996 Development ceased 2 (conversions from Su-35) Sukhoi Su-35

The Sukhoi Su-37 (NATO reporting name: Flanker-F) is an experimental single-seat, supermaneuverable multirole jet fighter, designed by Sukhoi. A further development of the original Su-27 "Flanker", it was modified from the first-generation Su-35 (formerly "T10M") prototypes. The Su-37 features an upgraded avionic suite and fire-control system, but its most notable additions are the thrust-vectoring nozzles. Only two prototypes were converted. During the Su-35 flight test programme, active controls during dogfighting maneuvers could not be attained. At the same time, Sukhoi was exploring the application of thrust-vectoring nozzles for fighter jets, giving it better dogfighting attributes. The first Su-37, converted from the eleventh Su-35, made its maiden flight in April1996 at Zhukovsky. It was joined by a second prototype in 1998. Throughout the entire program, the Su-37 demonstrated its potential to prospective operators at numerous air shows, performing maneuvers which were previously thought as impossible, among which was a 360 somersault. Despite its potential tactical advantage, the Su-37 did not enter production, and instead remained as a technology demonstrator for updated Su-27 family aircraft such as the export Su-30 and the Su-35BM.

Sukhoi Su-37

Design and development

The earliest records on thrust-vectoring technology research within Sukhoi began in 1983. The design bureau studied two-dimensional (3D) vector nozzle, which was believed by the West to be the best way of controlling thrust. Sukhoi modified an Su-27UB-PS twin-seater with a 2D nozzle to verify the feasibility of this kind of nozzle. However, the design bureau's General Designer, Mikhail Simonov, believed asymmetrical nozzles (3D) to be more suitable. At the request of Sukhoi, experiments on both types of nozzles were carried out by the Siberian Aeronautical Research Institute (SibNIA). Meanwhile, Sukhoi was busy with the T10M (later renamed Su-35 in 1993) program, which was a comprehensive upgrade over the Su-27. The T10M would incorporate aerodynamic modifications, improved avionics and armament, and have a better propulsion system, designed to give it greatly enhanced agility. The first Su-27M prototype (T-10S-70) made its maiden flight on 28June1988. Changes from the Su-27 include canards, upgraded engines, new radar, and a digital fly-by-wire flight-control system. Later Su-35 prototypes featured glass cockpits and modified vertical stabilizers. The Su-35's construction made significant use of composites, including aluminium-lithium (Al-Li) alloy. The aircraft, like the Su-27, could perform the previously unattainable "Pugachev's Cobra" and tailslide, but during these low-speed maneuvers, active controls could not be achieved because the flight control surfaces were ineffective. In 1995, the eleventh T10M prototype, T10M-11, was delivered to Sukhoi's experimental workshop to be outfitted with exclusive systems. Built by KnAAPO, its structure has increased carbon-fibre and Al-Li content. Installed was the 2D thrust-vectoring Lyulka AL-31FP, an interim measure pending the availability of the AL-37FU (Forsazh Upravleniye, "afterburner-controlled"). The Al-31FP, in fact, is a hybrid version combining the Al-31F and the vectoring nozzle of the Al-37FU. Being fitted with a 2D vector nozzle, the Al-31FU is only variable in pitch, plus or minus 15. The engine not only incorporates a new-generation 2D TVC nozzle but also is resistant to engine surge even during inverted and flat spins, giving better reliability and maneuverability even when the angle of attack is 180.

The Su-37 could perform the 180 "Frolov Chakra", demonstrating its supermaneuverability

The fire-control system was also improved. An upgraded Phazotron N-011M Zhuk-M pulse-Doppler radar was fitted. It can scan 180 horizontally and 55 up and down, and is capable of tracking 20 aerial targets and guiding eight air-to-air missiles. In the aircraft's tail sting is an N-011M rearward facing radar, which has a 120 view horizontally and in elevation. The Su-37 also features an upgraded electronic warfare support measures package. It can carry air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons on 12 hardpoints. The vast range of weapons, of which the Su-37 can carry 8,000kg (17,600lb), is supplemented by the 150-round 30mm GSh-301 cannon. Instead of traditional analogue instruments, the cockpit has four T-form Sextan Avionique (Thales) LCD multi-function displays (MFD). These display air data/navigation, systems status, weapons/systems selection and tactical situation information. The pilot, who is provided with a head-up display (HUD), sits on the K-36DM ejection seat inclined 30 to help counter the effects of high g-forces. The pilot steers with a side-stick and pressure-sensing throttles. The two-grip flying control configuration was designed to prevent the pilot from losing contact with the controls when the aircraft is engaged in fast vectored-thrust maneuvers. Both the fixed throttle and the side-stick controller provide secure points for the pilot to brace his hands.

Sukhoi Su-37

Operational history
Painted in a disruptive sand and brown scheme, the aircraft was given the code 711 Blue, later changed to 711 White. It's maiden flight occurred at Zhukovsky on 2April1996, with Yevgeni Frolov at the controls. The nozzle was locked fully aft throughout the flight, and it was not until the sixth flight that tests on the thrust-vector nozzles commenced. Frolov was joined by Igor Votintsev, and for the next twelve days, the two had amassed twelve flights between them. The 711 Blue was demonstrated to the press at Zhukovsky in spring 1996, by which time it was re-designated Su-37. Its debut to the general public came in September that year at the FarnboroughAirshow, piloted by Sukhoi test pilot Yevgeni Frolov. A big talking point of the show was its performance of the "Super Cobra", when the aircraft pitched up to 180, literally flying tail first, albeit for only a few seconds; this maneuver evolved into the 360 "Frolov Chakra" somersault. The following year, the aircraft arrived on An Su-35BM performing at the MAKS Airshow the fifth and last day of the Paris Air Show to perform five aerial in 2009. This aircraft features thrust-vectoring displays, the fourth of which was marred by a minor incident when the technology, similar to the Su-37 emergency undercarriage extension handle was moved, preventing gear retraction. It appeared at that year's MAKS Airshow and Dubai International Defence Exhibition, as well as the 1998 FIDAE air show in Chile; for the latter two the Su-37 appeared under the enigmatic designation, "Su-37MR". In 1998, a second Su-37 (T10M-12) was similarly converted before making its first flight on 23March the same year. Flight tests and demonstrations at air shows continued until 2000. In 2001, 711 was outfitted with AL-31F engines and updated fly-by-wire flight control system and avionics. In December2002, 711 crashed during a ferry flight, effectively bringing an end to the programme; the fault was later traced to a software malfunction. The Su-37 did not reach the production stage, although by mid-2000, Sukhoi introduced several modernizations of Su-27, such as Su-30MKI and second generation Su-35, the Su-35BM, which feature similar improvements such as improved avionics and radar systems, and thrust vectoring engines.

Specifications (Su-37)
Data from Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter, Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker

General characteristics
Crew: 1 Length: 21.935 m (72 ft 9 in) Wingspan: 14.698 m (48 ft 3 in) Height: 5.932 m (21 ft 1 in) Wing area: 62.0 m (667 ft) Empty weight: 18,500 kg (40,790 lb) Max. takeoff weight: 35,000 kg (77,160 lb) Powerplant: 2 Lyulka AL-37FU afterburning turbofans Dry thrust: 7,600 kgf (74.5 kN, 16,750 lbf) each Thrust with afterburner: 145 kN (32,000 lbf) each

Performance
Maximum speed: Mach 2.35 Range: 3,300 km (1,833 nmi) Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,055 ft)

Sukhoi Su-37 Maximum g-loading: +10/3 g[1]

Armament
1 30 mm GSh-30 cannon with 150 rounds 12 wing and fuselage stations for up to 8,000 kg (17,636 lb) of ordnance

Citations
[1] http:/ / www. aeromagazin. rs/ arhiva/ aero01/ c10. htm

References
Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books. ISBN1-904687-84-9. Gordon, Yefim (1999). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter. London: Airlife Publishing. ISBN1-84037-029-7. Gordon, Yefim; Davison, Peter (2006). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker. Warbird Tech 42. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN1-58007-091-4. Tartar, Easy (18 August 1997). "Sukhoi Su-37" (http://www.sci.fi/~fta/Su-27.htm). Fighter Tactics Academy. Retrieved 14 July 2011. Williams, Mel, ed. (2002). "Sukhoi 'Super Flankers'". Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing. ISBN1-880588-53-6. Wilson, Stewart (2000). "Sukhoi Su-35/37". Combat aircraft: since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications. ISBN1-875671-50-1.

External links
External images
Su-37 image (http:/ / www. kitsune. addr. com/ Robotech/ Robotech-Vehicles/ EBSIS_Su-37. jpg)

Su-37 (http://www.enemyforces.com/aircraft/su37.htm) at EnemyForces.com Su-37 (http://www.warfare.ru/?lang=&catid=255&linkid=1607) at Russian Military Analysis Su-37 (http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/su37/) at Airforce-technology.com

Sukhoi Su-27

Sukhoi Su-27
Su-27

Su-27SKM at MAKS-2005 airshow Role National origin Manufacturer First flight Introduction Status Primaryusers Air superiority fighter Soviet Union Russia Sukhoi 20 May 1977 1985 In service Russian Air Force People's Liberation Army Air Force Ukrainian Air Force See operators for others 1982current 809 US$30million Sukhoi Su-30 Sukhoi Su-33 Sukhoi Su-34 Sukhoi Su-35 Sukhoi Su-37 Shenyang J-11

Produced Number built Unit cost Variants

The Sukhoi Su-27 (Russian: -27) (NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a twin-engine supermanoeuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large United States fourth generation fighters, with 3,530-kilometre (1,910nmi) range, heavy armament, sophisticated avionics and high manoeuvrability. The Su-27 most often flies air superiority missions, but is able to perform almost all combat operations. Complementing the smaller MiG-29, the Su-27's closest US counterpart is the F-15 Eagle. The Su-27 entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1985.

Sukhoi Su-27 There are several related developments of the Su-27 design. The Su-30 is a two-seat, dual-role fighter for all-weather, air-to-air and air-to-surface deep interdiction missions. The Su-33 Flanker-D is a navy fleet defence interceptor for use on aircraft carriers. Further versions include the side-by-side 2-seat Su-34 Fullback strike variant and the Su-35 Flanker-E improved air defence fighter.

Development
Background
In 1969, the Soviet Union learned of the U.S. Air Force's "F-X" program, which resulted in the F-15 Eagle. The Soviet leadership soon realised that the new American fighter would represent a serious technological advantage over existing Soviet fighters. What was needed was a better-balanced fighter with both good agility and sophisticated systems. In response, the Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel (PFI, literally "Prospective Frontline Fighter", roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter").[1] Specifications were extremely ambitious, calling for long range, good short-field performance (including the ability to use austere runways), excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The aerodynamic design for the new aircraft was largely carried out by TsAGI in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau. When the specification proved too challenging and costly for a single aircraft in the number needed, the PFI specification was split into two: the LPFI (Lyogkyi PFI, Lightweight PFI) and the TPFI (Tyazholyi PFI, Heavy PFI). The LPFI program resulted in the Mikoyan MiG-29, a relatively short-range tactical fighter, while the TPFI program was assigned to Sukhoi OKB, which eventually produced the Su-27 and its various derivatives.

Design phase
The Sukhoi design, which was altered progressively to reflect Soviet awareness of the F-15's specifications, emerged as the T-10 (Sukhoi's 10th delta wing design), which first flew on 20 May 1977. The aircraft had a large delta wing, clipped, with two separate podded engines and a twin tail. The tunnel between the two engines, as on the F-14 Tomcat, acts both as an additional lifting surface and hides armament from radar. The T-10 was spotted by Western observers and assigned the NATO reporting name 'Flanker-A'. The development of the T-10 was marked by considerable problems, leading to a fatal crash on 7 May 1978. Extensive redesigns followed, and a heavily revised version, the T-10S, made its first flight on 20 April 1981.

Su-27 (T-10) in front of a Mil Mi-12

The production Su-27 (sometimes Su-27S, NATO designation 'Flanker-B') began to enter VVS operational service in 1985, although manufacturing difficulties kept it from appearing in strength until 1990.[2] The Su-27 served with both the V-PVO and Frontal Aviation.

Soviet Su-27 in-flight

Sukhoi Su-27

Design
The Su-27's basic design is aerodynamically similar to the MiG-29, but it is substantially larger. The swept wing blends into the fuselage at the leading edge extensions and is essentially a cropped delta (the delta wing with tips cropped for missile rails or ECM pods). The Su-27 is also an example of a tailed delta wing configuration, retaining conventional horizontal tailplanes, though it is not a true delta. The Su-27 had the Soviet Unions first operational fly-by-wire control system, developed based on Sukhoi OKBs experience in the Sukhoi T-4 bomber project. Combined with relatively low wing loading and powerful basic flight Sketch of Su-27 performing Pugachev's Cobra manoeuvre controls, it makes for an exceptionally agile aircraft, controllable even at very low speeds and high angles of attack. In airshows the aircraft has demonstrated its manoeuvrability with a Cobra (Pugachevs Cobra) or dynamic deceleration briefly sustained level flight at a 120 angle of attack. The naval version of the 'Flanker', the Su-27K (or Su-33), incorporates canards for additional lift, reducing take-off distances. These canards have also been incorporated in some Su-30s, the Su-35, and the Su-37. The Su-27 is armed with a single 30mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 cannon in the starboard wingroot, and has up to 10 hardpoints for missiles and other weapons. Its standard missile armament for air-to-air combat is a mixture of Vympel R-73 (AA-11 Archer), Vympel R-27 (AA-10 'Alamo') weapons, the latter including extended range and IR guided models.

Radar and sensors

The Su-27 is equipped with a Phazotron N001 Myech coherent pulse-Doppler radar with track-while-scan and look-down / shoot-down capability. The fighter also has an OLS-27 infrared search and track (IRST) system in the nose just forward of the cockpit with a 80100km range.[3]
Su-27 carrying R-27 missiles

Operational history
Russia
The Su-27 has seen limited action since it first entered service. In the morning of 13 September 1987, a fully armed Soviet Su-27, Red 36, intercepted a Norwegian Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft while flying over the Barents Sea. The Soviet fighter jet performed different close passes, colliding with the reconnaissance aircraft on the third pass. The Su-27 disengaged and both aircraft landed safely at their bases.[4] These aircraft were used by the Russian Air Force during the 19921993 war in Abkhazia against Georgian forces. One fighter, piloted by Major pilot Vaclav Alexandrowich Shipko ( ) was reported shot down by an S-75M Dvina on 19 March 1993 while intercepting Georgian Su-25's performing Close Air Support.[5][6]

Sukhoi Su-27

8 In the 2008 South Ossetia War, Russia used Su-27s to gain airspace control over Tskhinvali, the capital city of South Ossetia.[7][8] On 7 February 2013, two Su-27s briefly entered Japanese airspace off Rishiri Island near Hokkaido, flying south over the Sea of Japan before turning back to the north. Four Mitsubishi F-2 fighters were scrambled to visually confirm the Russian planes, warning them by radio to leave their airspace. A photo taken by a JASDF pilot of one of the two Su-27s was released by the Japan Ministry of Defense. Russia denied the incursion, saying the jets were making routine flights near the disputed Kuril Islands.

Su-27SM3 RuAF

Russia plans to replace the Su-27 along with the Mikoyan MiG-29 eventually by the Sukhoi PAK FA stealth fifth-generation multi-role twin-engine fighter.

Ethiopia
Ethiopian Su-27s reportedly shot down two Eritrean MiG-29s and damaged another one[9] in February 1999 and destroyed another two in May 2000. The Su-27s were also used in CAP (Combat Air Patrol) missions, suppression of air defense, and providing escort for fighters on bombing and reconnaissance missions.[10]Wikipedia:Verifiability In the War in Somalia (2006-present), the EtAF used their Su-27s to deadly effect, bombing Islamist garrisons and patrolling the airspace. The Su-27 has replaced the aging Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 as Ethiopia's main air superiority fighter.

Ukrainian Air Force Su-27UB in July 2011

Angola
The Su-27 entered Angolan service in mid-2000 during the Angolan Civil War. It is reported that one Su-27 in the process of landing, was shot down by SA-14 MANPADs fired by UNITA forces on 19 November 2000.

