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Patent US3951134 - Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves - Google Patents
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Apparatusandmethodforremotely monitoringandalteringbrainwaves
US3951134A
ABSTRACT
Apparatusforandmethodofsensingbrainwavesatapositionremotefroma subjectwherebyelectromagneticsignalsofdifferentfrequenciesare simultaneouslytransmittedtothebrainofthesubjectinwhichthesignals interferewithoneanothertoyieldawaveformwhichismodulatedbythe subject'sbrainwaves.Theinterferencewaveformwhichisrepresentativeofthe brainwaveactivityisretransmittedbythebraintoareceiverwhereitis

Publicationnumber Publicationtype Applicationnumber Publicationdate Filingdate Prioritydate Inventors OriginalAssignee

US3951134A Grant US05/494,518 Apr20,1976 Aug5,1974 Aug5,1974 RobertG.Malech Dorne&MargolinInc.

PatentCitations(8),Referencedby(16),Classifications(10) ExternalLinks:USPTO,USPTOAssignment,Espacenet

demodulatedandamplified.Thedemodulatedwaveformisthendisplayedforvisualviewingandroutedtoacomputerforfurtherprocessingandanalysis.The demodulatedwaveformalsocanbeusedtoproduceacompensatingsignalwhichistransmittedbacktothebraintoeffectadesiredchangeinelectricalactivity therein.

IMAGES (2)

DESCRIPTION
BACKGROUNDOFTHEINVENTION Medicalsciencehasfoundbrainwavestobeausefulbarometeroforganic functions.Measurementsofelectricalactivityinthebrainhavebeeninstrumental indetectingphysicalandpsychicdisorder,measuringstress,determiningsleep patterns,andmonitoringbodymetabolism. Thepresentartformeasurementofbrainwavesemployselectroencephalographs includingprobeswithsensorswhichareattachedtotheskullofthesubjectunder studyatpointsproximatetotheregionsofthebrainbeingmonitored.Electrical contactbetweenthesensorsandapparatusemployedtoprocessthedetected brainwavesismaintainedbyapluralityofwiresextendingfromthesensorsto theapparatus.Thenecessityforphysicallyattachingthemeasuringapparatusto thesubjectimposesseverallimitationsonthemeasurementprocess.The subjectmayexperiencediscomfort,particularyifthemeasurementsaretobe madeoverextendedperiodsoftime.Hisbodilymovementsarerestrictedandhe isgenerallyconfinedtotheimmediatevicinityofthemeasuringapparatus. Furthermore,measurementscannotbemadewhilethesubjectisconscious withouthisawareness.Thecomprehensivenessofthemeasurementsisalso limitedsincethefinitenumberofprobesemployedtomonitorlocalregionsof brainwaveactivitydonotpermitobservationofthetotalbrainwaveprofileina singletest. SUMMARYOFTHEINVENTION Thepresentinventionrelatestoapparatusandamethodformonitoringbrain waveswhereinallcomponentsoftheapparatusemployedareremotefromthe testsubject.Morespecifically,highfrequencytransmittersareoperatedto radiateelectromagneticenergyofdifferentfrequenciesthroughantennaswhich arecapableofscanningtheentirebrainofthetestsubjectoranydesiredregion

CLAIMS (11)
Whatisclaimedis: 1.Brainwavemonitoringapparatuscomprising meansforproducingabasefrequencysignal, meansforproducingafirstsignalhavingafrequencyrelatedtothatofthe basefrequencyandatapredeterminedphaserelatedthereto, meansfortransmittingbothsaidbasefrequencyandsaidfirstsignalstothe brainofthesubjectbeingmonitored, meansforreceivingasecondsignaltransmittedbythebrainofthesubject beingmonitoredinresponsetobothsaidbasefrequencyandsaidfirst signals, mixingmeansforproducingfromsaidbasefrequencysignalandsaid receivedsecondsignalaresponsesignalhavingafrequencyrelatedtothat ofthebasefrequency,and meansforinterpretingsaidresponsesignal. 2.Apparatusasinclaim1wheresaidreceivingmeanscomprises meansforisolatingthetransmittedsignalsfromthereceived secondsignals. 3.Apparatusasinclaim2furthercomprisingabandpassfilterwithan inputconnectedtosaidisolatingmeansandanoutputconnectedto saidmixingmeans. 4.Apparatusasinclaim1furthercomprisingmeansforamplifyingsaid

