International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 31 (2011) 322330

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International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives

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Finite element stress analysis and strength evaluation of epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact push-off loads
Lijuan Liao, Toshiyuki Sawa n
Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o
Available online 16 February 2011 Keywords: Epoxy Interfaces Impact Finite element stress analysis

a b s t r a c t
The stress wave propagations and stress distributions in epoxy-steel cylinders in which the outside surface of a solid cylinder (steel) is adhered to the inside surface of a hollow cylinder (epoxy resin) subjected to impact push-off loads were analyzed using the nite element method (FEM). The impact push-off loads were applied to epoxy-steel cylinders on a solid cylinder by dropping a weight. The FEM code employed was ANSYS/LS-DYNA. It was found that the maximum principal stress occurs at the upper edge of the interface, where the rupture initiates in epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact pushoff loads. Besides, it was also found that the normal stress near the upper edge of the interface increases as the rigidity and the initial impact velocity increase; meanwhile it decreases as the diameter and the height of the solid cylinder increase. The strength of epoxy-steel cylinders increases as the rigidity of the solid cylinder increases, and the diameter and the height of the solid cylinder decrease. In addition, it was observed that the characteristics of the joints subjected to the impact push-off loads are opposite to those of the joints subjected to the static push-off loads. Furthermore, experiments were carried out to measure the strain response of epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact and static push-off loads. Fairly good agreements were observed between the numerical and the measured results. & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Recently, composite parts have widely been used as the performances in strength, stiffness and toughness increase, and they can lighten the weight of mechanical structures. Fiberreinforced composites among composite parts have higher specic strength and specic stiffness compared with metallic materials. It is easy to be fabricated, but cracks are hard to propagate in the composite owing to the viscosity of the adhesive such as epoxy resin. Therefore, the interface stress characteristics of the composite parts are an important factor. Some investigations [16] have been carried out on the stress distributions in composite cylinders subjected to static loads. It is well known that singular stresses occur at the vicinity of contact edges in the composite cylindrical parts under static push-off loads. Actually, mechanical structures are subjected to impact loads and static loads. Only a few investigations have been performed on the stress wave propagations in joints, such as single-lap adhesive joints, laminated adhesive beams, butt adhesive joints and so on subjected to static [724] and impact [2531] loads including tensile, bending and cleavage. The singularity behavior near the

Corresponding author. E-mail address: sawa@mec.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (T. Sawa).

contact edge was obtained in the previous researches. Particularly, a few investigations on composite cylindrical parts, which are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries, have been carried out. Liao et al. [1,2] have studied the interface stress distributions and have formed strength evaluations of epoxy-steel cylinders under static push-off loads. However, no research has been done on epoxy-steel cylinders under impact loads. Thus, it is important to understand the characteristics of composite cylindrical parts subjected to impact and static loads. In establishing an optimal design of adhesive joints, it is necessary to know the stress wave propagations and stress distributions in epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact loads, especially, to understand the difference in the characteristics of epoxy-steel cylinders under both static and impact loads from a reliable design standpoint. In the present paper, stress wave propagations and stress distributions in epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact pushoff loads with small strain rate are analyzed using the threedimensional nite-element method (FEM) as a three-body contact problem. The code employed is ANSYS/LS-DYNA. An impact load is applied to epoxy-steel cylinders by dropping a weight-hammer. A hollow cylinder is used for a support at the bottom of specimen. The contact stress between epoxy-steel cylinders and the elastic hollow cylinder, which is for the support, is taken into account. In the FEM calculations, the effects of Youngs modulus, the diameters and the height of the solid cylinder on the stress wave

0143-7496/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2010.12.004

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Nomenclature 2ai inside diameter of nite solid cylinder [I] (adherend solid shaft, steel), nite hollow cylinder [II] (adhesive layer, epoxy resin) and [III] (support ring, steel) (i 1,2,3) outside diameter of nite solid cylinder [I] (adherend solid shaft, steel), nite hollow cylinder [II] (adhesive layer, epoxy resin) and [III] (support ring, steel) (i 1,2,3) height of nite solid cylinder [I] (adherend solid shaft, steel), nite hollow cylinder [II] (adhesive layer, epoxy resin) and [III] (support ring, steel) (i 1,2,3; 2h1 2h2)

