Mechanics of Solids

4300:202 Mechanics of Solids Set # 5 Dr. A. F.
Saleeb

1

Stresses in Beams
Due to lateral loads, both normal and shear stresses will generally
develop in beams; i.e., non-uniform bending with M and V varying along
the beam longitudinal axis.
Normal Strains / Stresses
Deflection Curve and Curvature

( )
( )
deflection v = positive in positive y direction
rotation = positive if clockwise
O` = center of curvature
= radius of curvature
1
= = curvature
4300:202 Mechanics of Solids Set # 5 Dr. A. F. Saleeb

2

( )
For small deflections = small; cos 1
ds dx
1 d
= = . 1
dx
dv
Where =
dx

Normal Strain,
x

Consider element dx.
Due to bending (curvature) the face (plane) A
1
A
2
rotates to the
position
1 2
A A

; i.e., plane sections remain plane after bending deformations.
For a typical material fiber mn with original length = dx, its change in
length after deformation is given by
nn' = ( - y) d - dx


3

and the strain
x
is (using Eq.1),
x
nn'
= = -y
dx

. (2)
i.e., distribution of
x
is linear over depth of section.

Normal Stress,
x

From Hookes law (for linear elastic material)
x x
= E = -E y . (3)
i.e., also linear over cross section

4

Stress vs. Moment Relation
( )
( )
x
From internal equilibrium, the resultant ofstresses must reduce to
i zero axial force; and
ii total bending moment , M

From (i):
x
A A
dA = E y dA

= 0

( )
A
Or, y.dA = 0 . 4

i.e., Neutral axis (z-axis) is the cross section Centroidal axis under pure
bending (no axial forces)
( )
( )
( )
x
A
2
A
2
A
From ii :
y dA=M
or using Eq. 3 ,
M = -E y dA
Define,
y dA=I=moment of inertia of cross-section with respect to z axis N.A

( )
( ) ( )
( )
x
M
= - . 5
EI
And from 5 into 3 ,
My
= . 6
I


5

Notes:
(i) Eq. (6) is the fundamental flexure/bending stress formula.
(ii) In Eq. (5), positive moment, M, corresponds to negative curvature,
, in the adopted sign conventions.
(iii) Maximum Stresses from (6) are:
( )
( )
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
M C M
max. tension = . 7a
I S
M C M
max. compression = . 7b
I S
I I
Where S = , S = are section moduli.
C C
= =
= =


6

Examples:
Example 1:

( )
( )
t c
max max
c
i Find maximum tensileand compressive stresses ,
ii Find stress, at point C
b 50mm, h 150mm, c 0.5m, d 25mm = = = =

Solution:
( )
( )
2 2
max
3
2
3 3
1 2
t c max
max max
2
c a
i max.stresses occur at max. M; i.e., at x L / 2:
1 1
M = q L = (60)(2) = 30 KN m
8 8
bh
I=
12
I bh
S=S =S = = = 187.510 mm
(h/2) 6
M
= = = 160 M Pa
S
c 1
ii M =R .c q. = qL.c q
2 2
=

2
2
c 1 1
= (60)(2)(0.5) (60)(0.5) =22.5 KN.m
2 2 2


7

c
3 3
6 4
c c
c
6 4
h 150
y = - d= - 25= mm
2 2
bh (50)(150)
I= = = 14.0610 mm
12 12
M .y (22.5KN.m)(50mm)
5
= = =80MPa (tensile)
I 14.0610
0
mm

Example 2:
Find
max
due to wheel loads P.

Solution:
M
max
= M
m
under one of the loads; i.e., x = x
m

Find R
a
= P.(2L-2x-d)/L
( )
m a
m
m
2 2
m max
max
max
Px
M =R x= 2L-2x-d
L
For max. M,
M L d
0 x x ( ) ft
x 2 4
Also
P d 3 5
M =M = L
10.75
28.8
21.
- = 24- = k ft
2L 2 2(24) 2
M 28.9(12)
= = = ksi
S .2
4
16

= = = =


8

For both tension and compression (S
1
=S
2
=S in the present doubly symmetric
section).
Example 3:
Find max.
t c
, .

Solution:
Find max. positive M=M
m
=1.406 k-ft (@ x=x
m
= 3.75 ft)
Find max. negative M=M
b
=-2.5 k-ft
At Sec. m:

m 1
t
m 2
c
M C (1.406 12)(2.496)
= = = ksi
I 5.14
M C
ksi
I
8.19
2.21

= =

9

At Sec. B:

b 2
t
b 1
c
M .C
(2.5 12)(0.674)
ksi
I 5.14
M .C
(2.5 12)(2.496
3.93
)
ksi
I 5.14
14.6
= = =
= = =

t
c
ksi at "m"
ksi at "B" both
Maxim

um Stresses :
occurring at fibers.
8.19
14.6 bottom
=
=


10

Beam Design
- Mostly, the task here reduces to selection of a section that has adequate
section modulus (doubly symmetric) or moduli (singly symmetric) to
satisfy the design constraints on maximum tensile/compressive bending
stresses; i.e., from Eqs. (6) or (7),
max
req req.
all
M
S = ; chosen S S
. (8)
Where
all
= allowable stress in bending (e.g. with a proper safety factor against
yielding or brittle fracture)
- Instead of S as a lumped sectional property, problems may involve
manipulations to determine a required dimension of some given shape
of cross section using Eq. (8)

