Sludge Treatment, Utilization, and Disposal Author(s): Paul T. Bowen, Victor S. Magar, Walter R. Lagarenne, Anita M.

Muise and Jacqueline R. DeBernardi Source: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1990: Literature Review (Jun., 1990), pp. 425-433 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043853 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 16:59
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_Wastewater

Treatment

Paul T. Bowen, Victor S. Magar, Walter R. Lagarenne, Anita M. Muise, Jacqueline R. DeBernardi GENERAL

treatment, Sludge and disposal utilization,

floes appeared to fit a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm model and provided a nondestructive method of measuring extracellular polysaccharides in activated sludge floes.22 Of five bacterial extracellular polymer extraction methods tried on di
sewage gested sludge, and most destructive an ion exchange recovery procedure was the least effective technique.23 Polymer

attachment sites in three types of sludge were identified for different molecular weight and charge density polymers by labeling anionic charged sites with categorized ferritin (CF).24
Polymer attachment was observed to decrease with increasing

Actual sludge production rates in 26 activated sludge plants were higher than predicted using design kinetic values.1 Use of empirical sludge production coefficients from existing plants
provided more realistic values. Treatment approaches used to

manage sludge were described in general reviews of wastewater solids processes.2-3 Recent advances inmunicipal and industrial solid/liquid separation treatment technology were related to implications for sludge management.4 Regional approaches to sludge management were successful in Vermont5 and Pima County (Ariz.).6 Several innovative technologies for handling and treating sludges have been developed in Europe.7 Treatment, disposal, and utilization of Japan's 1.2 million tons (dry solids) of sludge per year was described by Murakami.8 Using computer spread sheets and cost data from four large treatment plants inOntario, unit solids handling costs were approximately 67% of plant
costs.9

polymer molecular weight. Bo wen and Tyagi25 found thatwaste activated, primary sedimentation, and anaerobic-digested sludges responded differently to CF staining, varying in attachment patterns and degree of CF attracted. Physical. Physical parameters such as sludge volume index and capillary suction were useful in monitoring sludge prop erties and in improving understanding of physical sludge be
havior.26 channelling The cause but of incorrect concave the doubly flux data interpretation.27 curve Thermal was not con

ductivity of the settled sludge layer deposited on thawing sludge of freezing beds decreased with increasing solids concentra tion.28 A hot air furnace was used by Schwarz29 to determine the flash point and self-ignition temperature of dried sewage sludge for two municipal and two industrial sludges. The ap plication was useful for design of sludge combustion dryers
and in understanding sludge storage.

Chemical procedures. A computer program was developed for interpretation and statistical analysis of results from sludge analytical results.30 Analytical testing of sludge was moved in
house, Downers increasing Grove, accuracy 111., of testing and sanitary facility.31 costs at the reducing A patented sewage

Screw pumps,
prerotation pared.10 A pump 58-km

centrifugal pumps with VFD

systems pipeline for was pumping constructed

controls, and
com sludge

were sludge to pump

across England via five pumping stations.11

sludge digestion procedure was compared with conventional nitric acid digestion and proved favorable with regard to pre
cision, A accuracy, and labor.32 for analysis by Webber of and of several extraction methods comparison and acid base-neutral contaminants organic

REGULATIONS
Reviews12-14 of the sludge regulations included brief histo
ries, details of technical components, and assessments of im

Lesang33 found that relative standard deviations ranged from 20% to 50% for techniques used, providing variable results.
Cation-active surfactants and alkyl benzenesulfates were iso

pacts on current disposal methods. An evaluation of the assumptions behind the regulations provided a framework for
comments on the sludge regulations.15 The U. S. Environ

mental Protection Agency's (EPA's) peer review panel rec ommended revised application limits to allow continued beneficial
use of sludges.16 Comments on the sludge rule were reviewed

lated from sewage sludge using aluminum oxide as the ion exchange media.34 Eiceman et al35 developed methods for in municipal rapid determination of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and mixtures ion selected sludge-soil sludge using monitoring with isotope dilution techniques. A rapid, reproducible pro
cedure for determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds

and evaluated by EPA.17 Proposed sludge regulations were the driving force for al ternative treatment and disposal methods to be considered by cities and counties.18 Composting and codisposal of sludges faced elimination with implementation of new regulations.19 Impacts of the sludge regulations were assessed for six sludge utilization and disposal practices.20 Three regulatory options were evaluated for their impact on these sludge disposal tech
nologies and practices.