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Patent US3951134 - Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves - Google Patents
responsesignal. 5.Apparatusasinclaim4furthercomprisingmeansfordemodulating saidamplifiedresponsesignal. 6.Apparatusasinclaim5furthercomprisinginterpretingmeans connectedtotheoutputofsaiddemodulatormeans. 7.Apparatusaccordingtoclaim1furthercomprising meansforproducinganelectromagneticwavecontrolsignal dependentonsaidresponsesignal,and meansfortransmittingsaidcontrolsignaltothebrainofsaid subject. 8.Apparatusasinclaim7whereinsaidtransmittingmeanscomprises meansfordirectingtheelectromagneticwavecontrolsignaltoa predeterminedpartofthebrain.

thereof.Thesignalsofdifferentfrequenciespenetratetheskullofthesubjectand impingeuponthebrainwheretheymixtoyieldaninterferencewavemodulated byradiationsfromthebrain'snaturalelectricalactivity.Themodulated interferencewaveisretransmittedbythebrainandreceivedbyanantennaata remotestationwhereitisdemodulated,andprocessedtoprovideaprofileofthe suject'sbrainwaves.Inadditiontopassivelymonitoringhisbrainwaves,the subject'sneurologicalprocessesmaybeaffectedbytransmittingtohisbrain, throughatransmitter,compensatingsignals.Thelattersignalscanbederived fromthereceivedandprocessedbrainwaves. OBJECTSOFTHEINVENTION Itisthereforeanobjectoftheinventiontoremotelymonitorelectricalactivityin theentirebrainorselectedlocalregionsthereofwithasinglemeasurement. Anotherobjectisthemonitoringofasubject'sbrainwaveactivitythrough transmissionandreceptionofelectromagneticwaves. Stillanotherobjectistomonitorbrainwaveactivityfromapositionremotefrom thesubject. Afurtherobjectistoprovideamethodandapparatusforaffectingbrainwave activitybytransmittingelectromagneticsignalsthereto. DESCRIPTIONOFTHEDRAWINGS

9.Aprocessformonitoringbrainwaveactivityofasubjectcomprisingthesteps of transmittingatleasttwoelectromagneticenergysignalsofdifferent frequenciestothebrainofthesubjectbeingmonitored, receivinganelectromagneticenergysignalresultingfromthemixingofsaid

Otherandfurtherobjectsoftheinventionwillappearfromthefollowing descriptionandtheaccompanyingdrawings,whichformpartoftheinstant specificationandwhicharetobereadinconjunctiontherewith,andinwhichlike referencenumeralsareusedtoindicatelikepartsinthevariousviews

twosignalsinthebrainmodulatedbythebrainwaveactivityand retransmittedbythebraininresponsetosaidtransmittedenergysignals, and, interpretingsaidreceivedsignal.

