APPENDIX

TABLE A.l

Typical range of transformer reactancest

Power transformers 25,000 kVA and l a rger

Nominal system voltage, kV

34 . 5
69
1 15
1 38
161
230
345
500
700

Forced-air-cooled, %
5-8

Forced-oll-cooled, %
9-14

6- 1 0

1 0- 1 6

6- 1 1

1 0-20

6-13

1 0-22

6- 1 4

1 1-25

7- 1 6

1 2-27

8-1 7

1 3-28

1 0-20

1 6-34

1 1-2 1

1 9-35

P erce nt on rated kilovoltampere base. Typical transformers Ilre now designed for the minimum

1 %.

reactance value shown. Dis tribution transformers have considerably lower reac tance. Resistances of
transformers are usually lower than

748

APPENDIX A

749

TABLE A.2

Typical reactances of three-phase synchronous machinest

Values are per unit. For each reactance a range of values is l isted below the typical value*

Turbine-genera tors
2-pole
Conventional
cooled
1 .76

Xd

1 .7- 1 .82

Xq

1 .66 .
1 .63- 1 .69

0.2 1

X"
d

Xl

0. 1 8-0.23

Salient-pole generators

4-pole

Con ductor
cooled

1.95

Conven tiona I
cooled

Conductor
cooled

1 . 38

1 . 87

l .7 2-2. 1 7

1 . 2 1 - 1 . 55

1 .6-2. 1 3

1 . 93

1 .3 5

\ .7 1 -2. 1 4

1 . l 7 - 1 . 52

0.33
0.264 0 . 3 8 7

0.26
0.25-0.27

With
dampers

Wi t h o u t

da mpers

0.6- 1 .5

0.6- 1 . 5

1.82

0.6

0.6

1 . 56-2.07

0.4-0.8

0.4-0.8

0.4 1

0.32

0.32

0.3 5-0.467

0.25-0.5

0. 25-0. 5

0. 1 3

0.28

0. 1 9

0.29

0.2

0.30

0. 1 1 -0. 1 4

0.23-0. 3 2 3

0. 1 84-0. 1 97

0.269-0.32

0. 1 3-0.32

0.2-0. 5

= X

0.2

0.40

0. 1 3-0.3 2

0.30-0.45

= X

= X

= X

Xo
t

O a t a furnished by ABB Power T & 0 Company, Inc.

Xo

Reactances of older machines will generally be close to minimum values.

varies

X:;.

so critically with

from 0 . 1 to 0.7 of

armature winding pitch that a n average value can hardly be given .

