Filmdropwise Lab

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA Chemical Engineering Laboratory I (CHE465) NAME : STUDENT NO : GROUP : EXPERIMENT : DATE
PERFORMED : SEMESTER : PROGRAMME CODE: SUBMIT TO : NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Title LUQMAN BIN MOHD IDRIS 2012625202 EH2202B FILM AND DROPWISE CONDESATION UNIT 20th MAY 2013 2 EH220 DR. ABDUL HADI Allocated Marks (%) 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 20 10 5 5 5 100 Marks
Abstract Introduction Aims Theory Apparatus Methodology/Procedure Results Calculations Discussion Conclusion Recommendations Reference Appendix TOTAL MARKS Remarks: Checked by: ------------------------------Date:
Abstract
The equipment that is used is Film and Dropwise Condensation Unit (Model: NE 163). There are about four experiments that should be run to achieve the objective of the experiment. The student must be observed the process of heat transfer during condensation, as well as gather experimental data for a better theoretical understanding. The main components in the unit are the specially designed condensers for the observation of both filmwise and dropwise condensation.
Introduction
Filmwise and Dropwise are two form of condensation. In filmwise condensation a laminar film vapour is created upon a surface. This film can then flow downward, increasing in thickness as additional vapour is picked up along the way. In dropwise condensation vapour droplets form at an acute angle to a surface. These droplets then flow downwards, accumulating static droplets below them along the way. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the difference in heat flux between the two forms of condensation for the same conditions. The next objective is to investigate what effect the presence of air in the condenser has on the heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient. This experiment would be used in by any industry which is trying to increase the efficiency of heat transfer. An example of this is any vapour cycle such as the Rankine cycle. By increasing the efficiency of the condenser, its operational pressure can be reduced and the overall efficiency of the cycle can be increased.
Aims To demonstrate the filmwise and dropwise condensation To determine the filmwise heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient at constant pressure To determine the dropwise heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient at constant pressure To determine the effect of air on heat transfer coefficient of condensation
Theory
Condensation of steam on the surface of a condenser causes heat to transfer from the steam into the cooling medium flowing through the condenser. This type of heat transfer may occur at very high fluxes depending on the conditions at the condenser surface. Steam may condense in two different manners filmwise or dropwise. For the same operating conditions, dropwise condensation exhibits a much higher and efficient heat transfer compared to filmwise condensation. Although dropwise condensation is always desirable, it seldom occurs in practice for a continuous period of time.
In filmwise condensation, most heat transfer surfaces on a heat exchanger are made of wet table materials. During condensation, a film of condensate spreads over these surfaces. As more vapour condenses on the outside of the film, its thickness increases and the film will start flowing downwards due to its weight. Heat transfer occurs through this film of condensate to the surface material beneath, then to the cooling medium. The liquid film is generally a poor conductor of heat, contributing much to the thermal resistance and inefficiency of this mode of condensation.
In dropwise condensation, If the heat transfer surfaces are treated to become nonwettable, the condensate that forms on the surface will be shaped like spherical beads. These beads adheres together to become larger as condensation proceeds. The bigger beads will then start to flow downwards due to their weight, thus collecting all other static beads along the way. As the beads increase in size, the velocity increases, finally leaving a trail of bare surface free from liquid film. This bare surface offers very little resistance to the transfer of heat. Therefore, very high heat fluxes are possible.
Formula used for log mean temperature difference:
Tm =
(equation 1)
Formula used for heat flux:
Heat flux,
(equation 2)
Formula for heat transfer coefficient :
Heat transfer coefficient, U =
(equation 3)
Formula for heat remove from condensation: Qx = CT
(equation 4)
Apparatus
Film boiling condensation
Procedure 1.1: General start-up procedure
1. Main switch was ensured in the off position. 2. The power regulator knob is turned fully anticlockwise to set the power to minimum. 3. Ensured valve one and valve six was closed. 4. The chamber was filled with distilled water until the water level stays between the heater and baffle plates. Always make sure that the heater is fully immersed in the water throughout the experiment, water could be filled into the chamber through the drain valve with the vent valve, V4 opened. Then closed the vent valve,V4. 5. The water flow rate was adjusted to the condenser by controlling the control valve according to the experimental procedure. 6. The main and heater switch was turned on. The heater power was set by rotating the power regulator clockwise to increase the heating power. 7. The water temperature reading was observed, it should increase when the water starts to heat up. 8. The water was heated up until to boiling point until the pressure reaches 1.02-1.10 bar. Valve V1 was immediately opened and follow by valve V5 for 1 minute to vacuum out the air inside the condenser. Then valve V1 and valve V5 was closed 9. Let the system to stabilize. Then all relevant measurements for experimental purpose were takes. Make adjustment if required.
1.2: General shut down procedure
1. The voltage control knob was turned to 0 volt position by turning the knob anticlockwise. Keep the cooling water flowing for at least 5 minutes through the condenser to cold them down. 2. The main switch and power supply was switched off. Then, unplug the power supply cable
3. The water was closed and disconnected the cooling water connection tubes if necessary. Otherwise, leave the connection tubes for next experiment. 4. The water inside the chamber was discharged using the discharge valve.
Experiment 1: Demonstration of Filmwise and Dropwise condensation