Indonesia
Four Indonesian Flanker type fighters including Su-27s participated for the first time in the annual Pitch Black exercise in Australia on 27 July 2012. Arriving at Darwin, Australia the Indonesian fighters two Su-27s and two Su-30s were escorted by two Australian No. 77 Squadron F/A-18 Hornets.[11] Exercise Pitch Black is a major multi-national biennial exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force, involving Offensive Counter Air and Offensive Air Support missions being flown at training ranges across the Northern Territory. Exercise Pitch Black 12 conducted from 27 July through 17 August 2012, and participated 2,200 personnel and up to 94 aircraft from Australia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand and the United States. [12]

Sukhoi Su-27

Variants
Soviet-era
T10 ("Flanker-A"): Initial prototype configuration. T10S: Improved prototype configuration, more similar to production spec. P-42: Special version built to beat climb time records. The aircraft had all armament, radar and paint removed, which reduced weight to 14,100kg. It also had improved engines.
Left side scheme of a Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker B, first production series

Su-27 Pre-production series built in small numbers with AL-31 engine Su-27S (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"): Initial production single-seater with improved AL-31F engine. The "T10P" Su-27P (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"): Standard version but without air-to-ground weapons control system and wiring and assigned to Soviet Air Defence Forces units. Often designated Su-27 without -P.[13] Su-27UB ("Flanker-C"): Initial production two-seat operational conversion trainer. Su-27SK: Export Su-27 single-seater. Su-27UBK: Export Su-27UB two-seater. Su-27K (Su-33 / "Flanker-D"): Carrier-based single-seater with folding wings, high-lift devices, and arresting gear, built in small numbers. They followed the "T10K" prototypes and demonstrators. Su-27M (Su-35/Su-37, Flanker-E/F): Improved demonstrators for an advanced single-seat multi-role Su-27S derivative. These also included a two-seat "Su-35UB" demonstrator. Su-32 (Su-27IB): Two-seat dedicated long-range strike variant with side-by-side seating in "platypus" nose. Prototype of Su-32FN and Su-34 'Fullback'.

Russian fighter Su-27K (later designated Su-33) on the deck of Admiral Kuznetsov

Post-Soviet era
Su-27PD: Single-seat demonstrator with improvements such as inflight refuelling probe. Su-27PU (Su-30): Two-seat limited production machine with improvements such as inflight refuelling probe, fighter direction avionics, new flight control system, and so on. Su-30M / Su-30MK: Next-generation multi-role two-seater. A few Su-30Ms were built for Russian evaluation in the mid-1990s, though little came of the effort. The Su-30MK export variant was embodied as a series of two demonstrators of different levels of capability. Versions include Su-30MKA for Algeria, Su-30MKI for India, Su-30MKK for the People's Republic of China, and Su-30MKM for Malaysia. J-11: Version of Su-27 built under licence in China. Su-27SM (Flanker-B Mod. 1): Mid-life upgraded Russian Su-27S, featuring technology evaluated in the Su-27M demonstrators. Su-27SKM: Single-seat multi-role fighter for export. It is a derivative of the Su-27SK but includes upgrades such as advanced cockpit, more sophisticated self-defense electronic countermeasures (ECM) and an in-flight refuelling system.[14] Su-27UBM: Comparable upgraded Su-27UB two-seater. Su-27SM2: 4.5-gen block upgrade for Russian Su-27, featuring some technology of the Su-35BM; it includes Irbis-E radar, and upgraded engines and avionics. Su-27SM3: The same as the Su-27SM but in contrast is newly-built rather than a mid-life upgrade.[15]

Sukhoi Su-27 Su-27KUB: Essentially an Su-27K carrier-based twin-seater with a side-by-side cockpit, for use as a naval carrier trainer or multi-role aircraft. Su-35BM/Su-35S: Also dubbed the "Last Flanker" is latest development from Sukhoi Flanker family. It features newer avionics and new radar.

10

Operators
Around 680 Su-27s were manufactured by the Soviet Union and Russia. This total includes only Su-27s and not later derivative aircraft. Angola People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola - 7 Su-27s in service as of January 2013[16] Three were bought from Belarus in 1998. People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) - 59 Su-27 fighters, consisting of 33 Su-27SKs and 26 Su-27UBKs as of January 2013 The Flankers were produced under three separate contracts by the Russian KnAAPO and IAPO plants. Delivery of the aircraft began in February 1991 and finished by September 2009. The first contract was for 18 Su-27SK and 6 Su-27UBK aircraft. The deal, known as '906 Project' within China, saw the Su-27 exported to a foreign country for the first time. In February 1991, an Su-27 performed a flight demonstration at Beijing's Nanyuan Airport. The official induction to service with the PLAAF occurred shortly thereafter. Chinese Su-27 pilots described its performance as "outstanding" in all aspects and flight envelopes. Differences over the payment method delayed the signing of the second, identical contract. For the first batch, 70% of the payment had been made in barter transactions with light industrial goods and food. Russian Federation argued that future transactions should be made in US dollars. In May 1995, Chinese Central Military Commission Vice Chairman, Liu Huaqing visited Russia and agreed to the term, on a condition that the production line of Su-27 be imported. The contract was signed the same year. Delivery of the final aircraft from the second batch, occurred in July 1996. In preparation for the expanding Su-27 fleet, the PLAAF sought to augment its trainer fleet. On December 3, 1999, a third contract was signed, this time for 28 Su-27UBKs. All 76 of the aircraft featured strengthened airframe and landing gear - result of the PLAAF demands that the fighter has a "usable" air-ground capability. As a result, the aircraft are capable of employing most of the conventional Air-to-Ground ordnance produced by Russia. Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) increased to 33,000kg (72,750lb). As is common for Russian export fighters, the active jamming device was downgraded- Su-27's L005 ECM pod was replaced with the L203/L204 pod. Furthermore, there were slight avionics differences between the batches. The first batch had N001E radar, while the later aircraft had N001P radar, capable of engaging two targets at the same time. Additionally, ground radar and navigational systems were upgraded. Of some note is that none of the aircraft are capable of deploying the R-77 "Adder" missile due to a downgraded fire control system. At the 2009 Farnborough Airshow, Alexander Fomin- Deputy Director of Russia's Federal Service for Military-Technical Co-operation, confirmed the existence of an all-encompasing contract and an on-going licensed production of the Su-27 variant by the Chinese. The aircraft are being produced as the Shenyang J-11. Eritrea

Operators of the Su-27

Sukhoi Su-27 Eritrean Air Force - 9 Su-27s in service as of January 2013. It received about 8 Su-27SK/27UBs in 2003. Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force - 12 Su-27s, including 8 Su-27SKs in use as of January 2013 Indonesia Indonesian Air Force (Tentara Nasional Indonesia: Angkatan Udara) - 5 Su-27SK fighters in service as of January 2013 Kazakhstan Military of Kazakhstan - 30 Su-27s as of December 2010[17] It had another 12 on order. Russia Russian Air Force - 355 Su-27 aircraft, including 225 Su-27s, 74 Su-27SMs, 4 Su-27SM3s, and 52 Su-27UBs in service as of January 2013 A modernisation program began in 2004.[18][19][20] Half of the fleet has been modernized by 2012.[21] The Russian Air Force received 12 Su-27SM3 aircraft in 2011.[22] Ukraine Ukrainian Air Force - 70 Su-27s[23] It has 50 Su-27s in inventory as of January 2013. Uzbekistan Military of Uzbekistan - 34 Su-27s in use as of January 2013 Vietnam Vietnam People's Air Force - 9 Su-27SKs and 3 Su-27UBKs in use as of January 2013 United States Two Su-27s were delivered to the United States in 1995.[24] Two more were bought from Ukraine in 2009 by a private company to use for warbird exhibition.[25]

11

Former operators
Belarus Belarusian Air Force received 23-28 Su-27s from the former Soviet Union. They had 22 in service as of December 2010. Belarus had 17 Su-27P and 4 Su-27UBM1 aircraft remaining when they were retired in December 2012. Soviet Union Soviet Air Force and Soviet Anti-Air Defence
[citation needed]

Private ownership
According to the FAA there are 2 privately owned Su-27s in the U.S.[26] Two Su-27s from the Ukrainian Air Force were demilitarised and sold to Pride Aircraft of Rockford, Illinois, USA. Pride Aircraft modified some of the aircraft to their own desires by remarking all cockpit controls in English and replacing much of the Russian avionics suite with Garmin, Bendix/King, and Collins avionics. The aircraft were both sold to private owners for approximately $5million each.[27] The Dutch private training support company ECA Program placed an order with Belarus for 15 unarmed Su-27s (with an option on 18 more) for use in dissimilar air combat training. Deliveries are to be completed by the end of 2012.[28] See Sukhoi Su-30, Sukhoi Su-33, Sukhoi Su-34, and Sukhoi Su-35 for operators of Su-27 derivatives.

Sukhoi Su-27

12

Notable accidents
9 September 1990: a Soviet Su-27 crashed at the Salgareda airshow in 1990 due to pulling a loop at too low an altitude. The pilot, Rimas A.A. Stankeviius and a spectator were killed.[29] 12 December 1995: two Su-27s and an Su-27UB of the Russian flight demonstration team Russian Knights were lost, crashing into foggy, hilly terrain outside of Cam Ranh, Vietnam, killing 4 team pilots. The team of six Su-27s and an Ilyushin Il-76 support aircraft were en route home from an airshow in Malaysia, with a stop at Russian Knights paying tribute to Igor Cam Ranh for fuel, led by the Il-76 and flying echelon right and left Tkachenko, leader of the group who died during to it. After being vectored for approach, the lead Il-76 took a wrong practice a week earlier. course too close to terrain, which the three right-echelon Su-27s impacted. The remaining aircraft landed safely at Cam Ranh. Cause of accident was controlled flight into terrain; contributing factors were pilot error, mountainous terrain and poor weather. December 1998: An Ethiopian Su-27 crashed during a night-flying exercise, killing a pilot. 6 January 1999: An Ethiopian Air Force Su-27, piloted by a Russian pilot, crashed during test flights. The pilot ejected safely. 27 July 2002: A Ukrainian Su-27 crashed while performing an aerobatics presentation. It crashed into the crowd and an Il-76 on static display, killing 85 spectators. Both pilots ejected and suffered only minor injuries. 15 September 2005: A Russian Air Force Su-27P crashed in Lithuania after it strayed out of its air corridor while it was flying from St. Petersburg to Russia's Baltic enclave of Kaliningrad due to a mechanical failure. The Su-27 was armed with at least 4 air-to-air missiles. The pilot ejected and was taken in Lithuanian custody. The incident led to an international debate between Lithuania, Russia and NATO. 29 July 2008: an Su-27UB crashed on a training flight in Primorye Territory, Russia. 1 pilot was killed but the other survived. 16 August 2009: While practising for an airshow, two Su-27s of the Russian Knights collided in mid-air during a test flight 5km from Zhukovsky Airfield, south-east of Moscow, killing the Knights' leader, Igor Tkachenko. One of the jets crashed into a house and started a fire. The pilots were training for the 2009 MAKS Airshow. A probe into the crash has been launched; it is thought the accident may have been caused by a "flying skill error", according to the Russian Defense Ministry. 30 August 2009: A Belarus Air Force Su-27UBM crashed at the 2009 Radom Air Show in Poland. The Su-27 crashed after exiting a loop, possibly due to an engine failure from a bird strike. Both pilots died after opting to stay with the aircraft to steer it away from spectators. 6 April 2011: A Russian Air Force Su-27SM crashed during a training drill near the city of Vladivostok in Russia's Far East. The pilot ejected unhurt.[30] 28 June 2012: A Russian Air Force Su-27UB crashed in Karelia, Russia. Both pilots ejected unhurt.[31] 31 March 2013: A Chinese PLA Air Force Su-27UBK crashed during a drill in Shangdong, China. Both pilots died.[32]

Sukhoi Su-27

13

Aircraft on display
A Su-27, Red 27 is on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow[33][34] A former Ukrainian Air Force Su-27 is on display at the Estonian Aviation Museum, Haaslava, Tartu County[35]

Su-27 Red 27 at Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow

Specifications (Su-27SK)
Data from Gordon Su-27SK
[38]

and page,

Davison,
[37]

[36]

KNAAPO

Sukhoi

Su-27SK page,

General characteristics
Crew: 1 Length: 21.9 m (72 ft) Wingspan: 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in) Height: 5.92 m (19 ft 6 in) Wing area: 62 m (667 ft) Empty weight: 16,380kg (36,100 lb) Loaded weight: 23,430kg (51,650 lb) Max. takeoff weight: 30,450 kg (67,100 lb) Powerplant: 2 Saturn/Lyulka AL-31F turbofans Dry thrust: 7,670 kgf (75.22 kN, 16,910 lbf) each Thrust with afterburner: 12,500 kgf (122.6 kN, 27,560 lbf) each Leading edge sweep: 42

Performance
Maximum speed: Mach 2.35 (2,500km/h, 1,550 mph) at altitude Range: 3,530km (2,070 mi) at altitude; (1,340km / 800 mi at sea level) Service ceiling: 19,000 m (62,523 ft) Rate of climb: 300 m/s[39] (54,000 ft/min) Wing loading: 371kg/m (76 lb/ft) Thrust/weight: 1.07

Armament
1 30mm GSh-30-1 cannon with 150 rounds 4,430kg (17,600 lb) on 10 external pylons[40] Up to 6 medium-range AA missiles R-27, 2 short-range heat-seeking AA missiles R-73

Sukhoi Su-27

14

Su-27S armament
30mm GSH-30 Cannon, 150 rounds 6 Medium-Range R-27R, R-27ER, R-27T, R-27ET 4 Short-Range R-73E FAB-250 FAB-500 RBK-250 RBK-500 S-8 S-13 S-24 S-25 SMKB

Su-27SM armament
8 x Vympel R-77 advanced medium-range missile 6 x KAB-500KR and KAB-500L Guided Bombs 4 x Kh-29T/L 4 x Kh-31P/A anti-radar/ship missiles 4 x Kh-35 anti-ship missile

Popular culture
The Su-27 is in a starring role in the SSI flight simulator game "Su-27 Flanker" and sequel "Lock On: Modern Air Combat".