Oi

Ei

2bi

ni

2hi

origin of the coordinate for nite solid cylinder [I] (adherend solid shaft, steel), nite hollow cylinder [II] (adhesive layer, epoxy resin) and [III] (support ring, steel) (i 1,2,3) Youngs modulus of nite solid cylinder [I] (adherend solid shaft, steel), nite hollow cylinder [II] (adhesive layer, epoxy resin) and [III] (support ring, steel) (i 1,2,3) Poissons ratio of nite solid cylinder [I] (adherend solid shaft, steel), nite hollow cylinder [II] (adhesive layer, epoxy resin) and [III] (support ring, steel) (i 1,2,3)

propagations and stress distributions at the interfaces are examined. The strength of epoxy-steel cylinders is examined using the stress wave propagations and the stress distributions at the interface areas under the impact push-off loads. In addition, the characteristics of the joint with epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact loads are compared with those of the joint under static loads. Furthermore, experiments are carried out to measure the strain response and strengths of the joints with epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact push-off loads. Comparisons between the numerical results and the experimental results and between the characteristics under impact loads and those under static loads are made.

solid cylinder with the contact velocity V At the interface of the solid cylinder [I] and the hollow cylinder [II], normal stresses and shear stresses take place at the same time. Fig. 2 shows the model for FEM calculations for epoxy-steel cylinders under impact pushoff loads. Cylindrical coordinates (r, y, z) are used, as shown in Fig. 2. Taking into account the symmetry of epoxy-steel cylinders about the axes r 0 and y 0, only one quarter of epoxy-steel cylinders is analyzed as shown in Fig. 2. The boundary conditions are as follows: the impact weight-hammer and epoxysteel cylinders both are xed in the r-direction and the

2. Three-dimensional nite element calculations Fig. 1 shows a model for FEM calculations and the dimensions of epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact push-off loads. An adhesive ring (epoxy resin, which is the mixture of epoxy resin 806 and curing agent To184, Japan) is adhered to a shaft (steel). The joint is placed on a support hollow cylinder (steel). The solid cylinder, the adhesive hollow cylinder and the support hollow cylinder are designated as nite solid cylinder [I], nite hollow cylinder [II] and [III], respectively. A weight-hammer is dropped from a height H and impacted on the upper end of the

Fig. 1. Model for the analysis and dimensions of epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact push-off loads.

Fig. 2. Model for FEM calculations for epoxy-steel cylinders under impact pushoff loads.

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Fig. 4. Tensile tests for the adhesive properties.

Fig. 3. An example of the element division in FEM for epoxy-steel cylinders under impact loads.

y-direction, respectively. They can only move through the z-direction under impact loads. The support hollow cylinder is xed in all the directions. When the impact action takes place, the contact velocity between the impact component and the upper end of the solid cylinder [I] is designated as V. Fig. 3 shows an example of mesh division in FEM for the joint under impact loads. 20-node hexahedral elements are used. The numbers of elements and nodes employed are 45,500 and 51,843, respectively. The FEM code (employed is ANSYS/LS-DYNA) employed is explicit. Elastic analyses are carried out. In the present study, the impact velocity is assumed to be small, so that the strain rate is sufciently small and the impact loads are assumed quasi-static. The numerical calculations were carried out in consideration of the dimensions of the specimens used as follows: 2b1 2a2 22 mm, 2a3 30 mm, 2b2 44 mm, 2b3 44 mm, 2h1 2h2 30 mm, 2h3 10 mm, E1 E3 207 GPa, E2 3.21 GPa, n1 n3 0.309, n2 0.387, r1 r3 7.843 103 kg/m3 and r2 1.216 103 kg/m3. In the code ANSYS/LS-DYNA, the principal nite element equation is described as [M][A]+[K][U] [F], where [M] is the mass matrix, [A] is acceleration vector, [K] is the stiffness matrix, [U] is the displacement vector and [F] is the external load vector. Taking into account the initial conditions, the boundary conditions and the contact conditions, the calculations by ANSYS/LSDYNA are carried out. In ANSYS/LS-DYNA, the condition du/dt (x(r), t) V at t 0 on the impacted region is used, where V is the impacted velocity while the initial condition u (x(r), t) u0 at t 0 on the impacted region is used, where x(r) is the position variable, u is the displacement, u0 is the prescribed displacement and t is the time elapsed. In addition, in ANSYS/LS-DYNA, the center difference method is adopted in the time integration.

Fig. 5. Stressstrain curve of epoxy resin.

