MechanicsHandoutR08 2013 Part03 PDF

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CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
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Introduction
For the equilibrium of structures made of several connected parts, the internal forces as well the external forces are considered. In the interaction between connected parts, Newtons 3rd Law states that the forces of action and reaction between bodies in contact have the same magnitude, same line of action, and opposite sense. Three categories of engineering structures are considered: a) Trusses: formed from two-force members, i.e., straight members with end point connections b) Frames: contain at least one multi-force member, i.e., member acted upon by 3 or more forces. c) Machines: structures containing moving parts designed to transmit and modify forces.
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ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
TRUSSES
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TRUSSES
A truss is a structure consisting of straight members connected at their extremities only. The members being slender and unable to support lateral loads, all the loads must be applied at the joints. A truss may thus be assumed to consist of pins and two-force members.
pin pin
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TRUSSES
Application
Roma
Paris
Depok
Seoul
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TRUSSES
A truss is said to be rigid if it is designed in such a way that it will not greatly deform or collapse under a small load. A triangular truss consisting of three members connected at three joints is clearly a rigid truss.
C
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TRUSSES
A truss obtained by adding two new members to the first one and connecting them to a new joint (D ) will also be rigid. Trusses obtained by repeating this procedure are called simple trusses. We may check that in a simple truss the total m = 2n - 3, number of members is where n is the total number of joints.
D B B
3 is number of force reactions in support (2 for pin and 1 for roller). If there is not simple trusses, it can be any integer number (r)
C
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Simple trusses B
Roller
A Ay
C Cx Cy
Pin
m < 2n 3 Statically unstable m = 2n 3 Statically determinate m > 2n 3 Statically indeterminate

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Simple trusses
Statically Determinate
m = 7, n = 5, r = 3 m = 2n - 3
Statically Indeterminate
m = 8, n = 5, r = 3 m > 2n - 3
Statically Unstable
m = 6, n = 5, r = 3 m < 2n - 3
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Analyzing a Truss
1. External Equilibrium
Reaction Forces
2. Internal Equilibrium
Force in each Member
a) Method of Joints b) Method of Sections
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The method of joints
The equilibrium of a joint (pin) is considered. First, the reactions at the supports can be obtained by considering the entire truss as a free body. The FBD of each pin is then drawn, showing the forces exerted on the pin by the members or supports it connects.
B A Ay
C Cx Cy
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Since the members are straight two-force members, the force exerted by a member on the pin is directed along that member, and only the magnitude of the force is unknown.
B C
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It is always possible in the case of a simple truss to draw the FBD of the pins in such an order that only two unknown forces are included in each diagram. These forces can be obtained from the corresponding two equilibrium equations or - if only three forces are involved - the corresponding force triangle.
B C
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Tension (T) Compression (C)
If the force exerted by a member on a pin is directed toward that pin, the member is in compression. if it is directed away from the pin, the member is in tension. The analysis of a truss is sometimes expedited by first recognizing joints under special loading conditions (involving zero-force members, for example).
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The method of Joints Procedure for Analysis
1. Draw FBD of entire truss and solve for support reactions. 2. Draw FBD of a joint with at least one known force and at most two unknown forces. 3. Either assume all unknown member forces are tensile. Positive results indicate tension and negative results indicate compression. 4. Otherwise determine the correct sense for unknowns by inspection. Positive results indicate correct assumption and negative results indicate incorrect assumption.
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The method of Joints Procedure for Analysis
5. Continue selecting joints where there are at least one known force and at most two unknown forces. 6. Tension pulls on a member. 7. Compression pushes on (compresses) a member. 8. Present member forces as positive numbers with (T) or (C) indicating tension or compression.
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Example
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in figure using the method of joints.
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FBD of Entire Truss B
Example
500 N
2m 45o A Ax Ay 2m
C Cy
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Example
Support reaction:
F F
=0
=0
500 + Ax = 0 Ax = 500 N =0
500(2) + C y (2) = 0 C y = 500 N Ay = 500 N
C y Ay = 0 C y = Ay
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Example
B
500
FBD of members and joints
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Example
B
500
See joint B Assume that all unknown member forces act in tension (pulling the pin)
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Example
B
500 FBC 45o
Negative means that the assumption of tension is not correct
F F
=0
FBA
500 + FBC sin 45o = 0 FBC = 707.1 N FBC = 707.1 N

