n b = number of anchor bolts b t = distance from face of web to anchor bolt location d h = diameter of the bolt hole b e = 2b t + d h The

axial capacity of the base plate can then be determined equating the design moment and the section moment capacity as follows: N* t 0.9f yib et 2 i nb 4 bt (40)

do N
* t

a2 a1

N ti ti

* t

Figure 20 Bolted CHS Flange-plate Connection (Ref. [36])

[27] also recommends to determine the number of required anchor bolts as follows: nb N* t 1 1 1 + f 3 f lnr 1 N tf 3 r
2

or equivalently the minimum base plate thickness t i under a certain loading condition is calculated as: ti =

4N * t bt 0.9f yi b e n b

(41)

5.2.3.

IWIMM Model (CHS with varying number of bolts)

(43)

The IWIMM Model has been named here after the initials of the authors of the model. [27] The model was firstly derived for the design of CHS bolted connections. [37] and [36] suggest its use also for the design of base plates of CHS columns. The base plate layout considered by this model is shown in Fig. 20. The plate thickness is calculated based on the design axial tension load N * t as follows: ti

2N * t f yi f 3

(42)

where: = 0.9 d 0 = outside diameter of a CHS t c = thickness of column section f 3 = 1 k 3 + k 2 3 4k 1 2k 1 r k 1 = ln r 2 3

where: = 0.9 N tf = nominal tensile capacity of the bolt d r 1 = 0 + 2a 1 2 d0 r2 = + a1 2 a1 = a2 This procedure does not verify the capacity of the concrete foundation and its interaction with the anchor bolts needs to be checked. Assumptions adopted by this model are an allowance for prying action equal to 1/3 of the ultimate capacity of the anchor bolt (at ultimate state), a continuous base plate, a symmetric arrangement of the bolts around the column profile and a weld capacity able to develop the full yield strength of the CHS. [28] notes that adopting the above prying coefficient for the bolted CHS connection in the base plate design is conservative due to the greater flexibility of the concrete foundation when compared to the steel to steel connection. [36]

5.2.4.

k3 = k1 + 2 d r2 = 0 + a1 2 d0 tc r3 = 2 a 1 and a 2 as defined in Fig. 20 [27] recommends to keep the value of a 1 as small as possible, i.e. between 1.5d f and 2d f (where d f is the nominal diameter of the bolts), while ensuring a minimum of 5 mm clearance between the nut face and the weld around the CHS.

Packer-Birkemoe Model (RHS with varying number of bolts)

The Packer-Birkemoe Model is here named after the authors of the model. [36] This model deals with base plate for RHS as shown in Fig. 21 and it has been validated only for base plates with thickness varying between 12mm and 26mm. The model includes prying effects in the design procedure. The prying action decreases while increasing a 2 as shown in Fig. 21. The value of a 2 should be kept less or equal to 1.25 a 1, as no benefit in the base plate performance would be provided beyond such value. a 1 is defined as the distance between the bolt line and the face of the hollow section. Generally 4-5 bolt diameters are used as spacing of the bolts s p but shorter spacing are also possible. Based on the design loads the required number of anchor bolts should be calculated assuming that the

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 36 NUMBER 2 SEPT 2002