References
References
[1] Spick, Mike, ed. "MiG-29 'Fulcrum'". "The Flanker". Great Book of Modern Warplanes. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4. [2] http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ history/ [3] Sukhoi Su-27SK FLANKER-B (http:/ / www. uscc. gov/ researchpapers/ 2004/ 04fisher_report/ 7airforcesystems. htm) [4] http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_287. shtml [5] Moscow Defense Brief (http:/ / mdb. cast. ru/ mdb/ 3-2008/ item3/ article3/ ) [6] http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_282. shtml [7] Lenta.Ru: Georgian army forces falling back from Tskhinvali (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2008/ 08/ 08/ stopsheling/ ) [8] Lenta.Ru: Russian airplanes are bombing Georgian army positions (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2008/ 08/ 08/ strikes/ ) [9] Claims with No Names (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_192. shtml), Air Aces page. [10] "ke bahru be chilfa" (Ethiopian Air Force 2007 graduation publication, May 2007), pp. 723 [11] http:/ / defense-update. com/ 20120727_pitch_black_fencers. html [12] http:/ / www. airforce-technology. com/ news/ newsexercise-pitch-black-2012-concludes [13] (http:/ / www. milavia. net/ aircraft/ su-27/ su-27_variants. htm) "Su-27P" [14] Production Defense Su-27SKM (http:/ / www. knaapo. ru/ eng/ products/ military/ su27SKM. wbp). KNAAPO [15] Sukhoi Company has performed the state contract on delivery of new multi-role Su-27SM3 fighters to the Russian air forces - News Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM (http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2011/ 12/ 23/ 699/ ) [16] "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2013 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 2013. [17] "Directory: World Air Forces". Flight International, 1420 December 2010. [18] -27 (http:/ / www. samara-airlines. ru/ su-27-predlagayut-spisat/ ) [19] Lenta.ru: : -27 (http:/ / lenta. ru/ news/ 2011/ 11/ 03/ su27sm/ ) [20] AirForces Monthly, Dec 2010 [21] http:/ / www. armstrade. org/ includes/ periodics/ news/ 2012/ 0313/ 100511974/ detail. shtml

Sukhoi Su-27
[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2011/ 12/ 23/ 699/ -27 - - (http:/ / mil. in. ua/ vynyschuvachi/ su-27) Gordon and Davison 2006, p. 101. U.S. buys Su-27 fighters from Ukraine for 'aggressor' training (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ world/ 20090512/ 121553649. html). RIA Novosti FAA Registry - Aircraft - Make / Model Inquiry (http:/ / registry. faa. gov/ aircraftinquiry/ AcftRef_Inquiry. aspx) Pride Aircraft: Sukhoi SU-27 Flankers (http:/ / www. prideaircraft. com/ flanker. htm) Air International October 2010, p.9. 9 September 1990 crash of Su-27 (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ wikibase/ wiki. php?id=54531). aviation-safety.net, 11 January 2011. ASN Aircraft accident 06-APR-2011 Su-27SM Flanker 08 blue (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ wikibase/ wiki. php?id=121564) Su-27 Fighter Jet Crashes in Karelia (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120628/ 174283286. html) http:/ / www. ibtimes. com/ pla-fighter-jet-crash-two-die-chinese-military-air-drill-video-1164303 http:/ / www. bestrussiantour. com/ military/ central_museum_armed_forces http:/ / forum. scramble. nl/ viewtopic. php?p=594553 http:/ / www. lennundusmuuseum. ee/ index. php?lang=2 Gordon and Davison 2006, pp. 9192, 9596. Sukhoi Su-27SK (http:/ / www. knaapo. ru/ eng/ products/ military/ su-27sk. wbp). KNAAPO. Su-27SK Aircraft performance page (http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ lth/ ). Sukhoi. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker (http:/ / www. fighter-planes. com/ info/ su27. htm) http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ planes/ military/ su27sk/ lth/

15

Bibliography "ECA Program Su-27 Flankers Destined for Iceland". Air International. October 2010, Vol. 79 No. 4. p.9. ISSN 0306-5634. Gordon, Yefim. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter. Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN1-84037-029-7. Gordon, Yefim and Peter Davison. Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker, Specialty Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58007-091-1. Modern Combat Aircraft: Reference guide, pp.5051. Minsk, "Elida", 1997. ISBN 985-6163-10-2. (Russian)

External links
Su-27S Sukhoi (http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/) Su-27 page on knaapo.ru (http://www.knaapo.ru/eng/) ECA Program BV Website (http://www.ecaprogram.com/iopfor/iopfor_air.html) Su-27S Russia Military Analysis (http://www.warfare.ru/?catid=255&linkid=1604) Su-27 page GlobalSecurity.org (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/su-27.htm) Sukhoi Flankers The Shifting Balance of Regional Air Power (http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Flanker. html) Asia's Advanced Flankers (http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Flankers-Aug03.pdf) The Su-27SKM (http://www.zacharz.com/lebourget/su27/photos.htm) Su-27 free walkaround (37 shots) (http://scalemodels.ru/modules/photo/viewcat_cid_2.html) Su-27UB walkaround photos (http://www.prideaircraft.com/flanker.htm)

Sukhoi PAK FA

16

Sukhoi PAK FA
PAK FA

PAK FA T-50 Role National origin Manufacturer First flight Introduction Status Primaryusers Number built Program cost Unit cost Stealth multirole fighter Russia Sukhoi 29 January 2010 2016 Test flight/pre-production Russian Air Force Russian Navy 5 prototypes
[1] [2][3][4] [5]

US$810 billion (est.)

T-50: US$50+million < [6] FGFA: US$100million Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

Variants

The Sukhoi PAK FA (Russian: , Russian: , Perspektivny Aviatsionny Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsii, literally "Prospective Airborne Complex of Frontline Aviation") is a twin-engine jet fighter being developed by Sukhoi for the Russian Air Force. The Sukhoi T-50 is the prototype for PAK FA.[7] The PAK FA is one of only a handful of stealth jet programs worldwide.[8] The PAK FA, a fifth generation jet fighter, is intended to be the successor to the MiG-29 and Su-27 in the Russian inventory and serve as the basis of the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA being developed with India.[9][10] The T-50 prototype performed its first flight 29 January 2010. The Russian Defence Ministry will purchase the first 10 evaluation example aircraft after 2012 and then 60 production standard aircraft after 2016.[11][12][13] The first batch of fighters will be delivered with current technology engines. The PAK-FA is expected to have a service life of about 3035 years.

Sukhoi PAK FA

17

Development
Origins
In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union outlined a need for a next-generation aircraft to replace its MiG-29s and Su-27s in front line service. Two projects were proposed to meet this need the Sukhoi Su-47 and the Mikoyan Project 1.44. In 2002, Sukhoi was chosen to lead the design for the new combat aircraft.[14] The Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association is manufacturing the new multirole fighter at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur along with Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association. Final assembly is to take place at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur.[citation needed] The Tekhnokompleks Scientific and Production Center, Ramenskoye Instrument Building Design Bureau, the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, the Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant (Yekaterinburg), the Polet firm (Nizhny Novgorod) and the Central Scientific Research Radio Engineering Institute (Moscow) were pronounced winners in the competition held in early 2003 for the development of the avionics suite. NPO Saturn is the lead contractor for the engines.[citation needed] In 2007, Russia and India agreed to jointly develop the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft Programme (FGFA) for India.[15][16][17] In September 2010, it was reported that India and Russia had agreed on a preliminary design contract where each country invests $6billion; development of the FGFA fighter was expected to take 810years.[18] The agreement on the preliminary design was to be signed in December 2010.[19] On 8 August 2007, Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief (CinC) Alexander Zelin was quoted by Russian news agencies that the development stage of the PAK FA program was complete and construction of the first aircraft for flight testing would begin.[20] Zelin also said that by 2009 there would be three fifth-generation aircraft ready. "All of them are currently undergoing tests and are more or less ready," he said.[21] In mid-2009 the design was approved.

Flight testing
The T-50's maiden flight had been repeatedly postponed since early 2007 as the aircraft encountered unspecified technical problems. Alexander Zelin admitted as recently as August 2009 that problems with the engine and in technical research remained unsolved.[22] On 28 February 2009, Mikhail Pogosyan announced that the airframe for the aircraft was almost finished and that the first prototype should be ready by August 2009.[23] On 20 August 2009, Pogosyan said that the first flight would be by year's end. Konstantin Makiyenko, deputy head of the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies said that "even with delays", the aircraft would likely make its first flight by January or February, adding that it would take five to ten years for commercial production.[24] On 8 December 2009, Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced that the first trials with the fifth-generation aircraft would begin in 2010.[25] The first taxi test was successfully completed on 24 December 2009.[26][27][28] Piloted by Hero of the Russian Federation Sergey Bogdan, the aircraft's 47-minute maiden flight took place on 29 January 2010 at KnAAPO's Dzemgi Airport in the Russian Far East.[29][30][31] By 31 August 2010, it had made 17 flights and by mid-November, 40 in total. The second T-50 was to start its flight test by the end of 2010, but this was delayed until March 2011.[32][33][34][35][36]
PAK FA T-50 with landing gear down, April 2010

A second prototype was first planned to join the flight testing in the fourth quarter of 2010 but was postponed. On 3 March 2011, it was reported that the second aircraft had made a successful 44-minute test flight. These first two aircraft will lack radar and weapon control systems. The third and fourth aircraft, to be added in 2011, will be fully functional test aircraft.[37] On 14 March 2011, the aircraft achieved supersonic flight at a test range near

Sukhoi PAK FA Komsomolsk-on-Amur in Siberia.[38] The T-50 was displayed publicly for the first time at the 2011 MAKS Airshow. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin was in attendance.[39][40] In June 2011, an unauthorized video was made of the Sukhoi PAK FA in flight displaying a variety of aerobatic moves.[41] On 3 November 2011, the PAK FA program achieved its 100th flight.[42] More than 20 test flights were made in the next nine months.[43] The third prototype, T-50-3, was the first prototype to fly with an AESA radar. Originally scheduled for the end of 2011, these flights occurred in August 2012, and showed performance comparable to [44][45] existing radars. On 22 November 2011, T-50-3 took its first flight from KnAAPO's airfield in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, piloted by Sergey Bogdan. The aircraft spent over an hour in the air, and was subjected to basic stability and powerplant checks.[46] It differs from the other prototypes in the way it lacks a pitot tube. All 14 test aircraft are scheduled to fly by 2015.[47]
T-50 flying at MAKS 2011

18

The fourth prototype had its first flight on 12 December 2012[48] and joined the other three aircraft in testing near Moscow a month later.[49][50]

Design
Overview
Although most information about the PAK FA is classified, sources within in the Russian Air Force and Defense Ministry have openly stated that it features stealth technology and has the capability to supercruise, and incorporate advanced avionics such as an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar and an artificial intelligence system.[51] It is to be outfitted with the next generation of air-to-air, air-to-surface, and air-to-ship missiles.[52] Video from the PAK FA's first flight shows that it has no conventional Prototype T-50 in flight rudders; its vertical tails are fully movable.[53] This special tail fin design is mechanically similar to V-tails used by the Northrop YF-23 in 1990s,[54] but is supplemented by dedicated horizontal stabilators (as on the F-22). The T-50 has wing leading-edge devices above the jet engine intakes that may pose a challenge for signature control.[55] Composites are used extensively on the T-50 and comprise 25% of its weight and almost 70% of the outer surface. It is estimated that titanium alloy content of the fuselage is 75%. Sukhoi's concern for minimizing radar cross-section (RCS) and drag is also shown by the provision of two tandem main weapons bays in the centre fuselage, between the engine nacelles. Each is estimated to be between 4.9-5.1 m long. The main bays are augmented by bulged, triangular-section bays at the wing root.[56] The Moskovsky Komsomolets reported that the T-50 has been designed to be more maneuverable than the F-22 Raptor, at the cost of making it less stealthy than the F-22.[57] One of the design elements that have such an effect is the Leading Edge Vortex Controller (LEVCON).

Sukhoi PAK FA

19

Cockpit
Life support systems will enable pilots to sustain 9 g in maneuvers. New pressure suits will allow safe ejection at altitudes of up to 23km.[58]

Stealth
Russian sources indicate the PAK FA lacks the very-low-observable (VLO) stealth of the F-22. Instead, reducing observability with composite materials, aerodynamic configuration, and engine signature reduction measures to achieve low (but not very-low) levels of radar, optic and infrared signatures.[59] Carlo Kopp has said that once the PAK FA is fully developed into a stealthy design, it should be a rough match for the F-35 in low observability, but aerodynamically superior.[60] Sources claim that the PAK FA may incorporate "Plasma stealth" although no solid evidence of this has been shown.[citation needed]

Armament
The PAK FA has a reported maximum weapons load of 7,500kg. It has an apparent provision for a cannon (most likely GSh-301), and could possibly carry two 30mm cannons.[] The PAK FA has two internal bays estimated at 4.6-4.7 metres by 1-1.1 metres.[61] The expected initial armaments include Kh-35UE (AS-20 "Kayak"), Kh-38ME, Kh-58UShKE (AS-11 "Kilter"), and RVV-MD (AA-11 "Archer") missiles.[62] Two Izdeliye 810 Extended beyond visual range missiles per weapons bay. Multiple Izdeliye 180 / K77M beyond visual range missiles. K74 and K30 within visual range missiles can also be carried. Two KH38M or KH58 USHK air-to-ground missiles per weapons bay. Multiple 250500kg precision guided bombs per weapons bay, with a maximum of 10 bombs in internal bays.[] Other possible loads include one 1,500kg bomb per weapons bay or two 400km+ range anti-AWACS weapons (such as the RVV-BD) on external hardpoints.[63][64] PAK FA chief designer Alexander Davydenko has said that there is a possibility of the installation of BrahMos supersonic missile on the PAK FA and its FGFA derivative. However, it is unclear how these missiles will be installed, though it can be one or two missiles only due to heavy weight of the BrahMos.

Avionics
The PAK FA's SH121 radar complex includes three X-band AESA radars located at the front and sides of the aircraft. These will be accompanied by L-band radars on the wing leading edges.[65][66] L-band radars are proven to have increased effectiveness against very low observable, or stealthy, targets which are optimized only against X-band frequencies, but their longer wavelengths reduce their resolution. However the initial prototypes will use legacy passive electronically scanned array radar.[67]Wikipedia:Verifiability According to Sukhoi, the radar will reduce pilot load and make use of a new data link to share information between aircraft.[68] In 2012 ground tests began on the third aircraft of the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design's AESA radar.[69]

NIIP's AESA radar for the PAK FA on display at the 2009 MAKS airshow

The PAK FA will feature an OLS-50M infra-red search and track optical/IR search and tracking system. The OLS-50M is an upgrade to the previous OLS-35 infra-red search and track system due to advanced QWIP technology now being available. The OLS-50M will most likely have upgraded efficiency in identifying VLO (very low observability) aircraft at greater ranges.[citation needed]

Sukhoi PAK FA

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Engines
On its first flights, the PAK FA was expected to use a pair of conventional Saturn 117S engines, but a new engine 117 (AL-41F1) powered its first flight.[70] The new engine features a digital control system (FADEC), and is reportedly capable of producing 33,000lbs (147kN) of thrust in afterburner, has a dry weight of 1420 kilogram and a thrust to weight ratio of 10.5:1. According to Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan, the 117 (AL-41F1) is a new fifth generation engine built specifically for the PAK-FA. Pogosyan has clarified that claims of the use of an older engine are incorrect. Though the specifics of the new engine remain classified, information provided has included: increased engine thrust by 2.5 tonnes over the AL-31 engine, a reduction in engine weight by 150 kilograms (330lb). These changes allow the aircraft to supercruise, sustaining supersonic flight speeds without using afterburners.[] Mikhail Pogosyan further mentioned that this engine (117) meets the Russian Air Force's requirements and will be installed in production PAK-FA aircraft. The engine generates a larger thrust and has a complex automation system, to facilitate flight modes such as maneuverability. It is expected that each engine will be able to independently vector its thrust upwards, downward or side to side. Vectoring one engine up with the other one down can produce a twisting force, which would enable the PAK FA to be the first fifth generation fighter with full 3-D thrust vectoring along all three aircraft axes: pitch, yaw and roll. These engines will incorporate infrared and RCS reduction measures.[71][72] There is little information about the new engine of T-50. According to preliminary facts, the engine will have increased thrust and fuel efficiency as compared to AL-41F1. Allegedly, the powerplant will have a thrust of about 107kN in cruise mode and 176kN in full afterburner mode.[73]

Operational history
In August 2011, the Russian Air Force said that the new Sukhoi fighter is to enter service in 20142015. "We will receive a T-50 prototype in 2013," CinC Zelin told reporters. "Mass produced aircraft will not arrive until 20142015." Former deputy defense minister Vitaly Shlykov has questioned Russia's industrial capacity to produce the fighter in significant numbers.[74] In March 2013, the first aircraft is to be delivered for two years of state trials.[75][76] As of June 2012, construction of modernized testing facilities and a new runway to accommodate the next phase of the PAK FA program is underway at the 929th State Flight Test Center in Akhtubinsk.[77][78]

PAK FA compressor stall at MAKS-2011

On 6 August 2013, the Russian Air Force announced they will take delivery of their first T-50 "in the third quarter of this year," with final state test flights starting in the fourth quarter. The aircraft will enter service in 2016.[79]

Sukhoi PAK FA

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Exports
Sukhoi claims that the main export advantage of the PAK FA consists in it being cheaper than current US fifth generation jet fighters, though it will be considerably more expensive than previous Russian fourth generation jet fighters.[80] Russia was said to be interested in offering the PAK FA for South Korea's next generation jet fighter.[81] South Korea's defence procurement agency confirmed that the Sukhoi PAK FA was a candidate for the Republic of Korea Air Force's next-generation fighter (F-X Phase 3) aircraft;[82] however, Sukhoi failed to enter the bidding competition by the January 2012 deadline.[83] Russia's Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade predicts that the PAK FA will be available for export in 2025;[84] though this may include the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA,[85] the primary export version of the base T-50 platform.[86] Ruslan Pukhov, director of the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, has projected that Vietnam will be the second export customer for the fighter.[87] In 2012, Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov said that Russia and India would jointly build the export version of the T-50 starting in 2020.[88] In 2013 United Aircraft Corporation president Mikhail Pogosyan said that the Russian PAK FA would use the "identical onboard systems and avionics" of the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA.[89]

