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K

S

Flow transition as a function of the

Reynolds number
The Reynolds number represents the ratio of inertial
effects to the viscous (or frictional) effects
When the Reynolds number is small, the inertia of the
fluid elements is small, and the flow is dominated by
viscous resistance
As the Reynolds number is increased (generally about
values 1-10) the inertia becomes more important
(objects in motion tend to travel in a straight line), and
the flow field becomes more complicated both in its
spatial and temporal structure.
The effects are basically generic and here we illustrate
the typical progression of flow with increasing
Reynolds number by examining flow past a cylinder.

Flow past a circular cylinder

U
R

,
The Reynolds number Re
is traditionally defined in terms
of the cylinder diameter (2R)

U ( 2 R )
Re =

Note: The photos in the next two slides are from

An Album of Fluid Motion by M. Van Dyke.

Re=1.54

Re=9.6

Re=15.1

When the Reynolds number < 1, the flow field appears to

be very nearly symmetric. In the first photograph at the
left, the flow field has a small asymmetry downstream of
the cylinder. This asymmetry gets progressively more
pronounced as the Reynolds number increases. A distinct
wake region develops, where fluid is trapped and steadily
circulating. At Re=40, the flow is about at the limit where
it is no longer everywhere steady.

Re=26

Re=41

Turbulence downstream of the cylinder

Re=2000

Re=10000

At Re=2000, the flow field is

now very complicated (photo at
right) and in the wake of the
cylinder the flow fluctuates in
time the flow is turbulent.
Note that the wake starts to
grow near the equator of the
cylinder and we speak of this
location as the separation point.
At even higher Reynolds
numbers (lower), the separation
point occurs before the equator.
At Reynolds numbers about
50,000 the flow pattern is very
similar to the lower photograph.
The drag coefficient (or friction
factor) is then unchanged for
such large Reynolds numbers.