(PACs) in sludges and sludge-applied soils was used to identify a wide range of PACs and quantify PAC concentrations.36 No PAC accumulation was determined in agricultural soil after
three years of compost application.

Organics. Sources and fates of trialkylamines (TAMs) were identified and were used to trace the pathways and transport of urban sewage.37 Twelve United Kingdom sludges from vary
were for eleven chloroben processes analyzed ing treatment zenes eis In most and domestic sludges, plus frans-peimethrin.38 to sludges from similar industrial the ratio of eis and trans was applications. Heavy metals. and Metal binding digested characteristics sludges with of raw, acti cop

SLUDGE PROPERTIES
Capel et al21 proposed examining landfills for data on spe cific pollutants. The presence of specific chemicals in sludge only landfills reflected historical use of certain pollutants. Ruthenium red dye adsorption to bacterial Microbiological.
June 1990

vated,

anaerobically

cadmium,

per, and lead were studied by Lake et al.39 The treatment process influenced the fate of the metals and controlled theirv
mobility and dispersion into the environment. Procedures for

425

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Wastewater

Treatment

separating sludge into principle components (particular, bio floc, colloid, and soluble) provided a framework for computer modeling of the fate of metals within each component.40 En vironmental conditions, such as UV lighting and soil compo sition, affected motility of metals released from urban sludge
into were less the more than environment.41 strongly 20 jxm, In raw associated than other metals sludges, digested size fractions, small particle fractions.42 with and

added to sludge increased the final solid content of electro osmotic dewatered sludges.61 Electroacoustic energy interacted with solids and liquids to increase sludge separation.62 Mech
anisms for this process were described. Prototype electroa

Mevissi

etal.43 assessed variability, degree of magnification,

of heavy metals and nutrients metal between associations on six sludge concentrations

rates and generation streams to determine

coustic dewatering (EAD) units were tested on four mixed undigested sludges to assess their viability for application with belt presses.63 EAD improved solid and liquid separation for belt pressing of sewage sludge. Martel64 reviewed data from sludge-freezing operations and found convection the controlling mechanism for heat transfer.
Thawing rates were dependent on solar radiation, ambient air

and type of sludge. A system was developed to measure dis sociable cyanide, total cyanide, and total cyanide plus thio
cyanate in raw wastewater, treated effluent, and sludge.44

temperature, and thermal conductivity

of the settled sludge

conditioning plant sludges was for

Freeze-thaw the frozen sludge. layer over treatment for water and wastewater effective

Thiocyanate increased with industrial loads. Complex cyanide averaged about 90% of total cyanide in sludge. A new method was developed tomeet EPA-mandated quality control require ments because EPA SW 846 Method 3050 did not reproducibly
recover acid was or silver from soil or sludge antimony to remove treatment metals process heavy An samples.45 from sludge

up to 2.0 m of sludge depth.6566 Mechanical removal of these sludges was possible after they drained. Natural sludge freeze thaw operations were found to be the most effective form of existing freezing technology.67