FIG.1isablockdiagramshowingtheinterconnectionofthecomponentsofthe apparatusoftheinvention FIG.2isablockdiagramshowingsignalflowinoneembodimentofthe apparatus. 11.Aprocessasinclaim10whereinthestepoftransmittingthefurther DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPREFERREDEMBODIMENT Referringtothedrawings,specificallyFIG.1,ahighfrequencytransmitter2 producesandsuppliestwoelectromagneticwavesignalsthroughsuitable couplingmeans14toanantenna4.Thesignalsaredirectedbytheantenna4to theskull6ofthesubject8beingexamined.Thetwosignalsfromtheantenna4, whichtravelindependently,penetratetheskull6andimpingeuponthetissueof thebrain10. Withinthetissueofthebrain10,thesignalscombine,muchinthemannerofa conventionalmixingprocesstechnique,witheachsectionofthebrainhavinga differentmodulatingaction.Theresultingwaveformofthetwosignalshasits greatestamplitudewhenthetwosignalsareinphaseandthusreinforcingone another.Whenthesignalsareexactly180ofphasethecombinationproducesa resultantwaveformofminimumamplitude.Iftheamplitudesofthetwosignals transmittedtothesubjectaremaintainedatidenticallevels,theresultant interferencewaveform,absentinfluencesofexternalradiation,maybeexpectedtoassumezerointensitywhenmaximum interferenceoccurs,thenumberofsuchpointsbeingequaltothedifferenceinfrequenciesoftheincidentsignals.However, interferencebyradiationfromelectricalactivitywithinthebrain10causesthewaveformresultingfrominterferenceofthe twotransmittedsignalstovaryfromtheexpectedresult,i.e.,theinterferencewaveformismodulatedbythebrainwaves.It isbelievedthatthisisduetothefactthatbrainwavesproduceelectricchargeseachofwhichhasacomponentof electromagneticradiationassociatedwithit.Theelectromagneticradiationproducedbythebrainwavesinturnreactswith thesignalstransmittedtothebrainfromtheexternalsource. Themodulatedinterferencewaveformisretransmittedfromthebrain10,backthroughtheskull6.Aquantityofenergyisre transmittedsufficienttoenableittobepickedupbytheantenna4.Thiscanbecontrolled,withinlimits,byadjustingthe absoluteandrelativeintensitiesofthesignals,originallytransmittedtothebrain.Ofcourse,thelevelofthetransmitted energyshouldbekeptbelowthatwhichmaybeharmfultothesubject. Theantennapassesthereceivedsignaltoareceiver12throughtheantennaelectronics14.Withinthereceiverthewaveis amplifiedbyconventionalRFamplifiers16anddemodulatedbyconventionaldetectorandmodulatorelectronics18.The demodulatedwave,representingtheintrabrainelectricalactivity,isamplifiedbyamplifiers20andtheresultinginformation inelectronicformisstoredinbuffercircuitry22.Fromthebuffers22theinformationisfedtoasuitablevisualdisplay24,for comparingsaidreceivedelectromagneticenergysignalswithsaid standardsignal, producingacompensatingsignalcorrespondingtothecomparison betweensaidreceivedelectrogagneticenergysignalsandthe standardsignal,and transmittingthecompensatingsignalstothebrainofthesubject beingmonitored. signalscomprises obtainingastandardsignal, 10.Aprocessasinclaim9furthercomprisingthestepoftransmittinga furtherelectromagneticwavesignaltothebraintovarythebrainwave activity.

