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The objective of the project is to measure the distance without contact. One way is to use ultrasonic waves at 40 kHz for distance measurement. Ultrasonic transducers measure the amount of time taken for a pulse of sound to travel to a particular surface and return as the reflected echo. This circuit calculates the distance based on the speed of sound at !"# ambient temperature and shows it on $#%. Usin& it' you can measure distance up to .! meters. (n this project' you e)cite the ultrasonic transmitter unit with a 40 *Hz pulse burst and e)pect an echo from the object whose distance you want to measure. T/a0smi..e/ Ci/c1i. The 40 *Hz transmitter is connectin& directly to pins of controller. The oscillator oscillates at a fre+uency of 40 *Hz between hi&h and low and low to hi&h on the pins. This produces a 40 *Hz s+uare wave with a peak to peak volta&e. This si&nal is transmitted for appro)imately ,-0us per measurement. +eceive/ Ci/c1i. . 40 *Hz receiver is connected between &round and the input of one half of a $/-!0 op1 amp 2sin&le source dual op1amp3. The si&nal from the receiver &oes throu&h three sta&es of amplification. The first two sta&es amplify the si&nal ,00 times' effectively providin& ,0'000 times amplification. The third sta&e of amplification is an adjustable &ain amplifier. The input resistance is a variable resistor that ran&es between ,1kOhm and 441kOhm. The feedback resistor is a !01kOhm resistor. This provides an additional amplification between , and !0 times. The final output from the amplifier circuit is connected directly to the base of the 565 switchin& transistor. .lso connected to the base of the switchin& transistor is a volta&e offset provided by a ,01kOhm potentiometer connected between 7## and 85%. This provides the e)tra push that the si&nal needs to reach the switchin& re&ion of the transistor. The si&nal provides spikes that add to the offset volta&e and switch the transistor into the O5 state.

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