ESc201:IntroductiontoElectronics

BasicCircuitAnalysis y

Dr. K D K. V V. S Srivastava i t Dept. of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

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Objectives
1. Solve circuits (i.e., find currents and voltages of interest) by y combining g resistances in series and p parallel 2. 3. 4. Apply the voltage-division and current-division principles Solve circuits by the node-voltage technique S Solve circuits by the mesh-current technique

5. Find Thvenin and Norton equivalents q and apply pp y source transformations 6 6. Apply the superposition principle
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Simplification Techniques
As engineers we like to be efficient : achieve the objective with minimum effort.

is

is

Concept of equivalent circuits Two circuits are equivalent if they have the same currentvoltage behavior
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Analysis using REUSE methodology

D not Do t carry out t analysis l i f from scratch t h! Analyze, Remember and Reuse

Example: p we do not carry y out multiplication p from scratch using repeated addition !

3 4 x 3

3 x 4 = 12
4x1=4 Memorize multiplication 4x2=8 table and use it again and 4 x 3 = 12 again 4 x 4 = 16 .................... 4

10 2
You cannot carry out complex multiplication with ease using the first principle

Creative Reuse !

Develop D l equivalent i l t circuits i it by b combining bi i several l resistors into a single equivalent resistor

Series Resistances

7 Both circuits are equivalent as far as v vs. i relation is concerned.

Parallel Resistances

Example
Use concept p of series and p parallel resistances to simplify p y

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Example

Use concept of series and parallel resistances to simplify

R eq 2 =

R 2 R eq1 R 2 + R eq 1

R e q = { ( R 4 + R 3 ) R 2 } + R1
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Circuit Analysis Using Series/Parallel Equivalents

1. Begin by locating a combination of resistances that are in series i or parallel. ll l Of Often the h place l to start with ih i is the h f farthest h from the source. 2. Redraw the circuit with the equivalent resistance for the combination found in step 1. 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the circuit is reduced as far as possible. Often (but not always) we end up with a single source and d a single i l resistance. i t 4. Solve for the currents and voltages g in the final equivalent q circuit. Then go back one step and solve for unknown voltages and current. 5. Repeat step 4 until the required current or voltage in the original 12 circuit is found.

Example
Find Fi d current t in R3 + 60V 1A

+ 3A 60V 3A -

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Find all the currents

+ V2 -

Solve for i2, i3 and i4

+ V2 -

R eq1 = R 2 R 3 R 4
S l f Solve for V2

R e q 2 = R1 + R e q 1
S l f Solve for i1
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Voltage division
A voltage g applied pp to resistors connected in series will be divided among them

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Example

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Potential Divider

R2 V1 R1 + R 2
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Current Division
The total current flowing g into a p parallel combination of resistors will be divided among them

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Example
Find vx using g voltage g division and then find is and use it to find i3 using current division

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Use current division rule to find i1

Suppose we want to find i2 also ieq

i2

ie q

R1 = is R1 + R e q

R3 i2 = ie q R 2 + R 3 21

Limitations
Although series/parallel equivalents and the current/voltage division principles are very important concepts, yet they are not sufficient to solve all circuits !!

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Circuit Analysis
Goal is to find voltages voltages, currents and power in the circuit If we know voltage and current then power can be easily determined

P (t ) = v (t ) i (t )
If we determine the voltages, then we can determine the currents using the models of circuit elements Or if we determine the currents currents, then we can determine the voltages using the models of circuit elements

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i2

v0

If we determine the voltages g v1, v2, then we can determine the currents as well

v1 v 2 = i 2 R 2
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i1

i2 i4

i3 i5

If we determine all the currents, then we can determine the g as well voltages

v1 v 2 = i 2 R 2

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General Circuit Analysis Method: Nodal Analysis

In nodal analysis, the variables used to describe the circuit will be Node Voltages Nodal voltage are the voltages of each node with respect to a pre-selected reference node Usually the reference node has many branches connected to it The reference node is also called ground The node voltages are selected as being positive with respect to the reference node

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Nodal Analysis will give values of node voltages v1, v2 and v3 with respect to the reference node
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1. Identify and number the nodes 2. Writing KCL Equations in Terms of the Node Voltages
Sum of currents leaving a node = 0

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Circuit Analysis
Transformation of circuit into equations Solution of equations

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Circuits with Independent Current Sources

N ode 3 : v3 v3 v 2 + is = 0 R5 R4
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Circuit with Voltage Sources

v1

v2

v3

KCL at node 1

v1 v 3 v1 v 2 v1 + + =0 R2 R1 ?
KCL at node 2

v 2 v1 = 1 0

v 2 v 3 v 2 v1 v2 + + =0 R4 R3 ?