11

Example 1:

all(bending)
Select a W beam suitable for the given case if L 8 ft and 15 Ksi. = =

Solution:
Plot M to find the M
max
; i.e., here we compare M
1
, M
2
, M
3
in
absolute values:
For M
1
(max. +ve moment in AB),

1
a
2
1
2
1 1 a 1 1
V = 0
or, R q x = 0
1
x = , M =R x q
11 121
L x =
2
q L
8 128


12

For M
2
=M
b
at intermediate support B,

2
2
2 a
(4L)
M = R (4L) q
5
=
2
qL
2

For M
3
(max. +ve moment in CD)

( )
3
d 3 3
2 2
3 d 3 3
2
2
max
V 0
2q.L
or, R + q x 0, x 2L
q
1
M R x q x 2 q. L
2
0.5
5 8 12
5qL
12
Final M 960K in
2 2
=
= = =
= =

= = =

Find S
req
of the doubly-symm. W-section

3
max
req
all
M 960
S = = = 64 in
15

Choose Section from Table E-1 in Text
W 12x 50, S= 64.7 in
3
> 64 is the most economical; i.e., least
area A= 14.7 in
2
(e.g. compare with W 10x60, S = 66.7>64, but
A = 17.6)

13

Example 2:

Given:
all
(bending) = 1200 psi in joists (wood)
Find: section modulus S and select nominal dimension, t
Soultion
Find uniform load q = (roof load intensity)(spacing c. to c.)
= (70) (4/3) = 93.33 lb/ft
2 2
max
3 max
req
all
1
q L (9.33)(10.5)
M = =1,286.25 lb ft = lb in
8 8
M 15,435
S = = = in
1200
5,435
12.86

From Appendix F, text, select 28 joist (S=13.14 in
3
>12.86), i.e., dimension
t=8 in.

14

Shear Stresses in Beams
-Due to forces V at any sections, both vertical and horizontal
(conjugate/complementary) shear stresses of equal magnitude will
develop in the cross section.
-To derive the shear- stress formula, separate a small FBD with cuts
exposing the shear stresses; i.e., mnpq FBD shown

- Consider horizontal forces on FBD:
*
1 x
A
F (on face m p due to bending) dA =

or, ( )
*
1
A
M
F y dA 9a
I
=

Also, total resultant force F
2
on n-q due to bending

is
( )
*
2
A
(M+dM)
F = y dA 9b
I


15


16

And resultant F
3
due to shear on face m-n

( )
3
F = b dx 9c
Where b= width of section at y=y
1
; i.e., b=b(y
1
)
-For equilibrium:
F
2
F
1
F
3
= 0
or using (9)

( ) *
A
dM 1
= y dA
dx I b

Recall:
dM
V=
dx

And, let
*
A
Q= y dA
statical (first) moment of A

*
- area about z-axis (which
is the centroid N.A.) in mm
3
or in
3
.
( )
V Q
= 10
I b

Where,
V, I = constants (with respect to y) for a given location, x, of cross
section.
Q,b = generally depend on location y where the shear stress is
being calculated; i.e., Q(y) and b(y)
Q= can be calculated for A
*
between location of interest (e.g. y=y
1
here) and
either boundary of cross section, top or bottom (recall Z is centroidal axis
and max. Q = occurs at the centroid O, i.e., at y=0)


17

Example 1:
Find
max
and distribution at the same location where it occurs.

Solution
- The
max
occurs where V
max
occurs; i.e., at A
max a
qL
V R 5400 lb
2
= = =

( )
2
2
2
2
max
2
2
max
h h 1 h
- Find Q = Q y = b y y
2 2 2 2
1 h
= b y
2 4
V b h
= y
I b 2 4
V h
or = y
2I 4


18

- Numerical values: V
max
= 5400 lb, I =
1
12
(8) (10)
3
= 666.7 in
4
, h = 10 in
Point c
1
/ (
h
2
) y (in) (psi)
(1)
(2)
(3)
0.4
0.8
1.0
3
1
0
64.8
97.2
101.25
max

Example 2:
Given:
all
(bending) = 1600 psi,
all
(glue) = 50psi
Required: Max. Load, P
max
, allowed on the Cantilever beam.