Variants
FGFA
The completed joint Indian/Russian versions of the single-seat or two-seat FGFA will differ from the current T-50 flying prototypes in 43 ways with improvements to stealth, supercruise, sensors, networking, and combat avionics.[90] Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan has projected a market for 1,000 fighter aircraft over the next four decades, which will be produced in a joint venture with India, 200 each for Russia and India and 600 for other countries.[91] He has also said that the Indian contribution would be in the form of joint work under the current agreement rather than as a joint venture.[92] The Indian Air Force is to receive 50 of the single-seat "Russian version" before receiving the two-seat FGFA.[93]

Naval and other versions

Navalized Sukhoi T-50 PAK FAs will be deployed on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov and future Russian aircraft carriers.[94] There will be a competition between the Sukhoi, Mikoyan and Yakovlev design bureaus to choose the new naval aircraft. Alexei Fedorov has said that any decision on applying fifth-generation technologies to produce a smaller fighter (comparative to the F-35) must wait until after the heavy fighter, based on the T-50, is completed.[95]

Sukhoi PAK FA

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UCAV
On 30 August 2013, the United Aircraft Corporation said they were developing an unmanned combat air vehicle based on the T-50 fighter. The drone is currently at a preliminary research stage. Once the fundamental specifications are agreed upon, creating it should be simple with the technology provided by the T-50 program.[96]

Specifications
Because the aircraft is in development, these specifications are preliminary and are taken as estimates from the available images.
Data from warfare.ru,
[97]

pravda.ru

[98]

General characteristics
Crew: 1 Length: 19.8 m (65.9 ft) Wingspan: 14 m (46.6 ft) Height: 6.05 m (19.8 ft) Wing area: 78.8 m2 (848.1 ft2) Empty weight: 18,500 kg (40,785 lb) Loaded weight: 29,772 kg[99] (65,636 lb) Useful load: 7,500 kg (combat load) (16,534 lb) Max. takeoff weight: 37,000 kg (81,570 lb) Powerplant: 2 AL-41F1 for prototypes[100][101] turbofan, 147 kN (33,047 lb) for prototypes;[102] over 175 kN (39,340 lbf) for definitive engine version each Fuel capability: 10,300 kg (22,711 lb)

Performance
Maximum speed: Mach 2+, 2,135 km/h [103] (1,327 mph) Cruise speed: 1,300-1,800 km/h (808-1,118 mph) Ferry range: 5,500 km[104] (3,417 mi) Service ceiling: 20,000 m (65,000 ft) Rate of climb: 350 m/s (68,900 ft/min) Wing loading: 330-470 kg/m2 (67-96 lb/ft2) Thrust/weight: 1.01 (1.20 for new engines) Maximum g-load: 9 g

Armament
Guns: None on prototype. Apparent provision for a cannon (most likely GSh-301). Possible two 30 mm cannon. Hardpoints: Currently 6 internal hardpoints and up to 6 external hardpoints: two internal bays running longitudinally on the fuselage supporting a total of 4 RVV-BD AAMs (R-37 derived), plus 2 small internal wing bays for 2 RVV-SD AAMs and up to six external hardpoints.[105] Including the advanced X-38 air to surface missile.[106]

Avionics
AESA N036 built by Tikhomirov NIIP. Presumably T-50 radar is a development of Irbis-E designed for Su-35BM[107] Speculated specifications: Radar complex Sh-121 comprising five elements, namely

Sukhoi PAK FA Main X-band AESA radar, size of 900 by 700 mm and with 1522 T/R modules 2 Side facing smaller X-band AESA radars, to increase angular coverage 2 L-band AESA on the Leading-edge extension for good vlo detection Possible rear facing X-band AESA for the Indian Sukhoi/HAL FGFA OEIS (opto-electronic integrated system) 101KS: Consists of 4 parts 101KC-D: Anti-IR seeker 101KC-B: Quantam optical radar system 101KC-Y: Optical system for issuing HQ to COP-O 101KC-H: Air to ground mode

23

References
Notes
[1] http:/ / indrus. in/ economics/ 2013/ 06/ 29/ t-50_fighter_to_be_ready_in_2013_26603. html [2] Pandit, Rajat. "India, Russia to ink new military pact." (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2009-10-10/ india/ 28069553_1_india-and-russia-anatoly-serdyukov-admiral-gorshkov) Times of India, 10 October 2009. [3] Shukla, Ajai. "India, Russia close to PACT on next generation fighter." (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ india-russia-close-to-pactnext-generation-fighter/ 381718/ ) Business Standard, 5 January 2010. [4] Shukla, Ajai. "India to develop 25% of fifth generation fighter/" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ india-to-develop-25fifth-generation-fighter/ 381786/ ) Business Standard, 6 January 2010. [5] Defence International 2011/02 P.35 (Chinese) [official Russian estimate] [6] "Delays and challenges for Indo-Russian fighter." (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ article/ economy-policy/ delays-and-challenges-for-indo-russian-fighter-112051502009_1. html) [7] Daly, Kieran. "Russia's United Aircraft reaches maturity." (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ articles/ 2009/ 08/ 11/ 330688/ russias-united-aircraft-reaches-maturity. html) Flight International, 11 August 2009. [8] "The Stealth Jet War: A Global Comparison." (http:/ / www. globalbearings. net/ 2011/ 11/ stealth-war-comparative-global-look. html) Global Bearings, 1 November 2011. [9] Unnithan, Sandeep. "India, Russia to have different versions of same fighter plane." (http:/ / indiatoday. intoday. in/ site/ Story/ 16398/ LATEST HEADLINES/ India,+ Russia+ to+ have+ different+ versions+ of+ same+ fighter+ plane. html) India Today, 29 September 2008. [10] Cohen, Ariel. "Russia bets on new Sukhoi fighter to match F-35." (http:/ / www. upi. com/ Business_News/ Security-Industry/ 2009/ 01/ 16/ Russia-bets-on-new-Sukhoi-fighter-to-match-F-35/ UPI-93841232131619/ ) United Press International (UPI), 16 January 2009. [11] Druzhinin, Alexei. "Russian military to buy 60 fifth-generation fighters after 2016." (http:/ / www. en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20100713/ 159797767. html) rian.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [12] "Russia to almost double arms spending." (http:/ / english. ruvr. ru/ 2010/ 07/ 19/ 12786897. html) ruvr.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [13] "Fourth T-50 Stealth Fighter to Fly This Year." (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120614/ 174028701. html)RIA Novosti, 14 June 2012. [14] "Premier Putin satisfied with Russian fifth-generation fighter tests" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20100420/ 158666082. html). RIA Novosti, 20 April 2010. [15] http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ news/ company/ ?id=5125 [16] http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2009-10-10/ india/ 28069553_1_india-and-russia-anatoly-serdyukov-admiral-gorshkov [17] http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ article/ economy-policy/ india-russia-close-to-pact-on-next-generation-fighter-110010500074_1. html [18] "India, Russia to Ink gen-5 fighter pact" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ india-russia-to-ink-gen-5-fighter-pact/ 407746/ ). business-standard.com. Retrieved: 19 November 2012. [19] "Russia, India to begin design of 5G-fighter in December" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20101027/ 161108468. html). RIA Novosti, 27 October 2010. Retrieved: 19 November 2012. [20] "Russia to build fifth-generation fighter prototype soon" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20070808/ 70574505. html). RIA Novosti, 8 August 2007. [21] "Russia's next-generation warplane to make maiden flight in 2009" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20090121/ 119740202. html). RIA Novosti, 21 January 2009. [22] Halpin, Tony. "Russia unveils its first stealth fighter jet - the Sukhoi T-50" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ europe/ article7007913. ece). The Times (London), 30 January 2010. Retrieved: 7 February 2010. [23] "Sukhoi PAK FA Updates: First Prototype by August 2009, Special Software for Indian Versions" (http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports-4254). India Defence, 28 February 2009. [24] Solovyov, Dmitry. "Interview: Russia's new fighter to fly by yr-end - Sukhoi" (http:/ / in. reuters. com/ article/ worldNews/ idINIndia-41866120090820?feedType=RSS& feedName=worldNews& pageNumber=1& virtualBrandChannel=11584). Reuters, 20 August 2009.

Sukhoi PAK FA
[25] "Russia to start 5th generation fighter tests in 2010 deputy PM" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20091208/ 157157685. html). RIA Novosti, 8 December 2009. [26] ["Russian fifth-generation fighter tests have begun"](in Russian)". (http:/ / www. lenta. ru/ news/ 2009/ 12/ 24/ pakfa/ ) Lenta.ru, 24 December 2009. [27] ["Sukhoi fifth-generation fighter taxiing" ] (in Russian). (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ russian/ russia/ 2009/ 12/ 091224_sukhoi_new_runway. shtml) BBC Russian Service, 24 December 2009. [28] Vogelaar, Rob. "Sukhoi's PAK-FA or T-50 started taxi trials, first flight early in January" (http:/ / www. aviationnews. eu/ 2009/ 12/ 29/ sukhois-pak-fa-or-t-50-started-taxi-trials-first-flight-early-in-january/ ). Aviation-News, 29 December 2009. [29] Lenta.Ru: : - - - (http:/ / www. lenta. ru/ news/ 2010/ 01/ 29/ firstflight/ ) [30] "Sukhoi Company launches flight tests of PAK FA advanced tactical frontline fighter" (http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ news/ company/ ?id=3143). Sukhoi Company (JSC), 29 January 2010. [31] Pandit, Rajat. "1st test of 5-Gen fighter in Russia" (http:/ / epaper. timesofindia. com/ Default/ Scripting/ ArticleWin. asp?From=Archive& Source=Page& Skin=TOINEW& BaseHref=TOIKM/ 2010/ 01/ 30& PageLabel=13& EntityId=Ar01301& ViewMode=HTML& GZ=T). Times of India. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [32] Russia tests 2nd prototype of fifth-generation fighter |Defense |RIA Novosti (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20110303/ 162844406. html) [33] "Second PAK FA prototype to fly in 2011: UAC" (http:/ / www. brahmand. com/ news/ Second-PAK-FA-prototype-to-fly-in-2011-UAC/ 5867/ 3/ 13. html). Brahmand, 21 December 2010. [34] "- "" - - " (http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ news/ company/ ?id=3165) (in Russian). sukhoi.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [35] "Pictures: Indian officials get up close to new-look PAK FA fighter" (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ articles/ 2010/ 09/ 07/ 347018/ pictures-indian-officials-get-up-close-to-new-look-pak-fa. html). flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [36] "Defense: Second prototype fifth-generation fighter to fly before yearend" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20101122/ 161440526. html). RIA Novosti. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [37] Komarov, Alexey. "More Sukhoi T-50s To Fly In Next 12 Months" (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_channel. jsp?channel=defense& id=news/ awst/ 2010/ 03/ 08/ AW_03_08_2010_p34-209244. xml& headline=More Sukhoi T-50s To Fly In Next 12 Months). Aviation Week, 12 March 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [38] "Fifth-gen fighter PAK FA goes supersonic" (http:/ / rt. com/ news/ fighter-pak-fa-supersonic/ ). RT. Retrieved: 12 April 2011 [39] "Russia shows off Sukhoi T-50 stealth fighter" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-europe-14564311). BBC News, 17 August 2011. [40] Miranovsky, Anatoly. "Russia to export 600 Sukhoi PAK FA fifth generation jets. India to acquire and jointly develop 250 sukhoi T-50 this fifth generation fighters with Russia" (http:/ / english. pravda. ru/ russia/ economics/ 13-09-2010/ 114900-sukhoi-0/ ). Pravda. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [41] "Video: Sukhoi PAK FA Stealth Fighter Aerobatics" (http:/ / defensetech. org/ 2011/ 06/ 10/ video-sukhoi-pak-fa-stealth-fighter-aerobatics/ ). Defense Tech, 10 June 2011. [42] "PAK-FA programme: 100th test performed yesterday" (http:/ / www. avionews. com/ index. php?corpo=see_news_home. php& news_id=1135291& pagina_chiamante=index. php). WAPA, 4 November 2011. [43] Karnozov, Vladimir. "Sukhoi T-50 Moves to Radar, In-flight Refueling Tests" (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ aviation-news/ ain-defense-perspective/ 2012-08-31/ sukhoi-t-50-moves-radar-flight-refueling-tests). Aviation International News, 31 August 2012. [44] Trimble, Stephen. "Third PAK-FA prototype breaks cover" (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ blogs/ the-dewline/ 2011/ 11/ third-pak-fa. html). Flight Global, 21 November 2011. [45] "Sukhoi Begins Testing Onboard Radar System for T-50 Aircraft" (http:/ / www. defpro. com/ news/ details/ 38365/ ?SID=6359fad858f10a6e854567fa5c99fe96). Sukhoi Company, 8 August 2012. [46] "Sukhoi Company adds the third PAK FA prototype to flight tests program" (http:/ / sukhoi. org/ eng/ news/ company/ ?id=4482). Sukhoi. Retrieved: 28 September 2012. [47] Sysoev, Grigoriy. "Russia to Increase Number of 5G Fighters in Test Flights" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120213/ 171286237. html). RIA Novosti, 13 February 2012. [48] "Fourth T-50 Stealth Fighter Flies" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ military_news/ 20121212/ 178100717. html). [49] "Russian T-50 Fighter Jet Completes First Long-Range Flight" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ military_news/ 20130117/ 178844683. html). [50] "T-50-4 made the first flight from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Zhukovsky" (http:/ / www. sukhoi. org/ eng/ news/ company/ ?id=5052). [51] Tendulkar, Sachin. "Russia to commence flight tests of FGFA." (http:/ / www. zeenews. com/ news589876. html) Zeenews.com, 23 December 2009. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [52] Barrie, Douglas and Alexey Komarov. "Fighter Order Rekindles Russian Air Force" (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_channel. jsp?channel=defense& id=news/ RUSSAF082609. xml& headline=Fighter Order Rekindles Russian Air Force). Aviation Week & Space Technology, 26 August 2009. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [53] "Maiden Flight of T-50 (PAK FA)." (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=P0uS9arMJhs) Youtube, 29 January 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [54] "YF-23 Black Widow II." (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ aircraft/ f-23. htm) GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.