y
(C )
=0
FBC cos 45o FBA = 0 FBA = 500 N (T )
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See joint C
707.1 N 45o C FCA Cy
Example
F F
=0
FCA + 707.1 cos 45o = 0 FCA = 500 N

y
(T )
=0
C y 707.1 sin 45o = 0 C y = 500 N
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See joint A
500 N
Example
F
A
500 N Ay
=0
Ax + 500 = 0 Ax = 500 N
Checks
Ax
=0
Ay + 500 = 0 Ay = 500 N
Checks
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Example
B
500N 500N 707.1N
The force in each member of the truss:

Tension
Compression
500N 500N
707.1N
Tension
A
500N
C
500N 500N
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500N
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The method of sections
The method of sections is usually preferred to the method of joints when the force in only one member or few members of a truss is desired. To determine the force in member BD of the truss shown in figure, we pass a section through members BD, BE, and CE, remove these members, and use the portion ABC of the truss as a free body.
P1
B A
P2
P3
n D G
E
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Writing ME = 0, we determine the magnitude of FBD, which represents the force in member BD. A positive sign indicates that the member is in tension; A negative sign indicates that it is in compression.
P1
B A
P2 FBD FBE
C A
P1
B
P2
P3
n D G
FCE
E
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The method of sections is particularly useful in the analysis of compound trusses (trusses which cannot be constructed from the basic triangular truss, but which can be obtained by rigidly connecting several simple trusses). If the component trusses have been properly connected (e.g., one pin and one link, or three nonconcurrent and nonparallel links) and if the resulting structure is properly supported (e.g., one pin and one roller), the compound truss is statically determinate, rigid, and completely constrained.
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The following necessary - but not sufficient - condition is then satisfied: m = 2n - r , Where m is the number of members, r is the number of unknowns representing the reactions at the supports, and n is the number of joints.
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Example:
..
Find force in members GE, GC, BC
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Example: G
3m Ax
..
400 N
A B
4m 4m
D C
4m Dy
Ay
1200 N
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Example:
Support reaction:
Fx = 0
400 A x = 0 A x = 400 N
Fy = 0
A y + D y 1200 = 0
MA = 0
1200(8) 400(3) + D y (12) = 0
1200 N D y = 900 N
A y = 300 N
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Example G FGE FGC B 300 N FBC
..
400 N A
MG = 0
300(4) 400(3) + FBC (3) = 0 FBC = 800 N (T)
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Example G FGE FGC B 300 N 800 N
..
400 N A
MC = 0
300(8) FGE (3) = 0 FGE = 800 N FGE = 800 N (C)
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Example G 800 N
3 5 4
..
400 N A B 300 N
FGC 800 N
Fy = 0
3 300 FGC = 0 5 FGC = 500 N (T)
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Example G 800 N
3 5 4
..
400 N A B 300 N
500N 800 N
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Problem 1
12.5 kN 12.5 kN 12.5 kN 12.5 kN 2m 2m 2m A B C D 2.5 m F E G
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in figure using the method of joints.
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Problem 2
3 kN 3 kN 3 kN D 1.5 kN B A C 3m E 3m G 3m 3m I K 3m 3m J L H F 3 kN 3 kN 1.5 kN
6.75 m
A Pratt roof truss is loaded as shown. Using the method of sections, determine the force in members FH , FI, and GI.
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FRAMES
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Analysis of Frames
Frames and machines are structures with at least one multiforce member. Frames are designed to support loads and are usually stationary. Machines contain moving parts and are designed to transmit and modify forces. A free body diagram of the complete frame is used to determine the external forces acting on the frame. Internal forces are determined by dismembering the frame and creating free-body diagrams for each component. Forces on two force members have known lines of action but unknown magnitude and sense. Forces on multiforce members have unknown magnitude and line of action. They must be represented with two unknown components. Forces between connected components are equal, have the same line of action, and opposite sense.
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Frames Which Cease To Be Rigid When Detached From Their Supports

