Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

= > < () [] + *

equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality

equality inequality

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3

greater than

less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to

parentheses calculate expression inside first brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication

multiplication multiplication dot division sign / obelus division

/
mod

division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root cube root fourth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion

division

6/2=3

division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8 9 = 3

3

. ab a^b a
3 4

a a = a
3

a a a

a 3a 3a = a

8 = 2 16 = 2

a 4a 4a 4a = a

for n=3, n8 = 2 1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10

%
ppm ppb ppt

Geometry symbols
Symbol

Symbol Name angle measured angle spherical angle

Meaning / definition formed by two rays

Example

ABC = 30 ABC = 30 AOB = 30

right angle

= 90

= 90

degree arcminute arcsecond line

1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
infinite line line from point A to point B line that start from point A arc from point A to point B

= 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

AB

line segment ray arc

= 60 AC |BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x-y | = 5

| || ~ |x-y|
rad grad

perpendicular

perpendicular lines (90 angle)

parallel

parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y

congruent to similarity triangle distance

= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

radians grads

radians angle unit grads angle unit

Algebra symbols
Symbol

Symbol Name x variable

Meaning / definition unknown value to find

Example

when 2x = 4, then x = 2

 := ~ () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x)

equivalence equal by definition

identical to equal by definition

equal by definition approximately equal approximately equal proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x

equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x)

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01 f(x) g(x)

1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18

4.34 4.35 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6)

(f g) function composition

(f g) (x) = f (g(x)) (a,b) = {x | a < x < b}

(a,b)

open interval

[a,b] e

closed interval delta discriminant sigma

[a,b] = {x | a x b}
change / difference

x [2,6] t = t1 - t0

= b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all xi= x1+x2+...+xn values in range of series double summation product - product of all xi=x1x2...xn values in range of series

sigma

capital pi e constant / Euler's number EulerMascheroni constant golden ratio

e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant

e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

c = d = 2r

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

A B

dot cross tensor product inner product

scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B

ab ab AB

[] () |A|

brackets parentheses determinant

matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A

det(A) || x || AT A A* A -1
rank(A) dim(U)

determinant double vertical bars transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji

rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

A A-1 = I
rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean Meaning / definition probability of event A Example

P(A) P(A B) P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) F(x)

P(A) = 0.5

probability that of events P(AB) = 0.5 A and B probability that of events P(AB) = 0.5 A or B probability of event A given event B occured

P(A | B) = 0.3

P(a x b) = f (x)dx

F(x) = P(X x)
mean of population values

= 10

E(X) E(X | Y) var(X) 2 std(X) X

expectation value conditional expectation

expected value of random variable X

E(X) = 10

expected value of random variable X given E(X | Y=2) = 5 Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X

variance

var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2

variance standard deviation standard deviation median

standard deviation value X = 2 of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series

cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X,Y Mo MR Md Q1

covariance

cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 0.6 X,Y = 0.6

correlation

correlation

summation

double summation

double summation

mode mid-range sample median lower / first quartile

value that occurs most frequently in population

MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value

Q2 Q3 x s2 s zx X~
N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, ) (k)
2

median / second quartile upper / third quartile sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation standard score distribution of X normal distribution uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli

50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

zx = (x-x) / sx
distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution equal probability in range a,b

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

f (x) = e-x , x0 f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c), x0 f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 (k/2) )

F (k1, k2) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p)

f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k f (k) = ke- / k! f (k) = p (1-p) k

distribution

Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol Symbol Name factorial permutation Meaning / definition Example

n!
nPk nC k

n! = 123...n

5! = 12345 = 120
5P3

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60

combination

5C3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name set

Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B

Example

{} AB AB AB AB AB AB AB

A = {3,7,9,14}, B = {9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28}

intersection

union

subset proper subset / strict subset not subset

subset has fewer elements {9,14,28} {9,14,28} or equal to the set subset has fewer elements {9,14} {9,14,28} than the set left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B set A has more elements than set B

{9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14}

superset proper superset / strict superset

AB 2A

not superset power set power set

set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B

{9,14,28} {9,66}

A=B Ac A\B A-B AB AB aA xA (a,b) AB |A| #A

equality

A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

complement

relative complement

A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A B = {1,2,9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A B = {1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A

relative complement

objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership

symmetric difference

symmetric difference

element of

not element of ordered pair cartesian product

no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A

cardinality

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

cardinality

aleph-null

infinite cardinality of natural numbers set cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set

aleph-one

empty set universal set natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero) natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set

={}
set of all possible values

C = {}

= {0,1,2,3,4,...}

= {1,2,3,4,5,...}

= {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3,...}

-6

= {x | x=a/b, a,b } 2/6 = {x | - < x <} 6.343434 6+2i

complex numbers = {z | z=a+bi, set <a<, -<b<}

Logic symbols
Symbol Symbol Name and caret / circumflex ampersand plus and and and or Meaning / definition Example

^ & +

xy x^y x&y x+y

 | x' x ! ~

reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies

or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation

xy x|y x' x x !x xy ~x

equivalent

if and only if

for all

there exists

there does not exists

therefore

because / since

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol Symbol Name limit Meaning / definition limit value of a function Example

 e y' y '' y(n)

epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative

represents a very small number, 0 near zero

e = 2.718281828...
derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation

e = lim (1+1/x)x ,x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

derivative

derivative - Lagrange's notation

second derivative

derivative of derivative

nth derivative

n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation derivative of derivative

time derivative time second derivative partial derivative

(x2+y2)/x = 2x

integral

opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

double integral

triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral

 [a,b] (a,b) i z* z

closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi

gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

x*y

convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform

y(t) = x(t) * h(t) F(s) = X() = {f (t)} {f (t)}

delta function lemniscate infinity symbol

Numeral symbols
Name zero one two three four European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

0 1 2 3 4 I II III IV

five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol Greek Letter Name Upper Case Lower Case English Equivalent Pronunciation

Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho

a b g d e z h th i k l m n x o p r

al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row

Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

s t u ph ch ps o

sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Roman numerals
Number Roman numeral

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

not defined I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM

1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

M V X L C D M