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v1

v2

v3

Node 1 and node 2 are merged together into a super node. KCL is applied to the super node Sum of currents leaving a super node is zero

v1 v 3 v 2 v 3 v1 v2 + + + =0 R2 R1 R3 R4

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Example

v1 v 3 v2 v3 v1 + + 1= 0 R1 R2 R3

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Node-Voltage Analysis with a Dependent Source

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Node-Voltage Analysis with a Dependent Source

AtNode1

v1 v 2 is 2 i x = 0 R1

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Summary: Node-Voltage Analysis

1 Select a reference node and assign variables for the unknown node 1.

voltages 2. Write network equations 2 First, use KCL to write current equations for nodes and super nodes Then, if you do not have enough equations because of voltage sources connected between nodes nodes, use KVL to write additional equations 3. If the circuit contains dependent sources Find Fi d expressions i for f the th controlling t lli variables i bl i in t terms of f th the node d voltages Substitute into the network equations, and obtain equations having only l th the node d voltages lt as unknowns k 4. Put the equations into standard form and solve for the node voltages 5. Use the values found for the node voltages to calculate any other 41 currents or voltages of interest

Find ia using nodal analysis

Choose a reference node wisely

10V

Write KCL at nodes and solve the resulting equations

v1 v1 1 0 10 + + 1 = 0 v1 = 10 5 3

1 0 v1 ia = = 1 .3 3 A 5
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v1 v 2 = 1 0 V
KCL at super node:

v1 v2 1+ =0 5 10

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Which Whi h should h ld b be th the reference node?

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Mesh Analysis

1. Mesh analysis y provides another g p general p procedure for analyzing circuits using mesh currents as the circuit variables. 2. Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents. 3. A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.

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Mesh Currents

I 1 = i1 I 2 = i2
I 3 = i1 i 2
i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginative, not measurable directly) I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
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Mesh Currents

I2

I3

I 2 = i1 i3

I 3 = i1 i 2
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Mesh Currents

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MeshAnalysis
Steps to determine the mesh currents: 1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, , in to the n meshes. 2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. 3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations mesh currents. to get the

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Example

i3

i1

i2

Mesh-1 Mesh-2

R 3 ( i 2 i1 ) + v B + R 4 i 2 = 0
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Mesh-3

Example

Mesh-1 Mesh-2

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Example

Mesh-3 Mesh-4
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Mesh Currents in Circuits Containing Current Sources

1 5 i1 + 1 0 ( i1 i 2 ) + ? = 0
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Current source common to 2 mesh

i1 + 2 ( i1 i3 ) + ? = 0
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Super Mesh

S Super mesh h Mesh-3 Mesh 3

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Example

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Identify the super mesh

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Identify the super mesh

6 + 2 ( i1 i3 ) + 4 ( i 2 i3 ) + 8 i 2 = 0

2 i3 + 4 ( i3 i 2 ) + 2 ( i3 i1 ) = 0

i1 i 2 = 3

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2 i1 + 4 i3 + 8 ( i3 i 4 ) + 6 i 2 = 0

2 i 4 + 1 0 + 8 ( i 4 i3 ) = 0

i 2 i1 = 5

i 2 i3 = 3 I O

I O = i4
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Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis

To select the method that results in the smaller number of equations. For example: 1 Choose nodal analysis for circuit with fewer nodes than 1. meshes.
*Choose mesh analysis for circuit with fewer meshes than nodes.

*Networks that contain many series connected elements, voltage sources, or supermeshes are more suitable for mesh analysis. *Networks with parallel-connected elements, current sources, or supernodes are more suitable for nodal analysis.

2. If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply nodal analysis. If branch or mesh currents are required, it may be better to use mesh analysis. 63

Superposition Principle

The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of the responses to each of the independent sources acting individually.

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0V

0A

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Example-1

Circuit with only voltage source active. Current source is open circuited circuited.