Solution
(i) Based on
all
:

( )( )
max
3
3 4
M = P L=36P lb in
I 72 1
S = = =24 in ; since I = 4 6 =72in
6/2 3 12


19

( )
max
all
i
M
=
S
36
or 1600 = P
24
P = 10 lb 70

(ii) Based on
all
:
V
max
= P
Q
glue
= Q (y = 1in)
= (4) (2) (1+1) = 16 in
3

b
glue
= 4 in , I = 72 in
4

max glue
all
glue
V Q
P (16)
= , or 50
I b 72 (4)
=
P
(ii)
= 900 lb
Comparing, P
max
= min (P
(i)
, P
(ii)
)
= 900 lb

20

Built-Up Beams
- These are formed by joining two, or more, parts to act as a solid
(single) beam under bending actions
- - However, this requires that adequate connectors, either continuous
(e.g., welds) or discrete (e.g., bolts, screws, etc.) are provided to resist
the horizontal (i.e., along beam axis) shear forces between the various
joined parts.
- To this end, consider the shear-stress formula in Eq.(10) above, and
define . b = f (or F
3
= f.dx in Eq. 9c) where f is the shear flow, or the
horizontal-shear-force-per-unit-length along the axis of beam,
f =
V.Q
I
(11)
- In applications, we need to find f for cuts or locations at the
connectors; i.e., by calculating Eq. (11) for the (appropriate)
corresponding Q; i.e., Q = Q
a
in Figures below.


21

Example 1:
Given:- Beam section shown subjected to shear force V = 1200 lb.
- Screw connectors with allowable force per one
Screw = F
all
= 250 lb (in shear)
Required: The maximum permissible spacing, s, of the screws along the
beam axis

Solution:
- Find location of centroidal z-axis (easy here)
- Find
( )( ) ( )( )
3 3
4
1 1
I = 6 8 4 6
12 12
= 184 in


22

- Find Q
a
for hatched area at connection; i.e., cut a-a,
( )( )
3
a
1
Q = 6 1 3+ = 21 in
2

- From Eq. (11),
( )( )
-1 a
1200 21
VQ
f = = = lb in
I 18
1
4
37
- Force carried by 2 screws (at cut a-a) = f . s ,

( )
all
all
2 F = f s
or with F = F
2 250
2F
s = = = in
f 137
3.65


23


24

Combined Axial Forces and Bending
General:

Consider sec. at A,
N = P
1

M = P
2
. L
Recall,
( )
( )
N
M
N
=
A
M y
=
I

and using principle-of-superposition ,

( )
N M y
12
A I
= +


25

Depending on relative magnitudes of N, M (and also A, I) final
stresses may indicate the same (one) or different (two) signs; e.g., (i),
(ii), (iii)
Note that the N.A can now move to be outside, on the edge, or within,
the cross section. In particular, case (ii) is a limiting case of having a
normal stress distribution of the same sign, which is of significance in
applications to materials that are weak under some stress
conditions; e.g., concrete can take compression but essentially no
tensile stresses.
- Eccentric Axial Forces
This is an important example of combined bending-and-axial-
force analysis.
For generality, we consider an axial force with double
eccentricities, with respect to the two principal centroidal axes of
cross section; i.e., y- and z- axes. This will lead to simultaneous
bending moments M
y
and M
z
about axes y and z, respectively.
Of interest here will be the determination of maximum stresses
(tension/ compression), and the neutral axis locations.


26

Combined Axial and Bending Loads
(Eccentric Normal Forces)
Objectives
Find distribution over cross-section.
Location of N.A. (neutral axis)
General Equations:

N = Normal Force = + ve if tension
M
y
= N . e
z
..(1a)
M
z
= N . e
y

.(1b)
where N, e
y
, e
z
are taken with signs (hence, positive moments give
tension in the 1
st
quadrant; i.e., with positive y and z values)

( )
y
z
y z
M
N M
= + z + y .. 2
A I I


27

From (1) & (2) : = 0 for points on N.A.; i.e.
( )
y
z
2 2
z y
e
e
y+ z+1=0 .. 3
r r

where radii of gyration are defined as
y 2
y
2
z
z
I
r =
A
I
r =
A
(3a)
From (3), for z = 0 find y
int

From (3), for y = 0 find z
int

2
z
int
y
2
y
int
z
r
y =
e
r
z =
e
(4)

28

Example
W10 x 60 section (see Appendix E in text), N P = -30 k, A = 17.6 in
2
, I
y

= 116 in
4
, I
z
= 341 in
4
,
e
y
= -5.11 in ( = -H/2) , e
z
= 5.04 in ( = +B/2)

( )
( )
( )
( )
int
int
341/17.6
y = =+ in
-5.11
116/17.6
z = = in
5.04
3.79
1.31

Max.
t
=
a
= 7.17 ksi ; Max.
c
=
b
= 10.58 ksi.

29


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4300:202 Mechanics of Solids Set # 5 Dr. A. F.

4300:202 Mechanics of Solids Set # 5 Dr. A. F. Saleeb

statical (first) moment of A

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