1. The basic procedure was followed as written in section 1.1. Make sure that the equipment is connected to the service unit.
Experiment 2: The Filmwise Heat Flux and Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient Determination at Constant Pressure
1. Cooling water was circulated through the filmwise condenser starting with a minimum value of 0.1LPM 2. The heater power was adjusted to obtain the desired pressure at 1.01bar. 3. The steam(Tsat) and surface temperature(Tsurf), Tin(T1) and Tout(T2), and flowrate was recorded. Experiment 3: The dropwise Heat Flux and Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient Determination at Constant Pressure
1. Cooling water was circulated through the dropwise condenser starting with a minimum value of 0.4LPM 2. The heater power was adjusted to obtain desired pressure at 1.01bar. 3. The steam(Tsat) and surface temperature(Tsurf), Tin(T3) and Tout(T4), and flowrate was recorded.
Experiment 4: The Effect of Air Inside Chamber 1. Cooling water was circulated through the filmwise condenser at the highest flowrate until the pressure was reduced to below 1bar. 2. The discharged was opened and let an amount of air to enter the chamber.
3. The water flowrate was regulated to the condenser starting with a minimum value of 0.4LPM. 4. The heater power was adjusted to obtain the desired pressure at 1.01bar. 5. The steam(Tsat) and surface temperature(Tsurf), Tin(T3) and Tout(T4) and flowrate was recorded. 6. Step 1-5 was repeated for dropwise condensation.
Result Experiment 1: Demonstration of filmwise and dropwise condensation
Experiment 2: The filmwise heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient determination at constant pressure. Tm
Flowrate Power Tin (LPM)
Tout
Tsat
Tsurf
TsatTsurf
(w/m2)
U (w/m .k)
2
(W)
C)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
73 79 97 102 240 280
34.5 34.3 34.1 34.0 34.0 34.0
37.7 35.0 34.4 34.3 34.1 34.1
71.3 70.5 71.2 70.7 71.0 70.9
38.3 34.7 34.1 33.7 33.4 33.5
33.0 35.8 37.1 37.0 37.6 37.4
35.2 35.8 36.9 36.6 36.1 36.9
5531.02 157.13 2419.98 67.60 1555.52 42.10 2075.80 56.79 864.45 23.40
3 7 10 15 19 22
1037.84 28.16
Experiment 3: The dropwise heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient determination at constant pressure
Flowrate Power Tin (LPM)
Tout
Tsat
Tsurf
TsatTsurf
Tm
(w/m2)
U (w/m2.k)
(W)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
167 256 260 265 273
33.9 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.7
35.0 38.5 37.4 37.1 36.9
70.7 71.5 71.1 71.3 71.2
63.4 57.8 52.0 51.1 51.5
8.3 13.7 19.1 20.2 19.7
36.25 34.91 35.13 35.44 35.39
7606.71
209.84
19 23 30 35 40
40436.18 1158.30 40081.97 1140.96 43210.36 1219.25 45620.43 1289.08
Experiment 4: The effect of air inside chamber
For filmwise condenser
Flowrate (LPM)
Power Tin (W)
Tout
Tsat
Tsurf
TsatTsurf
Tm
(w/m2)
U (w/m2.k)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
267 310 314 333 355
34.9 34.5 34.3 34.2 34.1
44.6 40.1 37.6 36.6 36.0
70.9 71.2 71.1 71.0 71.3
53.1 45.9 43.2 42.0 40.6
17.8 25.3 27.9 29.0 30.7
30.90 31.38 35.12 35.59 36.32
16766.46 542.60 19352.39 616.71 17108.28 487.14 16598.03 466.37 16417.21 453.01
3 7 11 15 20
For dropwise condenser Tm
Flowrate (LPM)
Power Tin (W)
Tout
Tsat
Tsurf
TsatTsurf
(w/m2)
U (w/m2.k)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
267 269 272 274 275
34.1 34.1 34.1 34.1 34.3
36.5 36.0 35.7 35.5 35.7
72.8 71.1 71.0 71.1 71.1
42.5 40.2 39.3 38.8 38.7
30.3 30.9 31.7 32.3 32.4
37.49 36.04 36.09 36.30 36.10
9286.08
247.69
20 25 30 37 43
19699.16 546.59 21358.72 591.82 24197.30 666.59 29032.31 804.22
Calculation Experiment 2: Volumetric flowrate = 0.10LPM =0.1 L =
=1.667 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT . gs . g. . - .
=22.33 W
Log mean temperature difference: Tm =
= =35.2 C
Heat flux,
= 5531.02 w/m2
=
=157.13 w/m2.K
Volumetric flowrate = 0.20LPM =0.2 L =
=3.333 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT =3.333 g/s4.186kJ/kg.K(35.0-34.3 = 9.77 W
= =35.8 C
Heat flux,
= 2419.98 w/m2
=
=67.6 w/m2.K
=5 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT =5 g/s4.186kJ/kg.K(34.4-34.1 = 6.28 W
= =36.95 C
Heat flux,
=1555.52 w/m2
=
=42.1 w/m2.K
=6.67 g/s
=
=36.55 C
Heat flux,
=2075.80 w/m2
=
=56.79 w/m2.K
=8.333 g/s
=3.49 W
= .
Heat flux,
= 864.45 w/m2
=
=23.4 w/m2.K
=10.0 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT . gs = 4.186 W . g. . - .
= =36.85 C
Heat flux,
= 1037.84 w/m2
=
=28.16 w/m2.K
Surface heat transfer coefficient vs. Temperature difference
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Heat flux vs. Temperature difference
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Experiment 3:
=6.67 g/s
= =36.25 C
Heat flux,
=7606.71 w/m2
=209.84 w/m2.K
=10.0 g/s
= =34.91 C
Heat flux,
=40436.18 w/m2
=
=1158.30 w/m2.K
=13.33 g/s
= =35.13 C
Heat flux,
=40081.97 w/m2
=
=1140.96 w/m2.K
=16.67 g/s
= 174.45 W
= =35.44 C
Heat flux,
=43210.36 w/m2
=
=1219.25 w/m2.K
=20 g/s
=35.39C
Heat flux,
=45620.43 w/m2
=
=1289.08 w/m2.K
50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
Experiment 4:Filmwise condenser Volumetric flowrate = 0.10LPM =0.1 L =
=1.667 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT =1.667 g/s4.186kJ/kg.K(44.6-34.9 =67.69 W
Log mean temperature difference:
Tm =
= =30.90 C
Heat flux,
= 16766.46 w/m2
=
=542.60 w/m2.K
=3.333 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT =3.333 g/s4.186kJ/kg.K(40.1-34.5
= 78.13 W
= =31.38 C
Heat flux,
= 19352.39 w/m2
=
=616.71 w/m2.K
=5 g/s
= =35.12 C
Heat flux,
=17108.28 w/m2
=
=487.14 w/m2.K
=6.67 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT =6.67 g/s4.186kJ/kg.K(36.6-34.2 = 67.01W
=
=35.59 C
Heat flux,
=16598.03 w/m2
=
=466.37 w/m2.K
=8.333 g/s
Power, qx Qx=CT =8.333 g/s4.186kJ/kg.K(36.0-34.1 =66.28 W
= =36.24 C
Heat flux,
= 16417.21 w/m2
=
=453.01 w/m2.K
19500 19000 18500 18000 17500 17000 16500 16000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Experiment 4:Dropwise condenser Volumetric flowrate = 0.40LPM =0.4 L =
=6.67 g/s
Log mean temperature difference:
Tm =
= =37.49 C
Heat flux,
=9286.08w/m2
=
=247.69 m2.K
=10.0 g/s
= 79.53 W
= =36.04 C
Heat flux,
=19699.16 w/m2
=
=546.59 m2.K
=13.33 g/s
= =36.09C
Heat flux,
=21358.72 w/m2
=
=591.82w/m2.K
=16.67 g/s
= =36.30C
Heat flux,
=24197.30 w/m2
=666.59 w/m2.K
=20 g/s
= =36.10C
Heat flux,
=29032.31 w/m2
=
=804.22w/m2.K
Heat flux vs. temperature difference
35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33
Heat traansfer coefficient vs. Temperature difference
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33
Heat Flux vs. Temperature Difference