Variation

is

TABLE A.3

Electrical characteristics of bare aluminum conductors steel-reinforced

(ACS R)t

Resistance
Reactance per conductor
I -it spacing, 60 H z
A c , 60 H z

Code word

Aluminum

Stranding

Layers of

area, cmil

AI/St

a l um i nu m

Capacitive

GMR
D., (t

I n ductive

X ,

Xa , n/mi

M n mi

Qutsid.e

Dc, 20C,

20C,

50 C

diamer, in

n/ 1 ,OOO ft

fl/mi

n/mi

0 . 609

0 . 0646

0 . 34 8 8

0 . 38 3 1

0 . 0 1 98

0 . 476

0 . 1 09 0

0 . 64 2

0 . 0640

0 . 34 5 2

0 . 3792

0 . 02 1 7

0 . 4 65

0 . 1 07 4

Waxwi ng

266 , 800

1 8 /1

Partridge

266 , 800

26/7

Os t ric h

3 00 , 000

26/7

0 . 68 0

0 . 0569

0 . 3070

0 . 33 7 2

0 . 02 2 9

0 . 4 58

0 . 1 05 7

336 , 400

18/1

0 . 684

0 . 05 1 2

0 . 2767

0 . 3037

0 . 02 2 2

0 . 462

0 . 1055

336 , 400

26/7

0 . 72 1

0 . 0507

0 . 27 3 7

0 . 3006

0 . 0243

0 . 451

0 . 1 04 0

Oriole

336 , 400

30/7

0 . 74 1

0 . 0504

0 . 27 1 9

0 . 2987

0 . 02 5 5

0 . 44 5

0 . 1 03 2

Merlin

Li nnet

Chickadee

397 , 500

18/1

0 . 743

0 . 04 3 3

0 . 2342

0 . 2572

0 . 024 1

0 . 45 2

0 . 1031

Ibi

397 , 500

26/7

0 . 783

0 . 04 3 0

0 . 2323

0 . 2551

0 . 0264

0 . 44 1

0 . 1015

Pelican

4 77 , 000

1 8/ 1

0. 814

0 . 03 6 1

0 . 1 957

0 . 2148

0 . 0264

0 . 441

0 . 1 004

Flicker

477 , 000

24/7

0 . 84 6

0 . 0359

0 . 1943

0 . 2 1 34

0 . 0284

0 . 432

0 . 0992

Hawk

477 , 000

26/7

0 . 858

0 . 03 5 7

0. 193 !

0 . 2 1 20

0 . 0289

0 . 4 30

0 . 0988

Hen

477 , 000

30/7

0 . 883

0 . 0355

0 . 1919

0 . 2 1 07

0 . 0304

0 . 424

0 . 0980

Osprey

556 , 500

1 8/ 1

Parakeet

556 , 500

24/7

0 . 879

0 . 0309

0 . 1 679

0 . 1 84 3

0 . 0284

0 . 432

0 . 09 8 1

0 . 9 14

0 . 0308

0 . 1 669

0 . 1 83 2

0 . 03 0 6

0 . 4 23

0 . 09 6 9
0 . 09 6 5

Dove

556 , 500

26/7

0 . 927

0 . 0307

0 . 1 663

0 . 1 826

0 . 03 1 4

0 . 420

Rook

636 , 000

24/7

0 . 97 7

0 . 0269

0 . 146!

0 . 1 603

0 . 03 2 7

0. 415

0 . 09 5 0

G ros benk

636 , 000

26/7

0 . 990

0 . 0268

0 . 1 4 5-1

0 . 1 596

0 . 0335

0. 412

0 . 09 4 6

Drake

795 , 000

26/7

1 . 108

0 . 02 1 5

0 . 1 1 72

0 . 1 284

0 . 0373

0 . 39 9

0 . 09 1 2

Tern

795 . 000

45/7

1 . 063

0 .0217

0 . 1 1 88

0 . 1 302

0 . 03 5 2

0 . 406

0 . 09 2 5

Rail

954 , 000

45/7

Card i n a l

9 5 4 , 000

54/7

1 , 033 , 500

:.I

Ortolan
Bl uej a y

1 , 1 1 3 , 000

Finch

1 , 1 1 3 , 000

Bobolink

1 , 4 3 1 , 000

Pl o v er

1 , 4 3 1 . 000

Falcon

1 , 590 , 000

Bluebird

2 , 1 56 , 000

Bittern

1 , 27 2 , 000

PbeB.Ba n t

1 . 27 2 . 000

Lap","ing

1 , 590 , 000

Data,

t Most used multilayer sizes.