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exampleoneemployingacathoderaytube,lightemittingdiodes,liquidcrystals,oramechanicalplotter.Theinformation mayalsobechanneledtoacomputer26forfurtherprocessingandanalysiswiththeoutputofthecomputerdisplayedby heretoforementionedsuitablemeans. Inadditiontochannelingitsinformationtodisplaydevices24,thecomputer26canalsoproducesignalstocontrolan auxiliarytransmitter28.Transmitter28isusedtoproduceacompensatingsignalwhichistransmittedtothebrain10ofthe subject8bytheantenna4.Inapreferredembodimentoftheinvention,thecompensatingsignalisderivedasafunctionof thereceivedbrainwavesignals,althoughitcanbeproducedseparately.Thecompensatingsignalsaffectelectricalactivity withinthebrain10. Variousconfigurationsofsuitableapparatusandelectroniccircuitrymaybeutilizedtoformthesystemgenerallyshownin FIG.1andoneofthemanypossibleconfigurationsisillustratedinFIG.2.Intheexampleshowntherein,twosignals,oneof 100MHzandtheotherof210MHzaretransmittedsimultaneouslyandcombineinthebrain10toformaresultantwaveof frequencyequaltothedifferenceinfrequenciesoftheincidentsignals,i.e.,110MHz.Thesumofthetwoincident frequenciesisalsoavailable,butisdiscardedinsubsequentfiltering.The100MHzsignalisobtainedattheoutput37ofan RFpowerdivider34intowhicha100MHzsignalgeneratedbyanoscillator30isinjected.Theoscillator30isofa conventionaltypeemployingeithercrystalsforfixedfrequencycircuitsoratunablecircuitsettooscillateat100MHz.Itcan beapulsegenerator,squarewavegeneratororsinusoidalwavegenerator.TheRFpowerdividercanbeanyconventional VHF,UHForSHFfrequencyrangedeviceconstructedtoprovide,ateachofthreeoutputs,asignalidenticalinfrequencyto thatappliedtoitsinput. The210MHzsignalisderivedfromthesame100MHzoscillator30andRFpowerdivider34asthe100MHzsignal, operatinginconcertwithafrequencydoubler36and10MHzoscillator32.Thefrequencydoublercanbeanyconventional devicewhichprovidesatitsoutputasignalwithfrequencyequaltotwicethefrequencyofasignalappliedatitsinput.The 10MHzoscillatorcanalsobeofconventionaltypesimilartothe100MHzoscillatorherebeforedescribed.A100MHzsignal fromtheoutput39oftheRFpowerdivider34isfedthroughthefrequencydoubler36andtheresulting200MHzsignalis appliedtoamixer40.Themixer40canbeanyconventionalVHF,UHForSHFfrequencyrangedevicecapableofaccepting twoinputsignalsofdifferingfrequenciesandprovidingtwooutputsignalswithfrequenciesequaltothesumanddifferencein frequenciesrespectivelyoftheinputsignals.A10MHzsignalfromtheoscillator32isalsoappliedtothemixer40.The200 MHzsignalfromthedoubler36andthe10MHzsignalfromtheoscillator32combineinthemixer40toformasignalwitha frequencyof210MHzequaltothesumofthefrequenciesofthe200MHzand10MHzsignals. The210MHzsignalisoneofthesignalstransmittedtothebrain10ofthesubjectbeingmonitored.Inthearrangement showninFIG.2,anantenna41isusedtotransmitthe210MHzsignalandanotherantenna43isusedtotransmitthe100 MHzsignal.Ofcourse,asingleantennacapableofoperatingat100MHzand210MHzfrequenciesmaybeusedtotransmit bothsignals.Thescanangle,directionandratemaybecontrolledmechanically,e.g.,byareversingmotor,orelectronically, e.g.,byenergizingelementsintheantennainpropersynchronization.Thus,theantenna(s)canbeofeitherfixedorrotary conventionaltypes. Asecond100MHzsignalderivedfromoutputterminal37ofthethreewaypowerdivider34isappliedtoacirculator38and emergestherefromwithadesiredphaseshift.Thecirculator38canbeofanyconventionaltypewhereinasignalappliedto aninputportemergesfromanoutputportwithanappropriatephaseshift.The100MHzsignalisthentransmittedtothe brain10ofthesubjectbeingmonitoredviatheantenna43asthesecondcomponentofthedualsignaltransmission.The antenna43canbeofconventionaltypesimilartoantenna41herebeforedescribed.Aspreviouslynoted,thesetwoantennas maybecombinedinasingleunit. Thetransmitted100and210MHzsignalcomponentsmixwithinthetissueinthebrain10andinterferewithoneanother yieldingasignalofafrequencyof110MHz,thedifferenceinfrequenciesofthetwoincidentcomponents,modulatedby electromagneticemissionsfromthebrain,i.e.,thebrainwaveactivitybeingmonitored.Thismodulated110MHzsignalis radiatedintospace. The110MHzsignal,modulatedbybrainwaveactivity,ispickedupbyanantenna45andchanneledbackthroughthe circulator38whereitundergoesanappropriatephaseshift.Thecirculator38isolatesthetransmittedsignalsfromthe receivedsignal.Anysuitablediplexerorduplexercanbeused.Theantenna45canbeofconventionaltypesimilarto antennas41and43.Itcanbecombinedwiththeminasingleunitoritcanbeseparate.Thereceivedmodulated110MHz signalisthenappliedtoabandpassfilter42,toeliminateundesirableharmonicsandextraneousnoise,andthefiltered110 MHzsignalisinsertedintoamixer44intowhichhasalsobeenintroducedacomponentofthe100MHzsignalfromthe source30distributedbytheRFpowerdivider34.Thefilter42canbeanyconventionalbandpassfilter.Themixer44may alsobeofconventionaltypesimilartothemixer40herebeforedescribed. The100MHzand110MHzsignalscombineinthemixer44toyieldasignaloffrequencyequaltothedifferencein frequenciesofthetwocomponentsignals,i.e.,10MHzstillmodulatedbythemonitoredbrainwaveactivity.The10MHz signalisamplifiedinanIFamplifier46andchanneledtoademodulator48.TheIFamplifieranddemodulator48canbothbe ofconventionaltypes.Thetypeofdemodulatorselectedwilldependonthecharacteristicsofthesignalstransmittedtoand receivedfromthebrain,andtheinformationdesiredtobeobtained.Thebrainmaymodulatetheamplitude,frequencyand/or phaseoftheinterferencewaveform.Certainoftheseparameterswillbemoresensitivetocorrespondingbrainwave characteristicsthanothers.Selectionofamplitude,frequencyorphasedemodulationmeansisgovernedbythechoiceof brainwavecharacteristictobemonitored.Ifdesired,severaldifferenttypesofdemodulatorscanbeprovidedandused