60000 50000 40000 U (W/m2) 30000 20000 10000 0 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 Temperature Difference (K)
Filmwise Dropwise
Discussion
Heat flux increases with steam pressure and the temperature difference between the steam and the condenser surface and that the values for Heat flux for each set value of pressure is higher using dropwise condensation that by using filmwise condensation in the same conditions. The final observation is confirmed in the which quotes that at atmospheric pressure, the Heat Flux in dropwise condensation can be more than twenty times larger than in filmwise. This can be explained in terms of how the condensation forms on the condenser. The vapour drops indropwise condensations are discrete and are continually formed and released which means that the surface of the condenser is also continually exposed. In comparison, the film created in filmwise condensation always covers the surface of the condenser. As a relatively poor conductor of heat, this film creates a thermal resistance which is the reason why the value for Heat Flux is lower for filmwise in comparison to dropwise condensation. To check the accuracy of the experiment, the values for the Heat Transfer Coefficient in the filmwise condenser were compared to the values which are obtained theoretically using the Nusselt equation. One explanation for this is the presence of non-condensable gases in the steam vapour. The graph shows that for a certain temperature difference, the Heat Flux for a condenser using steam mixed with 5% of air is significantly smaller than pure steam, and the magnitude of this difference increases with temperature difference. In the case of Heat Transfer Coefficients, the value for both steam and steam with air approaches zero, but when the steam is mixed with air it consistently slows.
Conclusion
In conclusion, dropwise condensation is a more effective method of heat transfer than filmwise condensation and the presence of air in steam vapour significantly reduces the heat transfer. This result is based on the data that is collected and the observation in the graph. The heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient of dropwise condensation is higher compared to filmwise condensation. Filmwise is poor conductor of heat which creates thermal resistance that causes heat flux and heat transfer coefficient is lower than dopwise condensation.
Recommendation
The most important thing in this experiment is student should make sure that heater always immersed in water during the experiment. If not the experiment should not be carry on. Next, the equipment that is used in the experiment must be in best condition before starting the experiment. Students should ask the technician that is responsible for that equipment if there issomething wrong with it. When student take the result, ensure that the reading pressure is at 1.01 bar, where it is stabilized.
Reference
1) Mayhew, Y, Rogers, G. (1992). Engineering thermodynamics: Work & Heat Transfer 4th ed. Prentice Hall. 2) J.W. Rose, Condensation Heat Transfer Fundamentals, Transactions of the IChemE, vol.76(A), pp. 143152, 199 3) Incropera, F, DeWitt, D. (1996).Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. 4thed. Wiley
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA Chemical Engineering Laboratory I (CHE465) NAME : STUDENT NO : GROUP : EXPERIMENT : DATE