Some frames may collapse if removed from their supports. Such frames can not be treated as rigid bodies. A free-body diagram of the complete frame indicates four unknown force components which can not be determined from the three equilibrium conditions. The frame must be considered as two distinct, but related, rigid bodies. With equal and opposite reactions at the contact point between members, the two freebody diagrams indicate 6 unknown force components. Equilibrium requirements for the two rigid bodies yield 6 independent equations.
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION: Create a free-body diagram for the complete frame and solve for the support reactions. Define a free-body diagram for member BCD. The force exerted by the link DE has a known line of action but unknown magnitude. It is determined by summing moments about C. With the force on the link DE known, the sum of forces in the x and y directions may be used to find the force components at C.
Members ACE and BCD are connected by a pin at C and by the link DE. For the loading shown, determine the force in link DE and the components of the force exerted at C on member BCD. With member ACE as a free-body, check the solution by summing moments about A.
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Sample Problem
SOLUTION: Create a free-body diagram for the complete frame and solve for the support reactions.
Fy = 0 = Ay 480 N
Ay = 480 N
M A = 0 = (480 N )(100 mm ) + B(160 mm )

B = 300 N
Fx = 0 = B + Ax
Note:
80 = 28.07 = tan 1 150
Ax = 300 N
DTM FTUI
Sample Problem
Define a free-body diagram for member BCD. The force exerted by the link DE has a known line of action but unknown magnitude. It is determined by summing moments about C.
M C = 0 = (FDE sin )(250 mm ) + (300 N )(60 mm ) + (480 N )(100 mm )

FDE = 561 N FDE = 561 N C
Sum of forces in the x and y directions may be used to find the force components at C.
Fx = 0 = C x FDE cos + 300 N 0 = C x ( 561 N ) cos + 300 N
C x = 795 N
Fy = 0 = C y FDE sin 480 N 0 = C y ( 561 N ) sin 480 N
C y = 216 N
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Sample Problem
With member ACE as a free-body, check the solution by summing moments about A.
M A = (FDE cos )(300 mm ) + (FDE sin )(100 mm ) C x (220 mm ) = ( 561cos )(300 mm ) + ( 561sin )(100 mm ) ( 795)(220 mm ) = 0
(checks)
DTM FTUI
MACHINE
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Machines
Machines are structures designed to transmit and modify forces. Their main purpose is to transform input forces into output forces. Machines are structures composed of pin-connected, multi-force members. Machines differ from frames in that they contain moving parts and are designed to transmit and modify forces
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Machines
Given the magnitude of P, determine the magnitude of Q.
Create a free-body diagram of the complete machine, including the reaction that the wire exerts. The machine is a nonrigid structure. Use one of the components as a free-body. Taking moments about A,
M A = 0 = aP bQ
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Q=
a P b
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Machines
To analyze a machine, we dismember it and, following the same procedure as for the frame, draw the free-body diagram of each of the multi-force members. The corresponding equilibrium equations yield the output forces exerted by the machine in terms of the input forces applied to it, as well as the internal forces at various connections.
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Example: Stillson wrench
A pipe of diameter 50 mm is gripped by the Stillson wrench shown. Portions AB and DE of the wrench are rigidly attached to each other and portion CF is connected by a pin at D. Assuming that no slipping occurs between the pipe and the wrench, determine the components of the forces exerted on the pipe at A and at C.
B D A C
50 mm 40 mm
E
20 mm 400 mm
F
500 N
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B D A C
50 mm 40 mm
Solution
E
20 mm 400 mm
F
500 N
1. Dismember the machine, and draw a free-body diagram of each member. 2. First consider the two-force members. Apply equal and opposite forces to each two-force member where it is connected to another member. 3. Next consider the multi force members 4. Equilibrium equations can be written after completing each free-body.
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Dy
B A Ay D Ax Dx E
90 mm 20 mm
Solution
Dismember the machine, and draw a free-body diagram of each member. First consider the two-force members. Free Body : Portion ABDE 20 mm
Ax Ay = 90 mm ; 20 mm Ax= 4.5 Ay Dy= Ay : Dx= Ax= 4.5 Dy