24

Sukhoi PAK FA
[55] "Major Work Ahead On T-50 Stealth Fighter." (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/ story_channel. jsp?channel=defense& id=news/ awst/ 2010/ 02/ 08/ AW_02_08_2010_p30-201984. xml& headline=Major Work Ahead On T-50 Stealth Fighter) aviationweek.com, 8 February 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [56] Lake 2010, pp. 2633. [57] "Russia's T-50 PAK FA Not Fifth-Generation Fighter Jet Yet." (http:/ / english. pravda. ru/ russia/ economics/ 18-06-2010/ 113908-fifth_generation-0) pravda.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [58] http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2013/ 7/ 9/ 1799/ [59] "Sukhoi PAK FA T-50 much more powerful than USA's F-22 Raptor." (http:/ / english. pravda. ru/ russia/ economics/ 18-08-2011/ 118783-pak_fa_raptor-0/ ) Pravda, 18 August 2011. [60] Axe, David. "Russias Stealth Fighter Could Match U.S. Jets, Analyst Says." (http:/ / www. wired. com/ dangerroom/ 2012/ 11/ russia-stealth/ ) Wired Magazine, 16 November 2012. [61] Butowski 2010, p. 34. [62] "Russia to Field Air-Launched Missiles for T-50 by 2014." (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120131/ 171043005. html) RIA Novosti. 31 January 2012. [63] "T-50 / Project 701 / PAK FA." (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ pak-fa. htm) GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [64] Nekhai, Oleg. "Russian Navy and Air Force to get new missiles." (http:/ / english. ruvr. ru/ 2012/ 01/ 31/ 65019117. html) Voice of Russia, 31 January 2012. [65] "PAK FA: T-50 - Technologies of take off (English and Greek subs)." (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=KW0x2EDghbE) youtube.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [66] "T-50 completes early flight and bench tests." (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ news/ single-news-page/ article/ t-50-completes-early-flight-and-bench-tests-25453/ ) ainonline.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [67] "First public flight of Indo-Russian fifth generation fighter in August." (http:/ / www. defenseworld. net/ go/ defensenews. jsp?id=5753& h=First) defenseworld.net, 22 June 2011. Retrieved: 18 July 2011. [68] "Sukhoi Company launches flight tests of PAK FA advanced tactical frontline fighter." (http:/ / sukhoi. org/ eng/ news/ company/ ?id=3143) sukhoi.org. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [69] "Sukhoi Tests New Radar Array for 5th-Generation Fighter." (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20120808/ 175068051. html) RIA Novosti, 8 August 2012. [70] "NPO." (http:/ / www. npo-saturn. ru/ ?act=gm_look& id=1264762617) Saturn Press Release, 29 January 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [71] . (http:/ / narod. ru/ disk/ 25867315000/ 2010. 10. 09_Smotr-15. avi. html) [72] "Safety." (http:/ / www. rian. ru/ defense_safety/ 20100129/ 206858518. html) RIA Novosti. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [73] "The testing of a new engine intended for PAK FA will be started in 2014". (http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2012/ 11/ 15/ 1341/ ) ruaviation.com, 15 November 2012. Retrieved: 19 November 2012. [74] Weir, Fred. "Can Moscow regain superpower status? This fighter jet is key" (http:/ / www. globalpost. com/ dispatch/ news/ regions/ europe/ russia/ 111010/ russias-military-attempts-building-21st-century-fighter-). GlobalPost, 11 October 2011. [75] "Russias 5th Generation Fighter Jet to Start State Tests in March" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ military_news/ 20121223/ 178346715. html). [76] "The testing of PAK FAs engine are carried out successfully" (http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2011/ 8/ 23/ 497/ ). Russian Aviation, 23 August 2011. [77] "On the ground in Ahtubinsk build airstrip for testing 5th generation fighter" (http:/ / tvzvezda. ru/ news/ forces/ content/ 201206202339-hh2o. htm). tvzvezda, 23 June 2012. [78] "The PAK FA will be tested in Ahtubinsk" (http:/ / www. vahtubinske. ru/ news/ pak_fa_budet_ispytan_v_akhtubinske/ 2010-02-01-327). vahtubinske, 1 February 2010. [79] Russian Air Force will take delivery this year of first fifth-generation T-50 fighter aircraft (http:/ / www. airrecognition. com/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=783) - Airrecognition.com, 7 August 2013 [80] "Russia's fifth-generation fighter to be cheaper than foreign analogues" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ military_news/ 20100720/ 159882742. html). [81] Tae-hoon, Lee. "Russia seeks to sell stealth jets to Korea" (http:/ / www. koreatimes. co. kr/ www/ news/ nation/ 2011/ 07/ 116_91281. html). Korea Times, 20 July 2011. [82] Grevatt, Jon. "South Korea confirms Sukhoi T-50's surprise entry into FX fighter contest" (http:/ / www. janes. com/ products/ janes/ defence-security-report. aspx?ID=1065930093). Jane's, 22 November 2011. [83] Lee, Tae-Hoon. "Russia pulls out of Korea fighter project" (http:/ / www. koreatimes. co. kr/ www/ news/ nation/ 2012/ 01/ 113_103661. html). The Korean Times, 29 January 2012. Retrieved: 30 January 2012. [84] "Russian experts upbeat about export prospects for the PAK FA" (http:/ / indrus. in/ articles/ 2011/ 09/ 07/ russian_experts_upbeat_about_export_prospects_for_the_pak_fa_12953. html). Russia and India Report, 6 September 2011. [85] "Sukhoi: Development of PAK FA is going on without any failures" (http:/ / www. ruaviation. com/ news/ 2011/ 7/ 28/ 446/ ) Russian Aviation, 28 July 2011. [86] Bogdanov, Konstantin. "Russias Changing Aircraft Export Strategy" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ analysis/ 20120709/ 174500575. html). RIA Novosti, 9 July 2012. [87] Johnson, Reuben F. "Russian think-tank projects additional Su-30, PAK-FA exports" (http:/ / www. cast. ru/ eng/ ?id=372). Jane's via cast.ru, 13 May 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011.

25

Sukhoi PAK FA
[88] "India to Build Export T-50 Stealth Fighter by 2020" (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20121010/ 176529011. html). RIA Novosti, 10 October 2012. [89] "Russia, India Describe Next-Gen Fighter Plans" (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ aviation-news/ ain-defense-perspective/ 2013-03-01/ russia-india-describe-next-gen-fighter-plans). [90] Mathews, Neelam. "Indias Version of Sukhoi T-50 Delayed by Two Years." (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ aviation-news/ ain-defense-perspective/ 2012-05-25/ indias-version-sukhoi-t-50-delayed-two-years) AIN, 25 May 2012. [91] Bryanski, Gleb. "Russia to make 1,000 stealth jets, eyes India deal." (http:/ / in. reuters. com/ article/ topNews/ idINIndia-46877820100312?sp=true) reuters.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [92] Mikhail. Kutuzov. "Russian-Indian work on 5G fighter to go ahead without extra deal." (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20100611/ 159390947. html) rian.ru, 11 June 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [93] "No JV with India on fifth-gen fighter: Sukhoi chief." (http:/ / www. brahmand. com/ news/ No-JV-with-India-on-fifth-gen-fighter-Sukhoi-chief/ 4136/ 1/ 10. html) brahmand.com. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [94] Kramnik, Ilya. "Moscow set to upgrade Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier." (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ analysis/ 20100406/ 158454665. html) rian.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [95] " 5- - - - (in Russian)". (http:/ / arms-tass. su/ ?page=article& aid=53759& cid=25) arms-tass.su. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [96] Russia Developing Attack Drone From T-50 Fighter Jet (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ military_news/ 20130830/ 183068603/ Russia-Developing-Attack-Drone-From-T-50-Fighter-Jet--UAC. html) - Rian.ru, 30 August 2013 [97] "PAK-FA Sukhoi T-50." (http:/ / warfare. be/ ?lang=& linkid=2280& catid=255) warfare.ru. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [98] "Russia's Fifth Generation Jet Tested Successfully." (http:/ / english. pravda. ru/ russia/ economics/ 29-01-2010/ 111923-fifth_generation-0) pravda.ru, 29 January 2010. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [99] Loaded weight= 18500 kg (empty weight) + 10300 kg (fuel) + 4*190 kg (RVV-SD) + 2*106 kg (RVV-MD)[citation needed] [100] New engine by NPO Saturn and FNPTS MMPP Salyut to be rated at 175 kN (39,341 lbf). [101] "PAK-FA T-50." (http:/ / www. vostokstation. com. au/ aircraft/ Sukhoi_PAK-FA_T-50. htm) vostokstation.com.au. Retrieved: 10 April 2012. [102] Butowski 2010, p. 35. [103] http:/ / www. aviaport. ru/ digest/ 2006/ 01/ 18/ 99775. html [104] "T-50 / Project 701 / PAK FA specifications." (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ pak-fa-specs. htm) GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 18 January 2013. [105] "PAK FA R-73 bay concept image" (http:/ / s56. radikal. ru/ i151/ 1009/ 28/ b35f40d5a8f6. jpg) Photograph. Retrieved: 26 January 2011. [106] "Russian air force puts X-38 air-to-surface missile into service." (http:/ / english. ruvr. ru/ 2013_01_18/ Russian-air-force-puts-X-38-air-to-surface-missile-into-service/ ) [107] "T-50 / Project 701 / PAK FA." (http:/ / paralay. com/ pakfasu. html) paralay.com. Retrieved: 11 August 2011.

26

Citations Bibliography
Butowski, Piotr. "Raptorski's Maiden Flight". Air International, Vol. 78, No 3, March 2010, pp.3037. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. Lake, Jon. "Sukhoi T-50 - Russia's Raptor?" Combat Aircraft, Vol. 11, No.4, April 2010.

External links
General information PAK FA - Global Security.org (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/pak-fa.htm) The T-50's Flight to the Future - GrandeStrategy (http://www.grandestrategy.com/2010/02/ russian-are-coming-t-50s-flight-to.html) PAK FA info & pictures - Paralay.com (http://www.paralay.com/pakfasu.html) (Russian) PAK FA - Russian Military Analysis (http://warfare.be/?catid=255&linkid=2280) Sukhoi PAK FA - Redstar.gr (http://www.redstar.gr/Foto_red/Eng/Aircraft/Su_T50.html) -50: - Technical development video (http://newstube.ru/media/t-50-texnologii-vzlyota)
(Russian)

News reports and articles

Sukhoi PAK FA FARNBOROUGH 2008: Russian air force to receive Sukhoi PAK FA - to be equivalent of the F-22 Raptor (http:/ /www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/07/15/225495/ farnborough-2008-russian-air-force-to-receive-sukhoi-pak-fa-to-be-equivalent-of-the-f-22-raptor.html) Article from India Times (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-30/europe/ 27951348_1_generation-fighter-maiden-flight-indo) Article on Flight International website with artistic image of PAK FA from NPO Saturn (April 04 2007) (http:// www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/04/24/213364/picture-russian-sukhoi-t-50-fighter-images-emerge.html) Brazil, Russia to build jet fighter, Associated Press (http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Apr15/ 0,4670,BrazilRussia,00.html) Australian Analysis of PAK-FA (http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2010-01.html) Flight videos and photos: Sukhoi PAK FA - Prospective Airborne Complex of Frontline Aviation (https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=q5DczexaufY) on YouTube Maiden flight video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxWZiSdWvns) on YouTube Photos of the first and second prototype of PAK FA (-50) in flight (2010-2011). (http://www.airliners.net/ search/photo.search?aircraft_genericsearch=&airlinesearch=&countrysearch=&specialsearch=&daterange=& keywords=foxbat+"T-50-"+-35+-30&range=&sort_order=photo_id+desc&page_limit=30& thumbnails=noinfo)

27

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

28

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

DHC-6 Twin Otter

A WinAir DHC-6 Twin Otter landing at St Barthelemy Gustaf III Airport. Role Manufacturer First flight Introduction Produced Number built Unit cost Developed from Developed into Utility aircraft de Havilland Canada Viking Air - (400 series) May 20, 1965 1966 19651988 (Series 100-300) 2008present (Series 400) 850+ $7,000,000 USD DHC-3 Otter de Havilland Canada Dash 7
[1]

The DHC-6 Twin Otter is a Canadian 19-passenger STOL (Short Takeoff and Landing) utility aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada and currently produced by Viking Air. The aircraft's fixed tricycle undercarriage, STOL abilities and high rate of climb have made it a successful cargo, regional passenger airliner and MEDEVAC aircraft. In addition, the Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations, and is used by the United States Army Parachute Team and the United States Air Force's 98th Flying Training Squadron.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

29

Design and development

Development of the aircraft began in 1964, with the first flight on May 20, 1965. A twin-engine replacement for the single-engine Otter retaining DHC's renowned STOL qualities, design features included double slotted trailing edge flaps and ailerons that work in unison with the flaps to boost STOL performance. The availability of the 550shp (410kW) Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6A-20 propeller turbine engine in the early 1960s made the concept of a twin more feasible. To bush operators, the improved reliability of turboprop power and the improved performance of a twin-engine configuration made it an immediately popular alternative to the single engine, piston-powered Otter which had been flying since 1951. The first six aircraft produced were designated Series 1, indicating that they were prototype aircraft. The initial production run consisted of Series 100 aircraft, serial number seven to 115 inclusive. In 1968, Series 200 production began with serial number 116. Changes made at the beginning of Series 200 production included improving the STOL performance, adding a longer nose that was equipped with a larger baggage compartment (except to aircraft fitted with floats) and fitting a larger door to the rear baggage compartment. All Series 1, 100 and 200 aircraft and their variants (110, 210) were fitted with the 550 shaft horsepower PT6A-20 engines. In 1969, the Series 300 was introduced, beginning with serial number 231. Both aircraft performance and payload were improved by fitting more powerful PT6A-27 engines. This was a 680hp (510kW) engine that was flat-rated to 620hp (460kW) for use in the Series 300 Twin Otter. The Series 300 proved to be the most successful variant by far, with 614 Series 300 aircraft and their sub-variants (Series 310 for United Kingdom operators, Series 320 for Australian operators, etc.) sold before production ended in 1988.

Aerovas DAP DHC-6 Series 300 at Puerto Williams

A Twin Otter making a normal landing approach in Queensland.

New production
First flight of the Series 400 technical demonstrator by Viking Air, October 1, 2008 After Series 300 production ended, the remaining tooling was purchased by Viking Air of Victoria, British Columbia, who manufacture replacement parts for all of the out of production de Havilland Canada aircraft. On February 24, 2006, Viking purchased the type certificates from Bombardier Aerospace for all the out of production de Havilland DHC-1 through DHC-7 aircraft.[2] The ownership of the certificates gives Viking the exclusive right to manufacture new aircraft.

On July 17, 2006, at the Farnborough Air Show, Viking Air announced its intention to offer a Series 400 Twin Otter. On April 2, 2007, Viking announced that with 27 orders and options in hand, it was restarting production of the Twin Otter, equipped with a more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34/35 engine.[3] As of November 2007, 40 firm orders and 10 options had been taken and a new final assembly plant established in Calgary, Alberta.[4][5] Zimex Aviation of Switzerland received the first new production aircraft, serial number 845, in July 2010.[6]

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Major changes introduced with the Series 400 include Honeywell Primus Apex fully integrated avionics, deletion of the AC electrical system, deletion of the beta backup system, modernization of the electrical and lighting system, and use of composites for non-load-bearing structures such as doors.[7] Announced orders Peruvian Air Force (12) Air Loyaute (2) Air Moorea (2) Air Seychelles (2) Airfast Indonesia (4)[8] European Coastal Airlines (6) Global Aerospace Logistics (GAL) (10), Order placed June 16, 2009 Loch Ard Otters (6 plus 6 options) Montenegro Charter Company (1)[9] Maldivian Air Taxi (2) Petro Air (1) Trans Maldivian Airways (5) United States Army Parachute Team (3)[10]

30

Vietnamese People's Navy (6)[11] Vityaz Avia Corporation (2) Zimex Aviation (1)

Operational history
Twin Otters could be delivered directly from the factory with floats, skis or tricycle landing gear fittings, making them adaptable bush planes for remote and northern areas including Canada and the United States, specifically Alaska. Many Twin Otters still serve in the far north, but they can also be found in Africa, Australia, Antarctica and other regions where bush planes are the optimum means of travel. Their versatility and maneuverability have made them popular in areas with difficult flying environments, including Papua New Guinea. In Norway, the Twin Otter paved the way for the network of short-field de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter on Beechey Island at seamen's graves of John airports, connecting the rural areas with the larger towns with Franklin expedition (Nunavut, Canada) c. 1997. outstanding reliability, and remained in service until 2000 on certain Note the tundra tires. routes. Widere of Norway was, at one time, the world's largest operator of Twin Otters. During one period of its tenure in Norway, the Twin Otter fleet achieved over 96,000 cycles (takeoff, flight and landing) per year. A number of commuter airlines in the United States got their start by operating Twin Otters in scheduled passenger operations. Houston Metro Airlines (which later changed its name to Metro Airlines) constructed their own STOLport airstrip with passenger terminal and maintenance hangar in Clear Lake City, Texas near the NASA Johnson Space Center. The Clear Lake City STOLport was specifically designed for Twin Otter operations. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), at one point Houston Metro operated 22 round trip flights every weekday between Clear Lake City (CLC) and Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH, now Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport) in a scheduled passenger airline shuttle operation. Houston Metro had agreements in place for connecting passenger feed services with Continental Airlines and Eastern Airlines at Houston Intercontinental,

