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AGRICULTURAL USES
Fence posts Driveways Walls & foundations Septic tanks Walks Water troughs Feeding floors Steps Cattle guards etc
COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE
Portland cement Water Aggregates (sand and gravel)
Resulting material is called clinker Clinker is than pulverized and mixed with gypsum into a fine powder.
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AGGREGATES
Basic filler of sand, crushed stone, & gravel
Sand is a fine aggregate less than inch. Gravel is a coarse aggregate more than inch. Coarse aggregate add strength. Aggregates are cheaper than cement and considered a cost reducing material.
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WATER
Should be clean and free from impurities.
Impurities affects strength, coloration, corrosion of reinforcement steel and wire. It also affect setting time
When all ingredients are properly mixed, the combined weight of a one cubic foot of concrete is 150-160 lbs.
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QUALITY OF CONCRETE
Consistency or slump refers to the wetness or dryness of the mix. Excessive slump can be corrected by the addition of aggregate. Plastic consistency is the best. Never exceed 6 inches of slump
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Workability refers to the ease which concrete can be placed and shaped.
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Other Conditions
Water-cement ratio, curing time, & curing methods are just as important as reinforcement. Rule of thumb: Use a 5-7 gallons of water per sack of cement. Exceeding this will weaken the mix. Concrete cured for 7 days is only 2/3 as strong as concrete cured for 28 days. Damp curing can increase as much as 50% for the first 7 days.
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WATERTIGHTNESS
The ability to prevent water passage through the mass. The water-cement ratio and curing time affect watertightness. Less water in the mix increases watertightness.
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WEAR RESISTANCE
The ability to resist abrasive action of vehicles, feet, flowing water, etc.
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ADVANTAGES OF READYMIX
Thoroughly mixed Ingredients are not handled on the job site. Less labor is required. Exact quantity needed can be ordered. Actual price can be calculated easily.
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ADMIXTURES
Air-entraining hundreds of microscopic air cell are dispersed in the mix to protect during freezing and thawing actions. Water-reducing increases strength. Retarding slows down the setting time during high temperature. Accelerating calcium chloride is added to mix to shortened the set up time. Pozzolans controls expansion during heat.
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RECOMMENDED MIXES
5-Gallon mix for acid or alkaline resistant walks, fence posts, flower boxes, & etc. 6-Gallon mix for watertight floors, tanks, walls and all reinforced concrete. 7-Gallon mix for foundation walls, retaining walls, underground concrete and concrete not under water pressure.
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MOISTURE IN SAND
Damp sand gal/cu.ft (falls apart when hand is opened.) Wet sand gal/cu.ft (ball of sand holds shape when hand is opened.)
Very wet sand (3/4 gal/cu.ft (ball is formed and leaves hand wet when opened.
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FULLERS RULE
Rule states mixing of a total of 42 volumes of cement, sand, and gravel will produce 27 volumes of concrete.
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FULLERS RULE
Use a 1 2-1/4 3 mix to build 4thick, 6 wide, and 100 long sidewalk.
Determine the amount of concrete required.
FULLERS RULE
Determine the amount of raw materials needed.
200 X 42 = 27
311 cu ft of raw materials
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FULLERS RULE
Determine the volume of mix needed.
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FULLERS RULE
Determine the sacks of cement needed.
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FULLERS RULE
Determine the cu. yds. of sand needed.
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FULLERS RULE
Determine the cu yds. Of gravel needed.
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MIXING CONCRETE
Two common methods of mixing machine and hand mixing. Steps in machine mixing -add 10% water before adding in solids. -add portion of gravel. -add measured amount of cement -add sand and remaining amts of gravel -mix from 1 3 minutes
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MIXING CONCRETE
Steps in hand mixing -place sand in mixing container -then add cement and mix thoroughly -add gravel and continue to mix -add measured amounts of water -mix thoroughly
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