90 mm
(1)
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DTM FTUI 20 mm
Dy Dx
Solution
F
500 N
Cx Cy
40 mm 400 mm
Free Body : Portion CF

+
MC = 0: Dx(20 mm) - Dy(40 mm) - (500 N)(440 mm) = 0

Substitute from (1)
Next consider the multi force members. Equilibrium equations can be written after completing each freebody.
4.5Dy(20) - Dy(40) - 220 x103= 0 Dx= 4.5 Dy = 19.8 kN Cx = 19.8 kN Cy = 4.9 kN
Dy = 4400 N = 4.4 kN
+ +
Fx = 0: Cx - 19.8 kN = 0 Fy = 0: Cy - 4.4 kN -0.5 kN = 0

Using (1)
Ax = Dx = 19.8 kN Ay = Dy = 4.4 kN
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Solution
4.4 kN
20 mm
B A 4.4 kN 19.8 kN D E 19.8 kN
4.4 kN 19.8 kN F
500 N
40 mm 400 mm
19.8 kN 4.9 kN
All components act in the directions shown. Components on the pipe are equal and opposite to those on the wrench. 4.9 kN Ax = 19.8 kN 19.8 kN Ay = 4.4 kN Cx = 19.8 kN 19.8 kN Cy = 4.9 kN 4.4 kN
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Problem: Parallel jaw plier
Consider parallel jaw pliers. A force F is applied to the handles and result in a force Q applied at the jaw. Calculate the magnitude of the forces at all joints within the pliers and the force Q !
Note: that the pins at A and D move in slots so that the distances from A to C and B to C are equal.
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Problem: front end loader

Two symmetric mechanisms (one shown) is used to support the bucket of the front-end loader. Member BCDE is inclined 700 from horizontal and member EFGH is inclined 450 from vertical. The hydraulic cylinders AD and FI are horizontal at the instant shown. If the weight of the bucket and its content is 2000N, determine (a) the pin reactions at E and (b)the force in the hydraulic cylinder CG.
2000N 75 E 90 A 75 C B D 50 50 60 40 F G H J I
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DTM FTUI

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

m < 2n 3 Statically unstable m = 2n 3 Statically determinate m > 2n 3 Statically indeterminate

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The method of joints

The method of joints

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The method of joints

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Tension (T) Compression (C)

The method of Joints Procedure for Analysis

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The method of Joints Procedure for Analysis

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

FBD of Entire Truss B

500(2) + C y (2) = 0 C y = 500 N Ay = 500 N

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

FBD of members and joints

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

500 + FBC sin 45o = 0 FBC = 707.1 N FBC = 707.1 N

FBC cos 45o FBA = 0 FBA = 500 N (T )

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

FCA + 707.1 cos 45o = 0 FCA = 500 N

C y 707.1 sin 45o = 0 C y = 500 N

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The force in each member of the truss:

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The method of sections

The method of sections

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The method of sections

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

The method of sections

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Find force in members GE, GC, BC

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Example G FGE FGC B 300 N FBC

Example G FGE FGC B 300 N 800 N

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Frames Which Cease To Be Rigid When Detached From Their Supports

M A = 0 = (480 N )(100 mm ) + B(160 mm )

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

M C = 0 = (FDE sin )(250 mm ) + (300 N )(60 mm ) + (480 N )(100 mm )

Fx = 0 = C x FDE cos + 300 N 0 = C x ( 561 N ) cos + 300 N

Fy = 0 = C y FDE sin 480 N 0 = C y ( 561 N ) sin 480 N

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Example: Stillson wrench

Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Ax Ay = 90 mm ; 20 mm Ax= 4.5 Ay Dy= Ay : Dx= Ax= 4.5 Dy

Free Body : Portion CF

MC = 0: Dx(20 mm) - Dy(40 mm) - (500 N)(440 mm) = 0