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter with this major airport having a dedicated STOL landing area at the time specifically for Twin Otter flight operations. The Clear Lake City STOLport is no longer in existence. The Walt Disney World resort in Florida was also served with scheduled airline flights operated with Twin Otter aircraft. The Walt Disney World Airport (WDS), also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport, was a private airfield constructed by the Walt Disney Company with Twin Otter operations in mind. In the early 1970s, Shawnee Airlines operated scheduled Twin Otter flights between the Disney resort and nearby Orlando Jetport (MCO, now Orlando International Airport). This STOL airfield is no longer in use. Another commuter airline in the U.S., Rocky Mountain Airways, operated Twin Otters from the Lake County Airport in Leadville, CO. At an elevation of 9,927 feet above mean sea level, this airport is the highest airfield in the U.S. ever to have received scheduled passenger airline service, thus demonstrating the wide ranging flight capabilities exhibited by the Twin Otter. Rocky Mountain Airways went on to become the worldwide launch customer for the larger, four engine de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 STOL turboprop but continued to operate the Twin Otter as well. Larger airlines in the U.S. and Canada also flew Twin Otters. Alaska Airlines, the original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) and Wien Air Alaska were air carriers that flew Boeing 727 jetliners as well as earlier versions of the Boeing 737 jetliner at the time. All three airlines also operated Twin Otter aircraft. Ozark Airlines was primarily a Douglas DC-9 jetliner operator that also flew Twin Otters. In addition, Pacific Western Airlines (PWA) and Transair, Canadian air carriers that operated Boeing 737s, both flew Twin Otter aircraft as well. Two other Canadian airlines that flew Twin Otters, Time Air and Norcanair, also operated Fokker F28 Fellowship passenger jets. In many cases, the excellent operating economics of the Twin Otter allowed airlines large and small to provide scheduled passenger flights to communities that most likely would otherwise never have received air service. Twin Otters are also a staple of Antarctic transportation.[12] Four Twin Otters are employed by the British Antarctic Survey on research and supply flights, and several are employed by the United States Antarctic Program via contract with Kenn Borek Air. On April 2425, 2001, two Twin Otters performed the only winter flight to Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to perform a medical evacuation.[13][14][15][16] The Argentine Air Force has used them in Antarctica[17] since the 1970s with at least one of them deployed the whole year at Marambio Base[18] The Chilean Air Force has operated the type from 1980, usually having an example based at Presidente Frei Antarctic base of the South Shetland islands. As of August 2006, a total of 584 Twin Otter aircraft (all variants) remain in service worldwide. Major operators include: Libyan Arab Airlines (16), Maldivian Air Taxi (22), Trans Maldivian Airways (23), Kenn Borek Air (42)[19] and Scenic Airlines (11). Some 115 airlines operate smaller numbers of the aircraft including Yeti Airlines in Nepal, Malaysia Airlines which uses the Twin Otter exclusively for passenger and freight transportation to the Kelabit Highlands region in Air Greenland uses one of its Twin Otters for Sarawak, and in the United Kingdom the FlyBe franchise operator winter supply flights to the Summit Camp polar Loganair which uses the aircraft to service the island of Barra in the research station Hebrides islands. This scheduled service is unique as the aircraft lands on the beach and the schedule is partly influenced by the tide tables. The Twin Otter is also used for landing at the world's shortest commercial runway on the Caribbean island of Saba, Netherlands Antilles. Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources is also a long-time operator of the Twin Otter. Transport Canada still owns three DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft, but they now see very limited flying time, as their role in Coastal Surveillance has been assumed by a fleet of DHC-8s.[citation needed] The Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations. It can carry up to 22 skydivers to over 13,500ft[20] (a large load compared to most other aircraft in the industry); presently, the Twin Otter is used in

31

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter skydiving operations in many countries. The United States Air Force operates three Twin Otters for the United States Air Force Academy's skydiving team. On 26 April 2001, the first ever air rescue during polar winter from the South Pole occurred with a ski-equipped Twin Otter operated by Kenn Borek Air. On September 25, 2008, the Series 400 Technology Demonstrator achieved "power on" status in advance of an official rollout.[21][22] First flight of the Series 400 technical demonstrator, C-FDHT, took place October 1, 2008, at Victoria Airport.[23][24] Two days later, the aircraft departed Victoria for a ferry flight to Orlando, Florida, site of the 2008 National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Conference and exhibition. The first new build Series 400 Twin Otter (SN 845) made its first flight on February 16, 2010, in Calgary, Alberta.[25] Transport Canada presented Viking Air Limited with an amended DHC-6 Type Certificate including the Series 400 on July 21, 2010.

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Variants
DHC-6 Series 100 Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 550 shp (432kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A20 turboprop engines. DHC-6 Series 110 Variant of the Series 100 built to conform to BCAR (British Civil Air Regulations) DHC-6 Series 200 Improved version. DHC-6 Series 300 Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 620 shp (462kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprop engines. DHC-6 Series 300M Multi-role military transport aircraft. Two of these were produced as "proof-of-concept" demonstrators DHC-6 Series 310 Variant of the Series 300 built to conform to BCAR (British Civil Air Regulations) DHC-6 Series 320 Variant of the Series 300 built to conform to Australian Civil Air Regulations DHC-6 Series 300S Six demonstrator aircraft fitted with 11 seats, wing spoilers and an anti-skid braking system. DHC-6 Series 400 First delivered in July 2010, powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 or optional PT6A-35 Hot & High Performance engines, and available on standard landing gear, straight floats, amphibious floats, skis, wheel skis, or intermediate flotation landing gear. CC-138 Twin-engined STOL utility transport, search and rescue aircraft for the Canadian Forces. UV-18A
Viking Air built Series 400 in 2010 Air Seychelles de Havilland Canada DHC-300 Twin Otter on Bird Island, Seychelles.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft for the U.S. Army Alaska National Guard. Six built. It has been replaced by the C-23 Sherpa in US Army service. UV-18B Parachute training aircraft for the United States Air Force Academy. The United States Air Force Academy's 98th Flying Training Squadron maintains three[26] UV-18s in its inventory as freefall parachuting training aircraft,[27] and by the Academy Parachute Team, the Wings of Blue, for year-round parachuting operations. UV-18C United States Army designation for three Viking Air Series 400s ordered in 2012.[28]

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Operators & Former Operators

Civil operators
Former operators are listed where possible. Aeronaves Alimentadoras - Former operator, now defunct. Aviastar Mandiri Presidencia de la Repblica del Paraguay Volcanic Air Safaris Algeria Star Aviation Antigua and Barbuda Carib Aviation Leeward Islands Air Transport (LIAT) - Former operator. Australia Aeropelican - Former operator. Air Queensland - Former operator. Ansett Australia - Former operator. East-West Airlines (Australia) - Former operator. Flight West Airlines - Former operator. MacRobertson Miller Airlines - Former operator. Trans Australia Airlines - Former operator.
Loganair Twin Otter in British Airways Livery at Barra Airport

Transtate Airlines - Former operator. Macair Airlines - Former operator. Regional Pacific Airlines - Former operator. Canada Adlair Aviation Air BC - Former operator. Air Inuit Air Labrador Air Tindi Airtransit (defunct) Alkan Air Arctic Sunwest Charters Bradley Air Services Ltd - Former operator.

Trans Maldivian

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter First Air - Former operator. Harbour Air (current operator of the seaplane version) Kenn Borek Air Manitoba Government Air Services Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario) - forest firefighting Nakina Air Service Norcanair - Former operator. NorOntair - Former operator. North-Wright Airways North Cariboo Air - Former operator. Pacific Western Airlines (PWA) - Former operator. Provincial Airlines Sander Geophysics[29] Time Air - Former operator. Transair - Former operator. Transport Canada[citation needed] Transwest Air

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Viking Air West Coast Air - Former operator acquired by Harbour Air Cape Verde TACV Cabo Verde Airlines - Former Operator Cayman Islands Cayman Airways Chile Aerocord -operates former Los Cedros Aviacion Vistaliner Barrick Aerovas DAP LAN-Chile -former operator, passed aircraft onto Chilean AF Varmontt Air never operated though painted aircraft at Los Cerrillos during the early 2000 years. People's Republic of China China Flying Dragon Aviation Civil Aviation Administration of China - Former operator. Colombia Aerolnea de Antioquia Policia Nacional Colombiana Sociedad Aeronautica de Medellin - Former operator. Congo Lina Congo - Former operator Costa Rica Nature Air Croatia European Coastal Airlines Djibouti Air Djibouti

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Dominican Republic SAP Air Group East African Community East African Airways - Former operator. Finland Kar-Air Malmilento Skydiving Club of Finland - Former operator Fiji Pacific Sun France Air Antilles Express Air Carabes (a DHC-6-300 crashed in March 2001 near Saint Barthlemy airport,[30] Air Loyaut Greece AirSea Lines - Former operator Greenland Air Greenland Guyana Guyana Airways - Former operator. Iceland Air Iceland Norlandair Indonesia Airfast Indonesia Merpati Nusantara Airlines Susi Air Iran Iranian Naft Airlines Israel SkyKef[31] Ayit Aviation and Tourism[32] Jamaica Air Jamaica Express - Former operator Kenya Air Kenya KAL Aviation (KALAIR) Skytrail Air Safaris Laos Lao Air[33] Madagascar

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De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Air Madagascar Malaysia MASWings a subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines Maldives Maldivian Air Taxi Trans Maldivian Airways Mali Air Mali Malta Harbourair (Malta) Mauritius Air Mauritius Mexico Aeronaves Alimentadora Myanmar Hevilift Nepal Nepal Airlines Yeti Airlines Netherlands Antilles ALM Antillean Airlines - Former operator Dutch Caribbean Airlines - Former operator Windward Islands Airways New Zealand Mount Cook Airline - Former operator Norway Widere - Former operator NFK - Former operator Hoppfly AS Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines - Former operator Panama Aeroperlas - Former operator Air Panama Papua New Guinea Airlines PNG Hevilift PNG Mission Aviation Fellowship Portugal TAP Portugal - Former operator Puerto Rico

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De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Crown Air Dorado Wings So Tom and Prncipe Air So Tom and Prncipe Seychelles Air Seychelles Solomon Islands Solomon Airlines Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Airlines Suriname Blue Wing Airlines Gum Air Surinam Airways - Former operator Turkey Seabird Airlines Turks and Caicos Islands Air Turks and Caicos Sweden Crownair - Former operator Stockholm Fallskrmsklubb Swedair - Former operator Swedewings - Former Operator Syd Aero - Former operator Uganda East African Airways - former operator United Kingdom Aurigny Air Services (Channel Islands) - Former operator British Airways (operated by Loganair) - Former operator (for British Airways) British Antarctic Survey Jersey European Airways on some services from the Channel Islands in the 1980s - former operator Isles of Scilly Skybus Loganair operating a franchise from FlyBe. North London Skydiving Centre United States Air Illinois - Former operator. Air Pacific (commuter airline based in California) - Former operator. Air Serv International Air Wisconsin - Former operator. Alaska Aeronautical Industries (AAI) (scheduled passenger services in Alaska) - Former operator.

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Alaska Airlines - Former operator. Allegheny Commuter (operated by Southern Jersey Airways) - Former operator. Aloha Island Air - Former operator.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Bald Mountain Air Service Continental Express (operated by Rocky Mountain Airways) - Former operator. Crown Airways (Falls Creek, PA) - Former operator. Eastern Express (Metro Airlines divisions with Caribbean and U.S. domestic routes that provided passenger feed for Eastern Airlines at the San Juan International Airport (SJU) in Puerto Rico and also at Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH) in Texas) - Former operator. Era Aviation (operated code share services for Alaska Airlines in Alaska) - Former operator. Frontier Airlines (original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) - Former operator. Golden West Airlines - Former operator. Grand Canyon Airlines Hammond Air Service - Former operator. Hawaii Jet-Air - Former operator. Herman's Air (operating as MarkAir Express in Alaska) - Former operator. Houston Metro Airlines / Metro Airlines / Metroflight Airlines (wholly owned Metro holding company divisions) - Former operators. Mackey Airlines (also known as Mackey International) - Former operator. MarkAir Express - Former operator

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NewAir (Formally New Haven Air) - Former operator. Northern Airways - Former operator (subsequent name changes to Air North and then Brockway Air). Northern Consolidated Airlines (NCA) - Former operator (acquired by Wien Air Alaska which continued to operate these DHC-6 aircraft). Ozark Airlines - Former operator. Pilgrim Airlines - Former operator. Princeville Airways (acquired by Aloha Island Air) - Former operator. Rio Airways - Former operator. Rocky Mountain Airways - Former operator. Ross Aviation - Former operator. Royale Airlines - Former operator (aircraft acquired from Metro Airlines). Scenic Airlines Shawnee Airlines Southern Jersey Airlnes Sun Valley Airlines (name changes to Sun Valley Key Airlines and then Key Airlines) - Former operator. WestAir / WestAir Commuter Airlines - Former operator. Wien Air Alaska - Former operator. United States Virgin Islands Seaborne Airlines (current fleet includes landplane and seaplane versions) Vanuatu Air Vanuatu Venezuela Aeropostal - Former operator. Aereotuy - Former operator. Yemen Yemenia Airlines

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

39

Military and police operators

Afghanistan Argentina Argentine Air Force (Marambio Base) / LADE Argentine Army Argentine Navy Australia Australian Army Australian Army Aviation Benin Military of Benin Canada Royal Canadian Air Force - CC-138 (DHC-6-300) - Operated by 440 Transport Squadron in Yellowknife, NT Royal Canadian Mounted Police Chile Chilean Air Force Colombia Colombian National Police Ecuador Ecuadorian Air Force Ethiopia Ethiopian Air Force France French Air Force French Army Haiti Armed Forces of Haiti Jamaica Jamaica Defence Force Malaysia Mexico Mexican Air Force - Former operator. Mexican Navy - Former operator. Nepal Nepalese Army Air Service - Former operator. Nicaragua Nicaraguan Air Force Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force (Retired from active service) Panama
Twin Otter taking off from a gravel airstrip near Sila Lodge at Wager Bay (Ukkusiksalik National Park, Nunavut, Canada)

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Panamanian Air Force (until 1988) Philippines Philippine Air Force Paraguay Paraguayan Air Force Peru Peruvian Air Force (12 series-400 recently purchase + 5 legacy series) Peruvian Navy Sudan Sudanese Air Force Switzerland Swiss Air Force Uganda Ugandan Air Force Uganda Police Force Air Wing United States United States Air Force United States Army National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Vietnam Ordered by Vietnamese Navy, delivery expected 2012-2014[34]

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Notable accidents and incidents

On March 20, 1973, a DHC-6 operated by the Saudi government crashed into a mountain in Italy, killing all 18 people on board. On June 29, 1972, a DHC-6 operating as Air Wisconsin Flight 671 with eight people on board collided in mid-air over Lake Winnebago near Appleton, Wisconsin, with North Central Airlines Flight 290, a Convair CV-580 carrying five people. Both aircraft crashed into the lake, killing all 13 people on board.[35] On July 11, 1972, a Norwegian Air Force DHC-6 crashed into a mountain on Grytya, killing all 17 people on board. The pilot was later discovered to have been drunk. December 21, 1972, a Air France DHC-6 crashed into the ocean en route from Guadeloupe to Princess Juliana International Airport, killing all 11 passengers on board along with both pilots. On January 18, 1978, a Frontier Airlines DHC-6 crashed during a training flight in Pueblo, Colorado killing all three crew members.[36] On November 18, 1978, a DHC-6 flown to Guyana to rescue Americans from the Jonestown cult was shot up by cultists and abandoned on the Port Kaituma airstrip. On July 31, 1981, a Panamanian Air Force (FAP-205) DHC-6 crashed during flight, killing all seven people on board including President Omar Torrijos (see Panamanian Air Force FAP-205 crash).[37] On February 21, 1982, Pilgrim Airlines Flight 438, a schedule 2 commuter passenger flight, made an emergency landing on the northwest branch of the Scituate Reservoir near Providence, Rhode Island. One passenger was killed, eight passengers had serious injuries. On March 11, 1982, Widere Flight 933 crashed into the Barents Sea near Gamvik, Norway killing all 15 people on board. Despite allegations of a mid-air collision with a military aircraft, a total of four official different investigations over 25 years all concluded the cause to be severe clear-air turbulence. The incident remains highly

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter controversial in Norway. On June 14, 1986, while on a search mission, a Canadian Armed Forces Twin Otter (Serial number cc13807), crashed in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, resulting in the deaths of the military crew of three and five civilian spotters of CASARA. On June 18, 1986, a Grand Canyon Airlines DHC-6 collided with a Bell 206 helicopter, resulting in the death of all 20 people on board the DHC-6 and all five people on board the helicopter. On October 28, 1989, Aloha Island Air Flight 1712 crashed in a mountain on approach to Hoolehua Airport at Molokai, Hawaii. The crash killed all 20 on board.[38] On April 12, 1990, Widere Flight 839 crashed in the ocean outside Vry, Norway due to wind, killing all the five people on board. Vry Airport was closed following the accident. On February 14, 1991, an Ecuadorian Air Force DHC-6 crashed into a mountain, killing the pilot and all 21 passengers on board. On April 22, 1992, a Perris Valley Skydiving DHC-6 lost power at Perris Valley Airport in California, crashing 200 feet (61m) past the runway, killing 14 skydivers and two crew on board; six skydivers survived.[39] On 27 October 1993, Widere Flight 744, operated by a Twin Otter, crashed while approaching Namsos Airport, Hknesra en route from Trondheim Airport, Vrnes, killing the crew and four passengers. A total of 13 survived the crash.