by perm i ss io n

I
,

from Aluminum

1 . 1 65

0.0181

0 . 09 9 7

0 . 1 092

0 . 0386

0 . 39 5

0 . 0897

1 . 1 96

0 . 0 1 80

0 . 0988

0 . 1 082

0 . 0402

0 . 39 0

0 . 08 9 0

45/7

1 . 213

0 . 0 1 67

0 . 0921

0. 1011

0 . 0 0 2

0 . 390

0 . 0885

45/7

1 . 259

0 . 0 1 55

0 . 086 1

0 . 094 1

0 . 04 1 5

0 . 386

0 . 0874

54/ 1 9

1 . 29 3

0 . 01 5 5

0 . 0856

0 . 0937

0 . 0436

0 . 380

0 . 0866

45/ 7

1 . 345

0 . 0136

0 . 0762

0 . 0832

0 . 04 4 4

0 . 378

0 . 08 5 5

54/ 1 9

1 . 382

0 . 0135

0 . 07 5 1

0 . 0821

0 . 0466

0 . 372

0 . 08 4 7

45/7

1 . 427

0. 0121

0 . 068-1

0 . 0746

0 . 04 7 0

0 . 37 1

0 . 08 3 7

0 . 0673

0 . 0735

0 . 04 9 4

0 . 365

0 . 08 2 9

O . 062:l

0 . 0678

0 . 04 9 8

0 . 364

0 . 08 2 2

54/ 1 9

1 . 465

0 . 0 1 20

45/7

1 . 502

0 . 0109

54/ 1 9

1 . 54 5

0 . 0 1 08

84/ 1 9

1 . 762

0 . 0080

A ssociation,

0 . 06 1 2

0 . 0667

0 . 0523

0 . 358

0 . 08 1 4

0 . 0476

0 . 05 1 5

0 . 0586

0 . 344

0 . 0776

A luminum Electrical ConductQr Handbook, 2nd ed., Washington, D . C . , 1 98 2 .

TABLE A.4

Inductive reactance spacing factor

Xd

a t 60 Hzt (oh m s per mile per conductor)

Sepnrution

Inches
Feet

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
'25
26

27

28
29

30
31

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43

44
45

46
47
48
49

. . . . . .
0
0 . 01',4 1
0 . 1 333
0 . 1682
0 . 1 953
0 . 2 1 74
0 . 2361
0 . 2523
0 . 2666
0 . 2794
0 . 29 1 0
0 . 30 1 5
0 . 3112
0 . 3202
0 . 3286
0 . 3364
0 . 3438
0 . 3 507
0 . 3573
0 . 3635
0 . 3694
0 . 37 5 1
0 . 3805
0 . 3856
0 . 3906
0 . 3953
0 . 3999
0 . 4043
0 . 4086
0 . 4 1 27
0 . 4 1 67
0 . 4205
0 . 4243
0 . 4279
0 . 43 1 4
0 . 4 34 8
0 . 4382
0 . 44 14
0 . 4445
0 . 4476
0 . 4 506
0 . 4535
0 . 4&64
0 . 4592
0 . 4619
0 . 4646
0 . 4672

- 0 . 30 1 .';
0 . 0097
0 . 08 9 1
0 . 1366
0 . 1707
0 . 1 973
0 . 2191
0 . 2376

- 0 . 2 1 74
0 . 0 1 87
0 . 0938
0 . 1 399
0 . 1732
0 . 1993
0 . 2207
0 . 2390

- 0 . 1 682
0 . 027 1
0 . 0984
0 . 1 4 30
0 . 1 756
0 . 20 1 2
0 . 2224
0 . 2404

1)

10

11

- 0 . 1 333
0 . 03 4 9
0 . 1 028
0 . 1461
0 . 1 77 9
0 . 20 3 1
0 :2240
0 . 24 1 8

- 0 . 1 062
0 . 04 2 3
O . 107 1
0. 1491
0 . 1 802
0 . 2050
0 . 2256
0 . 24 3 1

- 0 . 084 1
0 . 04 9 2
0. 1 1 12
0 . 1 520
0 . 1 825
0 . 2069
0 . 2 27 1
0 . 24 4 5

- 0 . 0654
0 . 0558
0 . 1 1 52
0 . 1 54 9
0 . 1847
0 . 2087
0 . 2287
0 . 2458

- 0 . 0492
0 . 0620
0 . 1 1 90
0 . 1 577
0 . 1869
0 . 2 1 05
0 . 2302
0 . 24 7 2

- 0 . 03 4 9
0 . 0679
0 . 1 22 7
0 . 1 604
0 . 1891
0 . 2 1 23
0 . 23 1 7
0 . 24 85