3. Experimental method 3.1. Adhesive properties Fig. 4 shows the adhesive specimen with dimensions used in experiments (Fig. 4(a)) and the autograph universal testing machine in tensile tests (Fig. 4(b)). The strain rate of the tensile tests is chosen as 10 1/s. Fig. 5 shows a stressstrain curve of the adhesive (mixture of epoxy resin 806 and curing agent To184, Japan) obtained experimentally. The stressstrain curve (solid line) was approximated by piece-wise linear lines (dotted line), where the slope of the

dotted line after yielding was denoted as C. The deformation of the adherends remained in the elastic range. The strength of epoxy-steel cylinders was predicted using the maximum principal stress criterion. When the maximum principal stress s1 at the edge of the adhesive interface reaches the rupture stress sc of the adhesive, the stress is dened as the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders. In Fig. 5, it is found that the value of the rupture stress of the adhesive is obtained as sc 65.25 MPa (ec 0.075). This value can be a reference value to examine the rupture stress in epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact push-off loads with a small strain rate (less than 10 1/s).

3.2. Impact push-off tests for epoxy-steel cylinders For verication of the FEM calculations, the strain responses and the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact loads were measured. Fig. 6 shows the dimensions of the specimens (Fig. 6(a and b)) used in the strain measurements and the schematic of the test setup (Fig. 6(c)) and the experimental device (Fig. 6(d)) for the impact push-off tests. The material of the solid

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Fig. 6. Dimensions of the test specimens and a schematic of the experimental setup (unit: mm).

24 h. The joints were placed on the testing equipment shown in Fig. 6(c) and were subjected to the impact loads by dropping a weight-hammer. The impact component with a mass of 13.6 kg was dropped from a height H. Fig. 7 shows the positions of the glued strain gauges, whose length and width were 2.5 and 5.0 mm, respectively. The strain responses were recorded using an analyzing recorder and dynamic ampliers. The positions of the strain gauges attached in the z-direction are shown in Fig. 7(a) and along the circumferential direction are shown in Fig. 7(b). The experimental results are compared with the calculated results concerning the strains responses.
Fig. 7. Positions and dimensions of the glued strain gauges (unit: mm).

4. Results of FEM calculations cylinders shown in Fig. 6(a) is chosen as steel (S45C, JIS), and that of the hollow cylinders [II] as epoxy resin (mixture of epoxy resin 806 and curing agent To184, Japan). The support shown in Fig. 6(b) was manufactured by steel (S45C, JIS) in order to x epoxy-steel cylinders. The maximum surface roughness Rmax of the contact surface of the solid cylinders (r b1) was measured as 1.562.62 mm. The dimensions of the solid cylinders [I], the hollow cylinders [II] and [III] were the same as those used in the FEM calculations. The bonding procedures were as follows: (1) for the preparation of the intermixture of the adhesive, 806 (epoxy resin) and To184 (curing agent) were mixed together with 12 drops of foaming agent (KS-603) about 5 min. (2) Prior to preparation of the specimens, the contact outside surfaces of the solid cylinders [I] were ground and degreased using 2-butanone (C2H5COCH3). (3) After the hollow cylinders [II] are attached to the outside surfaces of the solid cylinders [I], the specimens were put in oven about 3 h with the temperature 135 1C for curing. (4) Then, the specimens were cooled at room temperature about 4.1. Stress wave propagations at the interfaces In the FEM calculations, the weight-hammer was dropped p from a height H 13 mm and the initial velocity (V 2gH, where g is the acceleration of gravity) of the weight M was chosen as V 504.8 mm/s at the impacted component shown in Fig. 2. Thus, the quasi-static condition is assumed because the strain rate is small. In this case, the impact energy is calculated as 1.733 J (impact energy (IE) is dened as 1/2MV2). Fig. 8 shows the maximum principal stress wave propagation at the interface area of epoxy-steel cylinders under impact pushoff loads. Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) are used to represent three kinds of values. The x-axis is the elapsed time simulated in ANSYS/LS-DYNA, which is chosen as 0.08 ms. The y-axis represents the distance from the lower end of the contact edge at the interface area noted as z/h2. The z-axis means the stress values corresponding to a dened time and position of epoxy-steel cylinders. It is observed that the stress singularity behaviors,

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Fig. 8. Maximum principal stress wave propagation and stress distributions.