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On 10 January 1995, a Merpati Nusantara Airlines Twin Otter (Flight 6715) disappeared on a scheduled flight from Bima Airport to Satartacik Airport, Ruteng, Indonesia with the loss of 4 crew and 10 passengers. It appears to have crashed in the Molo Strait in bad weather.[40] On November 30, 1996, an Aces DHC-6 crashed in the cerro el Barcino mountains 8km. from Aeropuerto Enrique Olaya Herrera in Medellin, Colombia, resulting in the death of 15 people, two crew and thirteen passengers on the ground.[41] On March 24, 2001, an Air Carabes DHC-6 crashed in the mountains near Gustaf III Airport on Saint Barthlemy in the French West Indies, resulting in the death of 17 passengers, two crew and one person on the ground.[42] On August 9, 2007, Air Moorea Flight 1121 crashed shortly after taking off from Moorea Temae Airport in French Polynesia; the plane was bound for Tahiti. All 20 occupants, including 19 passengers and one crew member, were killed.[43] On May 6, 2007, a French Air Force DHC-6 in support of the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai Peninsula crashed, killing one Canadian and eight French peacekeepers.[44] On October 8, 2008, a Yeti Airlines DHC-6 was destroyed on landing at Lukla in Nepal; 16 passengers and two crew died in the incident, only the pilot survived.[45] On August 2, 2009, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 9760 crashed in Indonesia about 22 kilometres (14mi) north of Oksibil. All 16 people on board were killed.[46] On August 11, 2009, Airlines PNG Flight 4684 crashed whilst en route from Port Moresby to Kokoda in Papua New Guinea, killing all 13 on board.[47] On December 15, 2010, a DHC-6 Crashed in Nepal. All 22 passengers and crew on board were killed.[48] On January 20, 2011, a Twin Otter Crashed in Ecuador. Six military passengers died.[49] On August 24, 2011, a DHC-6 Twin Otter (9M-MDM), operating as MH3516 from Miri to Lawas crash landed 5 meters short off the river at the end of the Lawas Airport runway; however, all 18 persons on board the aircraft survived, with no serious injuries. On September 22, 2011, a DHC-6 float plane crashed in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, clipping a condominium and crashing in the street killing two and injuring seven.[50] On 23 January 2013, C-GKBC (c/n:650), a Kenn Borek Air DHC-6 Twin Otter skiplane went missing over the Queen Alexandra Range in Antarctica. On board the plane were 3 Canadians. The plane had been en route from the South Pole to Terra Nova Bay. Wreckage was found on Mount Elizabeth on the 25th, the crash was said to be

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter unsurvivable. On 16 May 2013, Nepal Airlines Flight 555 from Pokhara (PKR) to Jomsom (JMO) veered left off of the runway after touching down at Jomsom and went down the slope to the Kaligandaki river. The aircraft stopped at the bank of the river, with the left wing in the water. Three crew and four passengers received serious injuries, and 15 passengers received minor or no injuries. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

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Specifications
Source:[51]

DHC-6 Series 100 Flight deck crew Seating Length Wingspan Wing area Empty weight 5,850llb (2,653kg) 19

DHC-6 Series 300 1-2 20 51ft9in (15.77m) 65ft0in (19.8m) 420sqft (39m2) 7,415llb (3,363kg) 19ft4in (5.9m)

DHC-6 Series 400

6,880lb (3,121kg)

Height Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) Maximum landing weight 10,500lb (4,763kg) 10,500lb (4,763kg) 160 knots (297km/h at cruise altitude)

12,500lb (5,670kg) 12,300lb (5,579kg) 170 knots (314km/h at cruise altitude)

Maximum speed

Cruise speed Stall speed Range (Max fuel, no payload) Maximum fuel capacity

150 knots (278km/h at cruise altitude) 58 knots (107km/h at cruise altitude) (landing configuration) 771nmi (1,427km) 775nmi (1,434km) 799nmi (1480km) 989nmi (1832km)with long range tankage 378US gal (1466L) 478US gal (1811L) with long range tankage 26,700ft (8138m)

382US gal (1,447L)

375US gal (1421L)

Service ceiling

25,000ft (7,620m)

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

43
Pratt & Whitney PT6A-27 1,600ft/min (8.1m/s) 0.12hp/lb (0.20kW/kg) Pratt & Whitney PT6A-34 / PT6A-35 turboprop

Powerplants (2)

Pratt & Whitney PT6A-20

Rate of climb Power/mass

References
Notes
[1] Series 400 Twin Otter Sales Expand Worldwide (http:/ / www. aero-news. net/ index. cfm?do=main. textpost& id=67ead195-8fcb-4d66-8fd9-8d34d84f0af1) [2] "Viking Acquires De Havilland Type Certificates." (http:/ / aiabc. com/ artman/ publish/ printer_47. shtml) aiabc.com, February 24, 2006. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [3] "Viking restarts Twin Otter production." (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ Articles/ 2007/ 04/ 02/ 212989/ viking-restarts-twin-otter-production. html) flightglobal.com, April 2, 2007. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [4] Sarsfield, Kate. "Viking Twin Otter Series 400 certification approaches." (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ articles/ 2010/ 02/ 03/ 337923/ viking-twin-otter-series-400-certification-approaches. html) Flightglobal', February 3, 2010. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [5] "News releases." (http:/ / www. vikingair. com/ content. aspx?id=82) Viking Air. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [6] "Twin Otter - Zimex Aviation." (http:/ / www. zimex. ch/ home/ fleet/ twin-otter. aspx) zimex.ch. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [7] Phelps, Mark. "Updated Twin Otter Takes Off." (http:/ / www. flyingmag. com/ news/ 1156/ updated-twin-otter-takes-off. html) flyingmag.com, October 16, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [8] vikingair.com (http:/ / www. vikingair. com/ content. aspx?id=6586) [9] "New Country Opens up for DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 400." (http:/ / www. aviation. ca/ content/ view/ 5968/ 1/ ) afhra.af.mil, July 24, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [10] "Viking Lands Three Orders for New Twin Otter Series 400 Aircraft from U.S. Army." (http:/ / www. vikingair. com/ content. aspx?id=304) vikingair.com, March 18, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [11] "Vietnamese Navy Orders DHC-6 Twin-Otter 400s." (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ Vietnamese-Navy-Orders-DHC-6-Twin-Otter-400s-06373/ ) Defence Industry Daily, May 5, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2011. [12] "NSF PR 01-29 Civilian Aircraft to Evacuate South Pole Patient." (http:/ / www. nsf. gov/ od/ lpa/ news/ press/ 01/ pr0129. htm) nsf.gov. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [13] "2001Doctor Evacuated from the South Pole." (http:/ / www. 70south. com/ resources/ evacuations/ 2001-southpole) www.70south.com. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [14] Williams, Jeff. "Pilot says pole flight wasn't his most challenging." (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ news/ science/ cold-science/ doctor/ 2001-04-27-pilot. htm) usatoday.com. [15] "Pilots return after historic South Pole rescue." (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ news/ story/ 2001/ 05/ 03/ antarctic_bas_010503. html) cbc.ca/news. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [16] "Aircraft in Antarctica: British Antarctic Survey." (http:/ / www. antarctica. ac. uk/ living_and_working/ aircraft_and_vehicles/ aircraft/ index. php) antarctica.ac.uk. Retrieved: December 31, 2007. [17] "Official picture." (http:/ / www. fuerzaaerea. mil. ar/ material/ images/ foto_twinotter. png) fuerzaaerea.mil. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [18] Hulcazuk, Sergio. "Twin Otter: El castor patagonico." (http:/ / www. aeroespacio. com. ar/ site/ anteriores/ 520-528/ 524/ castor. htm) aeroespacio.com. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [19] "Fleet." (http:/ / www. borekair. com/ index. php/ our-fleet) Kenn Borek Air. Retrieved: June 29, 2011. [20] "Skydive Orange Capacity and Altitude." (http:/ / www. skydiveorange. com/ Otter. htm) skydiveorange.com. Retrieved: October 19, 2008. [21] "Viking Twin Otter Series 400 Achieves Power On." (http:/ / www. vikingair. com/ content. aspx?id=1742) vikingair.com, September 25, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [22] "Twin Otter Shakes Its Wings Over Victoria Skies." (http:/ / www. canada. com/ vancouversun/ news/ business/ story. html?id=0b77b24c-42d4-45b4-a3d6-cf36ba3fdda9) canada.com, October 2, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [23] "First Flight For New Twin Otter A "Boring" Success." (http:/ / www. canada. com/ victoriatimescolonist/ news/ story. html?id=4a051728-a3a4-40b0-9c96-3384f2b9690b) canada.com, October 1, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [24] Padfield, R. Randall and Matt Thurber. "Revived Twin Otter Makes First Flight." (http:/ / www. ainonline. com/ news/ single-news-page/ article/ revived-twin-otter-makes-first-flight/ ) ainonline.com, October 8, 2008. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [25] "Twin Otter Series 400 completes maiden sortie." (http:/ / www. flightglobal. com/ articles/ 2010/ 02/ 17/ 338513/ twin-otter-series-400-completes-maiden-sortie. html) flightglobal.com, February 17, 2010. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [26] "94 FTS Fact Sheet." (http:/ / www. afhra. af. mil/ factsheets/ factsheet. asp?id=11949) afhra.af.mil. Retrieved: August 12, 2009. [27] "UV-18." (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ aircraft/ uv-18. htm) globalsecurity.org. Retrieved: August 12, 2009. [28] Army developing new fixed-wing aircraft (http:/ / www. army. mil/ article/ 88332/ Army_developing_new_fixed_wing_aircraft/ )

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[29] "Sander Geophysics Acquires Twin Otter Survey Aircraft." (http:/ / sgl. com/ news/ SGL Twin Otter Press Release. pdf) Sander Geophysics, July 13, 2010. Retrieved: June 23, 2010. [30] St Barth: le crash du col de la Tourmente (http:/ / www. crashdehabsheim. net/ autre crash st barth. htm) (12 pictures, a trajectory map, a document from french Accident Inquiry Bureau aka BEA) [31] "Our Plane." (http:/ / skykef. co. il/ index. php?page=14/ ) Skykef, 2010. Retrieved: September 27, 2010. [32] The Israeli aviation history site (http:/ / www. merchav-aviri. org/ t62/ tiki-index. php?page=+ + ), 2012. (Hebrew). [33] Lao Air Fleet (http:/ / www. lao-air. com/ fleet. php) [34] "Vietnamese Navy Orders DHC-6 Twin-Otter 400s." (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ Vietnamese-Navy-Orders-DHC-6-Twin-Otter-400s-06373/ ) Defense Industry Daily, 2010. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [35] National "Aircraft Accident Report North Central Airlines, Inc., Allison Convair 340/440 (CV-580), N90858, and Air Wisconsin, Inc., DHC-6, N4043B, Near Appleton, Wisconsin, June 29, 1972, adopted April 25, 1973." (http:/ / libraryonline. erau. edu/ online-full-text/ ntsb/ aircraft-accident-reports/ AAR73-09. pdf) Transportation Safety Board Report Number NTSB-AAR-73-09. Retrieved: November 18, 2011. [36] "Deaths in the Family." (http:/ / fal-1. tripod. com/ ObitsPilots. html) Frontier Airlines Deaths. Retrieved: August 24, 2010. [37] "24 years after the accident." (http:/ / mensual. prensa. com/ mensual/ contenido/ 2005/ 03/ 05/ hoy/ portada/ 152861. html) Prensa. Retrieved: March 5, 2005. [38] NTSB Aircraft Accident Report (http:/ / www. airdisaster. com/ reports/ ntsb/ AAR90-05. pdf) NTSB, January 3, 1990. [39] "Perris Valley Aviation Services DHC-6." (http:/ / www. ntsb. gov/ doclib/ recletters/ 1994/ A94_16_19. pdf) NTSB, February 17, 1994. Retrieved: August 27, 2013. [40] Ranter, Harro and Fabian I. Lujan. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 300 PK-NUK Molo Strait." (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ database/ record. php?id=19950110-0) Aviation Safety Network, 2011. Retrieved: June 27, 2011. [41] (in Spanish) [42] "Accident survenu le 24 mars 2001 sur lle de Saint-Barthlemy (971) au DHC-6-300 Twin-Otter immatricul F-OGES exploit par Carabes Air Transpor" (in French). (http:/ / www. bea. aero/ docspa/ 2001/ f-es010324e/ pdf/ f-es010324e. pdf) Bureau d'Enqutes et d'Analyses pour la Scurit de l'Aviation Civile, October 7, 2001. [43] Clark, Amy S. "20 Thought Dead In Pacific Plane Crash." (http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/ stories/ 2007/ 08/ 09/ world/ main3154155. shtml) CBS News, August 9, 2007. [44] "Accident description: L'Arme de L'Air 742/CB." (http:/ / aviation-safety. net/ database/ record. php?id=20070506-0) Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: December 15, 2009. [45] "Crash." (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 7658258. stm) BBC News. Retrieved: October 8, 2008. [46] Hradecky, Simon. "Crash: Merpati DHC6 aircraft impacted mountain." (http:/ / avherald. com/ h?article=41d9f230) Aviation Herald, October 16, 2009. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [47] "Mixed weather reported before PNG plane crashed." (http:/ / www. news. com. au/ breaking-news/ world/ mixed-weather-reported-before-png-plane-crashed/ story-e6frfkui-1225760740330) The Australian, August 2, 2009. Retrieved: May 15, 2010. [48] , Shrestha, Manesh. "22 dead in Nepal plane crash." (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2010/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 12/ 15/ nepal. plane. crash/ index. html?hpt=T2) CNN, December 15, 2010. Retrieved: February 2, 2012. [49] "Honores de la FAE para seis vctimas de accidente" (in Portuguese). (http:/ / www. eluniverso. com/ 2011/ 01/ 22/ 1/ 1447/ honores-fae-seis-victimas-accidente. html?p=1355A& m=2160) eluniverso.com, January 20, 2011. Retrieved: February 2, 2012. [50] "Yellowknife plane crash kills 2 people." (http:/ / www. cbc. ca/ news/ canada/ north/ story/ 2011/ 09/ 22/ north-plane-house. html) CBC, September 22, 2011. Retrieved: February 2, 2012. [51] "Twin Otter Series 400." (http:/ / www. vikingair. com/ content2. aspx?id=276) Viking. Retrieved: June 16, 2012.