- 0 . 0221
0 . 07 3 5
0 . 1 26 4
0 . 1 63 1
0. 1912
0 . 2 14 0
0 . 23 3 2
0 . 24gS

- 0 . 0 1 06
0 . 0789
0 . 1 29 9
0 . 1 65 7
0 . 1 93 3
0 . 2 1 57
0 . 2347
0 . 25 1 1

At 60 Hz, in !l/mi per cond uctor

X d = 0 . 2794 log d
d = separati on, ft
For three-phase li nes
d = D.q

0 . 4697
0 . 4722

tFrom Electrical TraltSmission and Distribution Reference Book, by permission

of the ABB Power T & D Comp any, I nc .

TABLE A.S

Shunt capacitance-reactance spacing factor Xd at 10 Hz

(megaohm-miles per conductor)

Sepsration
Feet

Inches

10

11

- 0 . 0 1 20
0 . 0 1 52
0 . 0291
0 . 0385
0 . 04 57
0 . 05 1 5
0 . 0563
0 . 0604

- 0 . 0085
0 . 0 1 66
0 . 0300
0 . 0392
0 . 0462
0 . 05 1 9
0 . 0567
0 . 0608

- 0 . 0054
0 . 0180
0 . 0309
0 . 0399
0 . 0467
0 . 0523
0 . 0570
0 . 06 1 1

- 0 . 0026
0 . 01 9 3
0 . 0318
0 . 0405
0 . 0473
0 . 0527
0 . 0574
0 . 06 1 4

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
22

23
24

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

35

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

. . . . . .
0
0 . 0206
0 . 0326
0 . 04 1 1
0 . 0478
0 . 0532
0 . 0577
0 . 06 1 7
0 . 0652
0 . 0683
0 . 07 1 1
0 . 0737
0 . 0761
0 . 0783
0 . 0803
0 . 0823
0 . 084 1
0 . 0858
0 . 0874
0 . 0889
0 . 0903
0 . 09 1 7
0 . 0930
0 . 0943
0 . 0955
0 . 0967
0 . 0978
0 . 0989
0 . 0999
0 . 1009
0 . 1019
0 . 1028
0 . 1037
0 . 1046
0 . 1055
0 . 1063
0. 1071
0 . 1 079
0 . 1087
0 . 1094
0 . 1 102
0 . 1 109
0 . 1 1 16
0 . 1 123
0 . 1 129
0 . 1 1 36
0 . 1 142
0 . 1 149
0 . 1 155

From Electrical

- 0 . 0737
0 . 0024
0 . 02 1 8
0 . 0334
0 . 04 1 7
0 . 0482
0 . 0536
0 . 0581

Transmission

- 0 . 0.S32
0 . 00!6
0 . 0229
0 . 0342
0 . 04 23
0 . 0487
0 . 0540
0 :0584

- 0 . 04 1 1
0 . 0066
0 . 0241
0 . 0350
0 . 0429
0 . 0492
0 . 0544
0 . 0588

- 0 . 0326
0 . 008 5
0 . 02 5 1
0 . 0357
0 . 0435
0 . 0497
0 . 0548
0 . 05 9 1

- 0 . 02 60
0 . 0 1 03
0 . 0262
0 . 0365
0 . 04 4 1
0 . 050 1
0 . 0552
0 . 0594

- 0 . 0206
0 . 0 1 20
0 . 0272
0 . 0372
0 . 0446
0 . 0506
0 . 0555
0 . 0598

- 0 . 0 1 60
0 . 0 1 36
0 . 0282
0 . 0379
0 . 0452
0 . 05 1 0
0 . 0559
0 . 060 1

At 60 Hz:. in M O ' mi per conductor

X d' = 0.06831 log d
d = separati on, ft
For three-phlUle l i nes
d .. D e q

and

Distribution Reference Book. by

permission of the ABB Power T & 0 Company. Inc.