which is the main reason to cause the rupture due to the steep stress at the interface areas [15,1215,1826], occur at the vicinity of the upper contact edge (z/h2 1.0). It can be assumed that the rupture initiates at the upper contact edge (z/h2 1.0, r b1 a2) in epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact push-off loads. For estimating the effects of inuenced factors on the stress wave propagation and interface stress distributions, the position at z/h2 0.85 is chosen as the examined position where the rupture initiates (the peak stress point is shown in Fig. 8, under the condition where V 504.8 mm/s). On the contrary, the rupture initiates near the lower contact edge (r b1, z/h2 1.0) of epoxy-steel cylinders under static push-off loads [1,2]. The effects of the mesh division on the stress wave propagation and the stress distributions (shown in Fig. 9) at the interfaces were examined in the FEM calculations by varying the minimum value of the element size near the upper contact interface areas. It is found that the maximum values of the stresses when the smaller value of the minimum element size is chosen are greater than those when the greater value of the minimum element size is chosen. The difference in the maximum values for the element size chosen as 0.5 and 5 mm is about 2.4%. Taking into account the computational time and the accuracy of the results, the minimum value of the element size was chosen as 5 mm.

4.2. Effect of Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 on the interface stress wave propagations Fig. 10 shows the effects of Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 (Youngs modulus of the adhesive E2 is varied) on the normal stress sr (Fig. 10(a)) and the stress ratio trz/sr (Fig. 10(b)) variations at the interface area (r b1) of the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85) in epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads. The FEM calculations are done in the elastic deformation range. It is found that the normal stress increases as the Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 increases. The energy absorption capacity of epoxysteel cylinders increases as the Youngs modulus of the epoxy resin E2 decreases. In addition, as shown in Fig. 10(b), the stress ratio trz/sr increases as the Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 decreases. In other words, the effect of the normal stress sr increases obviously compared to the shear stress trz as the ratio E1/E2 increases. From the results, it is assumed that the joint strength under the impact loads increases as the Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 increases. On the contrary, the interface normal stress of epoxy-steel cylinders under the static push-off loads increases as the ratio E1/ E2 decreases [1,2].

Fig. 9. Effect of minimum mesh size on stress wave propagations.

Fig. 10. Effect of Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 on stress wave propagations (2b1 2a2 22 mm, 2a3 30 mm, 2b2 44 mm, 2b3 44 mm, 2h1 2h2 30 mm, 2h3 10 mm, E1 E3 207 GPa, n1 n3 0.309, n2 0.387, r1 r3 7.843 103 kg/m3, r2 1.216 103 kg/m3, H 13 mm and V 504.78 mm/s).

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Fig. 11. Effect of diameter ratio b1/b2 on stress wave propagations (2b1 2a2, 2a3 30 mm, 2b2 44 mm, 2b3 44 mm, 2h1 2h2 30 mm, 2h3 10 mm, E1 E3 207 GPa, E2 3.21 GPa, n1 n3 0.309, n2 0.387, r1 r3 7.843 103 kg/m3, r2 1.216 103 kg/m3, H 13 mm and V 504.78 mm/s).

Fig. 12. Effect of ratio h2/b1 on stress wave propagations (2b1 2a2 22 mm, 2a3 30 mm, 2b2 44 mm, 2b3 44 mm, 2h1 2h2, 2h3 10 mm, E1 E3 207 GPa, E2 3.21 GPa, n1 n3 0.309, n2 0.387, r1 r3 7.843 103 kg/m3, r2 1.216 103 kg/m3 and V 120.00 mm/s).

4.3. Effect of diameter ratio b1/b2 on the interface stress wave propagations Fig. 11 shows the effects of the diameter ratio of the outside diameter of the solid cylinder [I] 2b1 to that of the hollow cylinder [II] 2b2 on the normal stress (Fig. 11(a)) and the stress ratio trz/sr (Fig. 11(b)) variations at the interface area (r b1) of the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85), while Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 is held constant as 65. The FEM calculations are done in the elastic deformation range. It is found that the normal stress sr increases as the diameter ratio b1/b2 decreases. It can be assumed that the energy absorption capacity of epoxy-steel cylinders increases as the outside diameter of the solid cylinder [I] 2b1 decreases compared to that of the hollow cylinder [II] 2b2. Furthermore, owing to the diameter of the solid cylinder [I] change, the peak responses of the normal stress occur one after another along with the value 2b1 increase as shown in Fig. 11(a). As shown in Fig. 11(b), it also can be observed that the stress ratio trz/sr increases as the diameter ratio b1/b2 increases. The effect of the normal stress sr decreases obviously compared to the shear stress trz as the value 2b1 increases. Thus, it is assumed that epoxy-steel cylinders strength under the impact loads increases as the diameter ratio b1/b2 decreases.