44

Bibliography Hotson, Fred W. The de Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1983. ISBN 0-07-549483-3. Rossiter, Sean. Otter & Twin Otter: The Universal Airplanes. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1998. ISBN 1-55054-637-6.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter

45

External links
Viking Air (http://www.vikingair.com) Bush planes (http://www.bush-planes.com) Ambient cabin audio of a skydiver load in a Twin Otter to 15,000 feet and back again (http://media.libsyn.com/ media/airspeed/AirspeedListenOtter.mp3) Cockpit intercom audio of a skydiver load in a Twin Otter, including demonstration of flight characteristics (http:/ /media.libsyn.com/media/airspeed/AirspeedOtter2.mp3) Viking Twin Otter 400 (http://www.vikingair.com/content2.aspx?id=276) stockholm Fallskrmsklubb (Stockholm Skydive Club) (http://www.skydive.se)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Yap, JForget, Jason Quinn, JetLover, Jjoy3646, Joep01, John, John Smith's, Johnxxx9, Julnap, KGyST, KJSatz, Karl Dickman, Kazuaki Shimazaki, KhaosRyder, Khathi, Klemen Kocjancic, Kool777456, Kwiki, Kyteto, Kut, LHCo, LMFS, LUCPOL, Leandrod, Lecen, Leo db, Leszek Jaczuk, Lgfcd, LilHelpa, Little Mountain 5, Lokantha, LokiiT, Longbowman, Lonnic, Lostromantic, LovesMacs, Ltr,ftw, MER-C, MTWEmperor, Madedd, Madhero88, MaeseLeon, Magioladitis, Magus732, Maikel, Mallexikon, Manmohanth, Manticore, Marbod Egerius, Marimvibe, Masterblooregard, MastermindPrime, Mathieu121, Matrek, Me289, Merits4, Mic of orion, Midgetman433, Mike Rosoft, MilborneOne, Mild Bill Hiccup, MoRsE, Momo9000, MoopleBird, Muaythai101, Mundhravinit, Mushadow, Mythsearcher, Mztourist, N00b0l0l, Nanobear, Ndenison, Ndyguy, Nem1yan, NerdyNSK, Ng.j, Nick-D, Nickispeaki, Nigel Ish, Nikitagranger, Nirvana888, Nohomers48, Octane, Orjen, Ospalh, OuroborosCobra, Pakfa, Percommode, Pinethicket, Piofinn, Plamkii, PotholesInMyLawn, Prari, Prashanthns, Prodego, Profhobby, Pupster21, Pycb, Pycbl, Pycckue, Quaeler, Quandapanda, RaaGoneFishing, Rahlgd, RajatKansal, Rama, Randomanon, RaptorR3d, Raskiy, Reader505, Redemptionless, Regicide1649, Restling, Rifleman 82, Rinju9, Rlest, Rogerborg, Ronaldo14, RottweilerCS, RovingPersonalityConstruct, Rulexip, Russavia, Rwalker, Rzsor, SDY, SH9002, Sachinnichani, Saiga12, Samar60, Sardanaphalus, Sardar17, Schanill, Segregator236, Senor Freebie, Shadowjams, Shaq 1k, Shovon76, SidewinderX, Silatonov, Sjsabby, Skandaprasadn, Skier Dude, Skrip00, SkyWalker, Slipknotrock88, Smiteri, Socrates2008, Sonicology, Sp33dyphil, Spartian, Starcraftmazter, Starkiller88, Steelneil, Strike Eagle, SukhoiT50PAKFA, SuperGalactic, Superzohar, Svalappil, T-50PAKFA, Tabercil, Tabletop, Tarun7kl, Tbhotch, Terra Novus, Tetromino, The Bushranger, The Thing That Should Not Be, The ed17, TheGerm, Thiruphathy, Tide rolls, Tiptoety, Titodutta, Tokomac, Tony1992, Topsmi, Trevor MacInnis, Ty3uk, USMA, USliferzon, Ummonk, Urwumpe, Vanished user aqpoi4u3tijsrfi, Varun9132, VladimirKorablin, WBardwin, Walle83, Whywhenwhohow, Wikinegern, Willy turner, Wingman4l7, Woohoo42, X ShAdoWFaX 415, XLerate, XaHyMaH, Xander Deathstalker, Xander555, Yintan, Z07x10, ZDanimal, Zabanio, Zachjeli, Zazpot, inn, , !, , 1008 anonymous edits De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572998868 Contributors: 2Q, 777sms, Abd747, AdrianArcher, Againme, Ahunt, Alai, Alers, Algkalv, Andrwsc, Angusmclellan, Ansgar Walk, Antonio Luis Sapienza, AntonioMartin, Appraiser, Apskelett, Arcandam, Archer8849, Ardfern, Attilios, Auntof6, BD2412, Ben Ben, Bigforrap, BilCat, Bill-on-the-Hill, Bloggins762, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bombardierq300, Bonzi, Browning ave, Brutaldeluxe, Bzuk, CambridgeBayWeather, Cattac, Ceancata, Change1211, Cheesy mike, Chesipiero, Chris j wood, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Chrislk02, ClamDip, Cornellrockey, Correctemundo, Croacting77, Crwesq@gmail.com, Dan6hell66, Dawkeye, Degen Earthfast, Delta 51, Delta407, Denni, Dewritech, Diego alfa2, Dj6969, Douglas dss, Duositex, Elclavicula, Eli1995qpqp, Emt147, Ericg, Erjik, EugeneZelenko, FDrummondH, Fawcett5, Flyguy649, Flying727, Flyingkanga, Fnlayson, Fudoreaper, GPS73, Gaius Cornelius, GangstaEB, Gene Nygaard, Geo Swan, Gertjan R., GraemeHerbert, GraemeLeggett, Grandmartin11, GreatWhiteNortherner, Greg Salter, Greyengine5, Gsarwa, HU Pilot, Harryzilber, Hayabusa future, Hemlokk, Hossen27, Hpskiii, Hu, Ilikepie2221, Isaacada1, James "Doc" Crabtree, Jamilz, Jcmurphy, Jetstreamer, JohnSheppard25, Jor70, Kapesin, Kelisi, Klunz, Krellis, Ktotam, Leonard G., Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Ljwobker, Lommer, Los688, M.nelson, Mahudhy, Marc Lacoste, Markus094, Maury Markowitz, Maximus Rex, MbahGondrong, McSly, Mdewit, Mdnavman, Meggar, MelioraCogito, Mexcellent, MilborneOne, Milstuffxyz, Mogism, Moochooser, Motopictet, Mtpaley, Mtruch, Narayansg, Nardisoero, Ncarfra, Ndunruh, Netopyr-e, Ng.j, Niaz, Nick Number, Nimbus227, Nmac-YK, NorthnBound, Ntroncos, NummerSechs, Nyttend, O-Man613, OhanaUnited, Olh, Optimist on the run, Ori, OverlordQ, PWilkinson, PanEuropean, Per80, Pietrow, Pmpat, Punjabi90210, Raymondwinn, Reedy, Reinhard Kraasch, Rklawton, Rlandmann, RobNS, Robfwoods, Romeotango, Russavia, RuthAS, Saigon punkid, Salamurai, Samuell, Searcher 1990, ShipFan, Skyduster, Skyraider1, Slysplace, Snowmanradio, Soxr, Sparkignitor, Spinningspark, Stahlkocher1, Stifle, Sun Creator, Sylvain Mielot, Tamizi ts, Tedd, Textorus, The Bushranger, The Rambling Man, TheCesspit, Thebuisnessman, Thewalrus, Tim macready, Timbouctou, Tntdj, Tobsterz58, Toddlamb, Todowd, Tom L-C, Tom MacPherson, Tomyip123, Toredidsined, Toubletap, Trevor MacInnis, Trotterjt, Ts91, Vclaw, ViperPilot, Wakemp, Wangi, WhisperToMe, Will Beback, William M. Connolley, WilliamJE, Witan, Wodawik, YSSYguy, Yuriybrisk, Zaidpjd, Zakumi2010ful, Zyxw, 573 ,55 , anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Sukhoi Su-37 at Farnborough 1996 airshow.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-37_at_Farnborough_1996_airshow.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Mike Freer File:Su-37 Kulbit.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-37_Kulbit.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Henrickson at en.wikipedia File:Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-35 Belyakov.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_Su-35_Belyakov.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Oleg Belyakov File:Nuvola apps kview.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuvola_apps_kview.svg License: unknown Contributors: Ch1902, Saibo file:Searchtool.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Searchtool.svg License: GNU Lesser General Public License Contributors: Anomie File:Sukhoi Su-27SKM at MAKS-2005 airshow.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27SKM_at_MAKS-2005_airshow.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Dmitriy Pichugin File:Sukhoi T-10 701 and Mil V-12.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-10_701_and_Mil_V-12.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dammit, Hohum, Jno, Nockson, Sp33dyphil, Ustas File:Su-27 05.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_05.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown File:Su-27 Cobra 2b.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_Cobra_2b.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: en:User:Henrickson File:Su-27 armament.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_armament.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Victor12 at en.wikipedia File:Su-27SM3 flight, Celebration of the 100th anniversary of Russian Air Force.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27SM3_flight,_Celebration_of_the_100th_anniversary_of_Russian_Air_Force.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Vitaly V. Kuzmin File:Sukhoi Su-27UB Belyakov.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27UB_Belyakov.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Oleg Belyakov File:Su-27 Red 36.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_Red_36.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Sapphiresoul File:Su27K (Su33) DD-SD-99-06153.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su27K_(Su33)_DD-SD-99-06153.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ardfern, Dammit, Droni4ch, High Contrast, Joshbaumgartner, Megapixie, Nockson, Pibwl File:Sukhoi Su-27 operators.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27_operators.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Noclador File:Flag of Angola.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Angola.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Source: 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Ricordisamoa, SKopp, Smooth O, Spiritia, ThomasPusch, Torstein, Wsiegmund, Xoristzatziki, Zscout370, 16 anonymous edits File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: unknown Contributors: -xfiFile:Flag of Russia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Sby, colors by Zscout370 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Belarus.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: A1, Ahmadi, Alex Smotrov, Alvis Jean, Art-top, BagnoHax, Beetsyres34, Brandmeister, Counny, Cycn, Denniss, Dynamicwork, ELeschev, Endless-tripper, Ericmetro, EugeneZelenko, F l a n k e r, Fred J, Fry1989, G.dallorto, Garynysmon, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Jake Wartenberg, MaggotMaster, MrAustin390, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Palosirkka, Patrickpedia, PeaceKeeper97, Pianist, R-41, Rainforest tropicana, Sebyugez, Skeezix1000, Solbris, Storkk, Str4nd, Tabasco, ThomasPusch, Toben, Twilight Chill, Xgeorg, Zscout370, , 4, 65 anonymous edits File:Russian Knights Tkachenko tribute flight Mishin.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russian_Knights_Tkachenko_tribute_flight_Mishin.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Alexander Mishin File:Su-27 Red 27 at Central Armed Forces Museum 09.09.2012.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Su-27_Red_27_at_Central_Armed_Forces_Museum_09.09.2012.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Mt hg File:SUKHOI Su-27 FLANKER.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SUKHOI_Su-27_FLANKER.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: SUKHOI_Su-27_FLANKER.png: USA army derivative work: Malyszkz (talk) File:Sukhoi T-50 Beltyukov.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_Beltyukov.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Alex Beltyukov File:Sukhoi T-50 Pichugin 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_Pichugin_2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Dmitry Pichugin File:Sukhoi T-50 MAKS'11 Zherdin.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_MAKS'11_Zherdin.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Dmitry Zherdin File:Sukhoi T-50 Pichugin.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_T-50_Pichugin.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Dmitry Pichugin File:PAK FA AESA maks2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAK_FA_AESA_maks2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Allocer File:PAK FA T 50 compressor stall on MAKS 2011.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAK_FA_T_50_compressor_stall_on_MAKS_2011.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Rulexip File:-50 3 views.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:-50_3_views.svg License: Creative 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Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Paneuropean File:Twin Otter 4 1997-08-02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Twin_Otter_4_1997-08-02.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Ansgar Walk File:Kangerlussuaq-airport-air-greenland-dhc6.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kangerlussuaq-airport-air-greenland-dhc6.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Algkalv (talk) File:DHC-300 Twin Otter 300 Air Seychelles.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DHC-300_Twin_Otter_300_Air_Seychelles.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Tribalninja

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:C-FMJO-VikingTwinOtter-845.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:C-FMJO-VikingTwinOtter-845.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: MilborneOne File:Plane arrival at Barra Airport.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plane_arrival_at_Barra_Airport.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Contributors: Sue Jackson File:Flag of Algeria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp. File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn File:Flag of Australia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Aircraft at Kuredu.JPG Source: 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Fibonacci, Fry1989, Fsopolonezcaro, Herbythyme, Huhsunqu, Kallerna, Kanonkas, Klemen Kocjancic, Kyro, MAXXX-309, Mattes, McZusatz, Mozzan, Nagy, Nightstallion, Piastu, Pixeltoo, Pumbaa80, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Srtxg, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Xarucoponce, Yakoo, Yonatanh, Zscout370, 49 anonymous edits File:Flag of Colombia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: SKopp File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: 2A01:E34:EE87:33C0:D48A:1BA2:4755:F83B, Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Courcelles, Denelson83, Erlenmeyer, Estrilda, FischersFritz, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, LA2, Madden, Mattes, Moyogo, Neq00, Nightstallion, Persiana, Ratatosk, Romaine, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Thuresson, 4 anonymous edits File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Source: 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File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Boricuaeddie, Bruce1ee, Davepape, Duduziq, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, KBarnett, Kilom691, Klemen Kocjancic, Kounoupidi, Krnerbrtchen, Ludger1961, Mattes, Nishkid64, Odder, Reisio, SKopp, SamBlob, Sarang, SiBr4, The Evil IP address, Wknight94, Zscout370, 31 anonymous edits File:Flag of Kenya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Pumbaa80 File:Flag of Laos.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Achim1999, Ah Cong Strike, AnonMoos, Arteyu, Avala, Cycn, DarknessVisitor, Denniss, Dschwen, Duduziq, Er Komandante, Fastily, Fibonacci, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Morio, Nick, Odder, Ranking Update, Reisio, Rocket000, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Tryphon, VAIO HK, Zscout370, , 20 anonymous edits File:Flag of Maldives.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: user:Nightstallion File:Flag of Mali.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mali.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Malta.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malta.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, Cycn, Fry1989, Gabbe, Hedwig in Washington, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Meno25, Nightstallion, Peeperman, Prev, Pumbaa80, Ratatosk, Rodejong, SiBr4, Zscout370, 6 anonymous edits File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the arms by Juan Gabino. File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: *drew, AnonMoos, CommonsDelinker, Cycn, Duduziq, Fry1989, Gunkarta, Homo lupus, Idh0854, Josegeographic, Klemen Kocjancic, Legnaw, Mason Decker, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, Pixeltoo, Rfc1394, Rodejong, SeNeKa, SiBr4, Stevanb, ThomasPusch, UnreifeKirsche, Vividuppers, WikipediaMaster, Winzipas, Xiengyod, Zscout370, , 10 anonymous edits File:Flag of Nepal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, Arria Belli, Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, George Ho, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic, MAXXX-309, Mamndassan, Mattes, Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, SiBr4, Tabasco, TintoMeches, Transparent Blue, Vsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 40 anonymous edits File:Flag of Norway.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dbenbenn File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Flag of Panama.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Panama.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: -xfi-, Addicted04, Alkari, Cycn, Duduziq, Fadi the philologer, Fry1989, Huhsunqu, Hystrix, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Nightstallion, Ninane, Pumbaa80, Reisio, Rfc1394, SiBr4, TFCforever, Thomas81, ThomasPusch, Zscout370, , -, 19 anonymous edits File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Nightstallion File:Flag of Portugal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Madden File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Gabbe File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp

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File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Suriname.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: ALE!, Alkari, Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Bouwe Brouwer, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Iketsi, Klemen Kocjancic, Kookaburra, Krun, Mattes, Mikewazhere, Mmxx, Nightstallion, Pfctdayelise, Reisio, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, Zscout370, 17 anonymous edits File:Flag of Turkey.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: David Benbennick (original author) File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, Denelson83, Duduziq, Finavon, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Krun, Lokal Profil, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, SiBr4 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Uganda.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Nightstallion File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Good Olfactory, Mifter File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Mikiofpersia, Neq00, Nightstallion, OAlexander, PeterSymonds, Vzb83 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, Bastique, Cycn, Denelson83, DerFussi, Fry1989, George McFinnigan, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Infrogmation, K21edgo, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, Rupert Pupkin, Sarang, SiBr4, ThomasPusch, Unukalhai, Vzb83, Wikisole, Zscout370, 13 anonymous edits File:Flag of Yemen.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: File:Twin Otter 7a 1996-07-29.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Twin_Otter_7a_1996-07-29.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Ansgar Walk File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Government of Argentina (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn) File:Flag of Benin.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Benin.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: (colours and size changes of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion Coat of arms :Lokal_Profil and Myriam Thyes File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg License: Attribution Contributors: C records, Ecemaml, Tacsipacsi File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Achim1999 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Republica del Paraguay File:Flag of Peru.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn File:Flag of Sudan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vzb83 File:Flag of Switzerland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Marc Mongenet Credits: User:-xfiUser:Zscout370 File:de Havilland Canada UV-18A TWIN OTTER.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:De_Havilland_Canada_UV-18A_TWIN_OTTER.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Cobatfor, Denniss, MB-one, Stahlkocher, Timak

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