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alternatelyoratthesametime. Thedemodulatedsignalwhichisrepresentativeofthemonitoredbrainwaveactivityispassedthroughaudioamplifiers50a, b,cwhichmaybeofconventionaltypewhereitisamplifiedandroutedtodisplays58a,b,candacomputer60.The displays58a,b,cpresenttherawbrainwavesignalsfromtheamplifiers50a,b,c.Thecomputer60processesthe amplifiedbrainwavesignalstoderiveinformationsuitableforviewing,e.g.,bysuppressing,compressing,orexpanding elementsthereof,orcombiningthemwithotherinformationbearingsignalsandpresentsthatinformationonadisplay62. Thedisplayscanbeconventionalonessuchasthetypesherebeforementionedemployingelectronicvisualdisplaysor mechanicalplotters58b.Thecomputercanalsobeofconventionaltype,eitheranalogordigital,orahybrid. Aprofileoftheentirebrainwaveemissionpatternmaybemonitoredorselectareasofthebrainmaybeobservedinasingle measurementsimplybyalteringthescanangleanddirectionoftheantennas.Thereisnophysicalcontactbetweenthe subjectandthemonitoringapparatus.Thecomputer60alsocandetermineacompensatingwaveformfortransmissionto thebrain10toalterthenaturalbrainwavesinadesiredfashion.Theclosedloopcompensatingsystempermits instantaneousandcontinuousmodificationofthebrainwaveresponsepattern. Inperformingthebrainwavepatternmodificationfunction,thecomputer60canbefurnishedwithanexternalstandardsignal fromasource70representativeofbrainwaveactivityassociatedwithadesirednuerologicalresponse.Theregionofthe brainresponsiblefortheresponseismonitoredandthereceivedsignal,indicativeofthebrainwaveactivitytherein,is comparedwiththestandardsignal.Thecomputer60isprogrammedtodetermineacompensatingsignal,responsivetothe differencebetweenthestandardsignalandreceivedsignal.Thecompensatingsignal,whentransmittedtothemonitored regionofthebrain,modulatesthenaturalbrainwaveactivitythereintowardareproductionofthestandardsignal,thereby changingtheneurologicalresponseofthesubject. Thecomputer60controlsanauxiliarytransmitter64whichtransmitsthecompensatingsignaltothebrain10ofthesubject viaanantenna66.Thetransmitter64isofthehighfrequencytypecommonlyusedinradarapplications.Theantenna66 canbesimilartoantennas41,43and45andcanbecombinedwiththem.Throughthesemeans,brainwaveactivitymaybe alteredanddeviationsfromadesirednormmaybecompensated.Brainwavesmaybemonitoredandcontrolsignals transmittedtothebrainfromaremotestation. Itistobenotedthattheconfigurationdescribedisoneofmanypossibilitieswhichmaybeformulatedwithoutdepartingfrom thespiritofmyinvention.Thetransmitterscanbemonostraticorbistatic.Theyalsocanbesingle,dual,ormultiple frequencydevices.Thetransmittedsignalcanbecontinuouswave,pulse,FM,oranycombinationoftheseaswellasother transmissionforms.Typicaloperatingfrequenciesforthetransmittersrangefrom1MHzto40GHzbutmaybealteredto suittheparticularfunctionbeingmonitoredandthecharacteristicsofthespecificsubject. Theindividualcomponentsofthesystemformonitoringandcontrollingbrainwaveactivitymaybeofconventionaltype commonlyemployedinradarsystems. Varioussubassembliesofthebrainwavemonitoringandcontrolapparatusmaybeadded,substitutedorcombined.Thus, separateantennasorasinglemultimodeantennamaybeusedfortransmissionandreception.Additionaldisplaysand computersmaybeaddedtopresentandanalyzeselectcomponentsofthemonitoredbrainwaves. Modulationoftheinterferencesignalretransmittedbythebrainmaybeofamplitude,frequencyand/orphase.Appropriate demodulatorsmaybeusedtodecipherthesubject'sbrainactivityandselectcomponentsofhisbrainwavesmaybe analyzedbycomputertodeterminehismentalstateandmonitorhisthoughtprocesses. Aswillbeappreciatedbythosefamiliarwiththeart,apparatusandmethodofthesubjectinventionhasnumeroususes. Personsincriticalpositionssuchasdriversandpilotscanbecontinuouslymonitoredwithprovisionforactivationofan emergencydeviceintheeventofhumanfailure.Seizures,sleepinessanddreamingcanbedetected.Bodilyfunctionssuch aspulserate,heartbeatreqularityandothersalsocanbemonitoredandoccurrencesofhallucinationscanbedetected.The systemalsopermitsmedicaldiagnosesofpatients,inaccessibletophysicians,fromremotestations.