However, from the results obtained before [1,2], it can be observed that the interface normal stress of epoxy-steel cylinders under the static push-off loads increases as the ratio b1/b2 increases, which is opposite to epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact loads.

4.4. Effect of engaged bonded height on the interface stress wave propagations Fig. 12 shows the effects of the engaged bonded height ratio h2/b1 on the normal stress (Fig. 12(a)) and the stress ratio trz/sr (Fig. 12(b)) variations at the interface area (r b1) of the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85). It is found that the normal stress sr increases as the height ratio h2/b1 decreases. As the engaged bonded height of the bonded part in epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact push-off loads increases, the energy absorption capacity in the adhesive layer decreases. In addition, it is also observed that the stress ratio trz/sr increases with an increase of the height ratio h2/b1. With a decrease of the bonded engaged bonded height, the effect of the normal stress sr increases. Thus, it is assumed that the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact loads increases as the height ratio h2/b1 decreases.

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Fig. 13. Effect of initial impact velocity on V on the peak values of maximum principal stress variations at the interface area (t 0.058 ms, r b1, 2b1 2a2, 2a3 30 mm, b1/b2 0.5, 2b3 44 mm, 2h1 2h2 30 mm, 2h3 10 mm, E1 E3 207 GPa, E2 3.21 GPa, n1 n3 0.309, n2 0.387, r1 r3 7.843 103 kg/m3 and r2 1.216 103 kg/m3).

Fig. 14. Effect of impact velocity on variation in the maximum principal stress (2b1 2a2 22 mm, 2a3 30 mm, 2b2 44 mm, 2b3 44 mm, 2h1 2h2 30 mm, 2h3 10 mm, E1 E3 207 GPa, E2 3.21 GPa, n1 n3 0.309, n2 0.387, r1 r3 7.843 103 kg/m3 and r2 1.216 103 kg/m3).

On the other hand, the interface normal stress of epoxy-steel cylinders under the static push-off loads increases as the engaged bonded height increases [1,2]. 4.5. Effect of initial impact velocity on the interface stress wave propagations obtained by stress analysis under impact loads 4.5.1. Effect of initial impact velocity on the stress peak values Fig. 13 shows the effects of the initial impact velocity V on the peak values of maximum principal stress variations at the interface area (r b1, z/h2 1.0  z/h2 1.0). The initial heights of dropping weight-hammer H is chosen as 13, 20 and 30 mm, respectively. Correspondingly, the value of the initial impact velocity is 504.8, 626.1 and 766.8 mm/s, respectively. It is observed that the peak value of maximum principal stress at the interfaces increases as the initial impact velocity increases (when t 0.058 ms, z/h2 0.85, 0.88 and 0.90, respectively). More importantly, the position of the peak value of maximum principal stress moves towards the edge of the upper interfaces (z/h2 1.0) as the initial impact velocity increases. Thus, it can be concluded that the singular point moving to the edge of the upper interfaces coincides with the increase of the initial impact velocity. 4.5.2. Effect of initial impact velocity on the strain rate Fig. 14 shows the results of the maximum principal stress variation at the interface area (r b1) of the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85) in epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads obtained by the FEM stress response calculations. In the FEM calculations of epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads, when the maximum principal strain e at an element of the interface of epoxy-steel cylinders (r b1) near the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85) reaches the rupture strain ec (ec 0.075), the stress wave cannot be propagated. The turning point values corresponding to the maximum principal stress value is between 63.92 and 65.52 MPa, respectively. Compared to the rupture point

(ec 0.075, corresponding to a stress value 65.25 MPa) shown in Fig. 5, the estimated rupture strength is in a fairly good agreement with the results obtained from the experiments. In this paper, the initial velocity is assumed to be small. Thus, the strain rate is assumed to be sufciently small and thus the load is assumed quasi-static. In the case of V 804.24 and 828.25 mm/s shown in Fig.14, the values of the maximum principal stresses drop suddenly to zero at the elapsed times of about 0.0599 and 0.0592 ms, respectively. It can be demonstrated that the element of the interface of epoxysteel cylinders (r b1) near the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85) is ruptured under the impact loads and the stress wave cannot be propagated. In the case of V 804.24 828.25 mm/s, the elements of the contact edge are ruptured. Meanwhile, in the case of V 791.96, 766.80 and 504.78 mm/s, no rupture occurs. When the element of the interface of epoxy-steel cylinders (r b1) near the upper contact edges (z/h2 0.85) is ruptured in epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact push-off loads, it is assumed that all the bonded interface will be ruptured simultaneously because the element mentioned above is the most dangerous element at the vicinity of the upper contact edges. In this study, the rupture is described by the impact energy IE. It can be found that the rupture is between IE 4.265 J (M 13.6 kg, H 32 mm, V 791.96 mm/s) and IE 4.398 J (M 13.6 kg, H 33 mm, V 804.24 mm/s).