Formula used for log mean temperature difference:

Formula used for heat flux:

Formula for heat transfer coefficient :

Heat transfer coefficient, U =

Formula for heat remove from condensation: Qx = CT

Film boiling condensation

Procedure 1.1: General start-up procedure

1.2: General shut down procedure

Experiment 1: Demonstration of Filmwise and Dropwise condensation

Result Experiment 1: Demonstration of filmwise and dropwise condensation

Flowrate Power Tin (LPM)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

73 79 97 102 240 280

34.5 34.3 34.1 34.0 34.0 34.0

37.7 35.0 34.4 34.3 34.1 34.1

71.3 70.5 71.2 70.7 71.0 70.9

38.3 34.7 34.1 33.7 33.4 33.5

33.0 35.8 37.1 37.0 37.6 37.4

35.2 35.8 36.9 36.6 36.1 36.9

Flowrate Power Tin (LPM)

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

167 256 260 265 273

33.9 34.6 34.5 34.6 34.7

35.0 38.5 37.4 37.1 36.9

70.7 71.5 71.1 71.3 71.2

63.4 57.8 52.0 51.1 51.5

8.3 13.7 19.1 20.2 19.7

36.25 34.91 35.13 35.44 35.39

40436.18 1158.30 40081.97 1140.96 43210.36 1219.25 45620.43 1289.08

Experiment 4: The effect of air inside chamber

For filmwise condenser

Power Tin (W)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

267 310 314 333 355

34.9 34.5 34.3 34.2 34.1

44.6 40.1 37.6 36.6 36.0

70.9 71.2 71.1 71.0 71.3

53.1 45.9 43.2 42.0 40.6

17.8 25.3 27.9 29.0 30.7

30.90 31.38 35.12 35.59 36.32

For dropwise condenser Tm

Power Tin (W)

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

267 269 272 274 275

34.1 34.1 34.1 34.1 34.3

36.5 36.0 35.7 35.5 35.7

72.8 71.1 71.0 71.1 71.1

42.5 40.2 39.3 38.8 38.7

30.3 30.9 31.7 32.3 32.4

37.49 36.04 36.09 36.30 36.10

19699.16 546.59 21358.72 591.82 24197.30 666.59 29032.31 804.22

Calculation Experiment 2: Volumetric flowrate = 0.10LPM =0.1 L =

Log mean temperature difference: Tm =

Heat transfer coefficient, U =

Volumetric flowrate = 0.20LPM =0.2 L =

Log mean temperature difference: Tm =

Heat transfer coefficient, U =

Volumetric flowrate = 0.30LPM =0.3 L =

Log mean temperature difference: Tm =

Heat transfer coefficient, U =

Volumetric flowrate = 0.40LPM =0.4 L =