PATENT CITATIONS
CitedPatent US2860627* US3096768* US3233450* US3483860* US3495596* US3555529* US3773049* Filingdate Mar26,1953 May27,1960 Nov8,1961 Nov2,1964 Mar23,1965 Aug16,1967 Nov13,1970 Publicationdate Nov18,1958 Jul9,1963 Feb8,1966 Dec16,1969 Feb17,1970 Jan12,1971 Nov20,1973 Applicant CharlesM Harden TronIncFa FryWilliamJ Namerow Norman Stanley MedelCorp SystemsRes Labor IlinaT Title Patternphoticstimulator Electrotherapysystem Acousticflawdetectionsystem Methodformonitoringintrasomaticcirculatoryfunctionsandorganmovement Apparatusforandmethodofprocessingabioelectricalsignal Apparatusformeasuringelectricfieldradiationfromlivingbodies Apparatusforthetreatmentofneuropsychicandsomaticdiseaseswithheat, light,soundandvhfelectromagneticradiation

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US3796208*

Patent US3951134 - Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves - Google Patents
Feb14,1972 Mar12,1974 MemcoLtd Movementmonitoringapparatus

*Citedbyexaminer

REFERENCED BY
CitingPatent US4140997* US4305402* US4344440* US4503863* US4641659* US4719425* US4858612* US4958638* Filingdate Jul21,1977 Jun29,1979 Apr1,1980 Sep15,1981 Apr19,1982 Apr15,1986 Dec19,1983 Jun30,1988 Publicationdate Feb20,1979 Dec15,1981 Aug17,1982 Mar12,1985 Feb10,1987 Jan12,1988 Aug22,1989 Sep25,1990 Applicant BradyWilliamM KatimsJeffersonJ TrygveAaby KatimsJeffersonJ SepponenRaimoE Scientific Innovations,Inc. StocklinPhilipL GeorgiaTech Research Corporation Westinghouse ElectricCorp. FarmerEdwardJ. VanDickRobertC. StirblRobertC. Jordan Neuroscience,Inc. Jordan Neuroscience,Inc. Semiconductor EnergyLaboratory Co.,Ltd. ErwinRoyJohn Title Brainwaveresponsiveprogrammableelectronicvisualdisplaysystems Methodfortranscutaneouselectricalstimulation Microprobeformonitoringbiophysicalphenomenaassociatedwith cardiacandneuralactivity Methodandapparatusfortranscutaneouselectricalstimulation Medicaldiagnosticmicrowavescanningapparatus NMRimagingmethodandapparatus Hearingdevice Noncontactvitalsignsmonitor Productdetectorforasteadyvisualevokedpotentialstimulatorand productdetector Deviceformonitoringamagneticfieldemanatingfromanorganism Methodandapparatusforreducingphysiologicalstress Methodandanassociatedapparatusforremotelydetermining informationastoperson'semotionalstate Methodandapparatusforelectroencephalography Electroencephalogramacquisitionunitandsystem BiologicalSignalProcessingUnit,WirelessMemory,BiologicalSignal ProcessingSystem,AndControlSystemOfDeviceToBeControlled Electroencephalographicsystemforthequantitativedescriptionof patientbrainstates

US5052401* US5458142* US5480374* US5507291* US6510340 US6950697

Mar22,1989 Mar19,1993 Mar28,1994 Apr5,1994 Jan8,2001 Oct1,2002

Oct1,1991 Oct17,1995 Jan2,1996 Apr16,1996 Jan21,2003 Sep27,2005

US20080294033*

Jul12,2005

Nov27,2008

EP0013183A1* *Citedbyexaminer

Dec28,1979

Jul9,1980

CLASSIFICATIONS
U.S.Classification InternationalClassification CooperativeClassification EuropeanClassification 600/544,600/407 A61B5/0476,A61B5/00 A61B5/0006,A61B5/0507,A61B5/0476 A61B5/05M,A61B5/00B3B,A61B5/0476

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