5. Comparisons between the numerical and the experimental results 5.1. Comparison of the strain responses Fig. 15 shows the comparison of the strain responses between the numerical and measured results in epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads. The positions, where the strain gauges were glued, are shown in Fig. 7. The ordinate represents the strain er in the r-direction. The abscissa is the elapsed time simulated in ANSYS/LS-DYNA, which is chosen as 0.1 ms.

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experiments, the initial height H of the dropping weight-hammer was varied as 13, 30, 32 and 33 mm as shown in Fig. 1, respectively. Three (denoted as 13) cylinders specimens were subjected to impact push-off loads with the variation of the initial height H. The mark indicates no-rupture; while the mark J demonstrates the rupture occurs in the experiments. The value IE, which is used as description of the rupture strength, is varied according to the variation of the initial height H of the dropping weight-hammer. In the FEM calculations described above, the joint ruptures under impact energy IE which is between 4.265 and 4.398 J. A good agreement between the numerical and measured results is observed. However, some values obtained experimentally are slightly smaller than those obtained from the FEM results. This result is due to: (1) air trapped in the bonding process; and (2) residual stresses took place at the interface of the joint, which were not taken into account in the FEM calculations. Fig. 16 shows the rupture shape of a specimen after impact push-off loads. It can be found that the rupture initiates along the interfaces near the upper contact edge of the epoxy-steel cylinders.

Fig. 15. Comparisons of the strains between the numerical and experimental results (the strain response in the circumferential direction was measured using strain gage glued at point B).

6. Conclusions In this study, the stress wave propagations and stress distributions of epoxy-steel cylinders subjected to impact push-off loads with small strain rate are analyzed in elastic deformation ranges using the three-dimensional nite element method (FEM) as a three-body contact problem. In addition, the strains responses and the strengths were measured. The following results are obtained.

Table 1 Measured joint strength under impact push-off loads. H (mm) IE (J) No. (Specimens) 1 13 30 32 33 1.733 3.998 4.265 4.398
J

2
J J J

3
J J

 In the FEM calculations, it is found that the rupture initiates at 

the interface area near the upper contact edges of epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads. The normal stress near the upper edge of the interface area of epoxy-steel cylinders increases when (1) the rigidity of the solid cylinder [I] is larger than that of the hollow cylinder [II], (2) the ratio of the outside diameter of the hollow cylinder [II] to that of the solid cylinder [I] b2/b1 increases and (3) the value of the diameter of the solid cylinder [I] is larger than that of the bonded engaged length. From the stress wave propagation and the interface stress distributions obtained from the present FEM calculations, it can be predicted that the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders increases under the following conditions: (1) as Youngs modulus ratio E1/E2 increases, (2) as the diameter ratio b1/b2 decreases and (3) as the engagement length 2h2 (the adhesive rings height) decreases compared to the diameter of the solid cylinder [I] 2b1. When the initial impact velocity increases, the singularity point moves towards to the edge of upper interfaces (z/h2 1.0). An FEM calculation is carried out and a method for estimating the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads is proposed. The strength of epoxy-steel cylinders is estimated using the impact energy IE, which is obtained between 4.265 and 4.398 J in the present study. Different characteristics of epoxy-steel cylinders under static and impact loads are obtained. The strain response measurements in epoxy-steel cylinders under impact push-off loads were carried out. A fairly good agreement is observed between the numerical and the measured results. In addition, the joint strengths were measured. It is found that the estimated joint strength results under impact loads obtained from the FEM are fairly coincided with the measured results.

(J) Rupture; ( ) No-rupture.

 
Fig. 16. Rupture shape of a specimen after impact push-off loads.

The solid line shows the experimental result (Exp.), while the dotted line shows the numerical result (Num.). The numerical result is the average strain at point B, where the strain gauge can be glued. A fairly good agreement is observed between the numerical and the measured results. 5.2. Comparison of the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders Table 1 shows the experimental results for the strength of epoxy-steel cylinders under the impact push-off loads. In the

 

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