Circuit with only current source active. Voltage source is open circuited.

iT = i1 + i 2

v T = v1 + v 2

5 v1 = 15 = 5V 15

10 20 v2 = 5 2 = V 15 3

vT = v1 + v2 iT = i1 + i2 20 35 vT = v1 + v2 = 5 + = V 3 3
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Example-2

iT = i1 + i 2

v T = v1 + v 2

Example-3

10V is discarded by short circuit 2A is discarded by open circuit

Thvenin Equivalent Circuits

Any circuit

Any circuit

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Thvenin Equivalent Circuits

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We can apply Thevenins theorem to any part of the circuit

Rt1 Vt1

Rt2 Vt2
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Thvenin Equivalent Circuits

Any circuit Any circuit

What is Vt ?

+ voc -

+ voc 73

Vt = voc

Thvenin Equivalent Circuits

Any circuit Any circuit

What is Rt ?

isc
Vt voc Rt = = isc i sc

isc

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Examples
+ voc -

Vt = voc

R2 Vt = 15 = 5 R 2 + R1

i sc

vs = = 0 .1 5 A R1

voc Rt = = 3 3 .3 3 i sc
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Vt = 5
R t = 3 3 .3
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Currents and voltages in the circuit are only due to Independent Sources

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Finding the Thvenin Resistance Directly

Suppose we make all independent sources zero in the circuit

Circuit with no Independent sources

Rt
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Finding the Thvenin Resistance Directly

Circuit with no Independent sources

Rt
1 Turn off independent sources in the original network: 1.Turn -A voltage source becomes a short circuit -A current source becomes an open circuit

2. Compute the resistance between the terminals

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0V

0A

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R eq

5 20 = = 4 5 + 20

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Find Thevenin resistance for each of the circuits shown below

VOC
isc

20 = Vt = 10 = 8 20 + 5

10 20 20 = = . 35 5 + (1 0 || 2 0 ) 2 0 + 1 0

voc 8 35 Rt = = = 14 i sc 20 82

Find Thevenin resistance for each of the circuits shown below

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Find Thevenin resistance for each of the circuits shown below

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Circuit with dependent Sources

IZ

Rt = ?

VZ

VZ Rt = IZ
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Nortons equivalent

Any circuit

Any circuit

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Nortons equivalent

Any circuit

Any circuit

How do we find IN ?

i sc

i sc

I n = i sc

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Nortons equivalent

Any circuit

Any circuit

How do we find RN ?

+ Voc -

+ Voc

voc Rt = isc

voc = I n Rt

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90

Nortons equivalent

Rt = 6.15 6 15
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Examples

Solve for Rt

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Using Thevenins theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the left of the terminals in the circuit shown below. Hence find i.

v o c = 6V

Rt = 3 i = 1 .5 A
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Use Superposition

v o c = 6V

V oc = V oc1 + V oc 2 = 6

V o c1

4 = 12 = 3 4 + 12

V oc 2

6 =42 =3 6 + 10
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Source Transformation

Vt In = Rt

Vt = I n Rt

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Example

Use source transformation to solve for the indicated currents

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Maximum Power Transfer for dc circuits

R

I
VS RL

What value of RL will give rise to maximum load power ?

VS I= R + RL

PL = I 2 R L = V S2

RL (R + RL )2

PL =0 RL

RL = R

PL m a x

V S2 = 4 RL

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1K

R L = 1 K PL = 6 .2 5 m W
R L = 1 0 K PL = 2 m W
RL

5V

R L = 0 .2 K PL = 3 .4 7 m W
Maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = R

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General Case

Resistors and Sources

Rt RL Vt RL

Maximum p power is delivered to the load when RL = Rt

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Summary
Series/Parallelresistances

Voltage division

Current division

MeshAnalysis
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, , in to the n meshes meshes. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. g n simultaneous Solve the resulting equations to get the mesh currents.

Nodal Analysis: 1. Identify and number the nodes 2. Choose a reference node 3. Write KCL for each node such that Sum of currents leaving a node is zero. ero

Super node

2.

3.

SourceTransformation

Vt = voc
Rt = voc isc

Vt = I n Rt

In =

Vt Rt

Thevenin&Norton

I n = i sc

The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of the responses to each of the independent sources102acting individually.