THICKENING, DEWATERING, DRYING

Contemporary thickening practices were reviewed by Okey,68 including case studies of capital and operating costs of three treatment plants. Possible effects of new sludge management regulations and higher incineration temperature requirements on thickening practices were appraised. Activated sludge was thickened in aerobic reactors by turning off the air supply and
decanting the supernatant.69 Several modifications were de

reviewed.46

Pathogens. Methodologies were developed to assess risks from microorganisms during sludge disposal for development of management criteria.47 Radtke andGist48 isolated 84 bacteria from wastewater sludge and tested them for antibiotic resistance and R-plasmid transfer. Almost 62% of these bacteria were
resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. Organic extracts from

sewage sludge were bioassayed for microbial mutagenic re sponse as well as chemically analyzed by high resolution gas
chromatography.49

Storing sludge in a silo for four months resulted in an increase

in ammonia The types, nitrogen sources, and and in the rate of pathogen inactivation.50 wastewater of viruses in sludge stability microbial ex

were identified.51 Viral inactivation was best achieved by ther

mal exposure, anaerobic evaporative drying, antagonism, and aerobic

posure to high pH, and irradiatin. Mesophilic

cold digestion, pasteurization,

anaerobic digestion,
thermo

philic digestion reduced viability of eggs in cysts of Globodera by 100%.52 Other processes did not achieve this level of in
activation. Samples of air, wet, to airborne and dry bacteria.53 sludge, Seasonal and plant water

veloped and applied to attain the highest quality of effluent. Centrifuges. Marzhenko70 examined the effects of sludge structure on centrifugal sedimentation. Particle differentiation did not occur during sedimentation. Centrifuge performance when processing high purity oxygen-activated sludge was com pared to units processing conventional oxygen-activated sludge for thickening and dewatering applications.71 Cake solids were improved through centrifuge upgrades and development of new prototypes.72 New centrifuge models that achieved very dry cake solids were procured by several facilities. High-capacity thickening centrifuges were tested at the Los Angeles Hyperion
Treatment Plant for comparison with two manufacturers' high

collected
worker

in a dewatering facility were analyzed to determine

variations in

capacity centrifuges.73 Comparisons were based on operational

parameters, filter performance, energy efficiency, and maintenance.

exposure overcome

sludge stabilization and reduction of pathogens in aerobic diges

ters were with simple process modifications.54

Presses. Filter press selection was based on the type of filter

plate, cloth, mechanization, and modern control tech

CONDITIONING
B?chner test results were related to net solids yield, which was used to optimize conditioner dose.55 An equation relating polymer dose to mixing time and shear raised to a power (jc)
was The value developed.56 to shear. Control resistance of an on-line, real-time This the unit control of jc was a measure of of polymer doses was and polymer monitor sludge incorporated scheme. sludge's achieved by flow char incor a

niques to make the modern filter press less labor intensive.74 Key considerations in selecting optimum dewatering processes were based on simplicity of operation, performance capabili ties, plant size, and sludge disposal methods.75 Dewatering costs were reduced by replacing vacuum filters with belt filter presses to prepare the sludge for incineration in multi-hearth
incinerators.76 electric tion, Costs reductions were usages, for and natural gas power feed rates. and sludge for actual sludge incinerator conditioning, ash produc

use

Models
press

and theory. Badgujar and Chiang77 analyzed filter

shear and compressive pressures

rate controller.57 acteristics into

rheological sludge New and makeup

dewatering

poration methods helped to improve polymer utilization.58 High quality cake was obtained by using powdered seed of Moringa ole?fera and was comparable to using ferric chloride conditions.59 Diatomite was used as a belt filter press aid and
resulted in increased solids content of the sludge.60 Surfactants

acting on the cake. They attempted to identify and measure the major dewatering forces in belt filter presses. The relationship between filtration conditions and subsequent dewatering ki
netics were compared to available theoretical models.78 De

viations between theoretical models

were documented in terms of pore

and actual measurements

structure.

426

Research

Journal

WPCF,

Volume

62, Number

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_Wastewater

Treatment

Wells and Dick79 derived a numerical and analytical model of cake filtration from solid continuity and momentum equa tions. The model was able to predict the suspended solids cake profile against time, whether or not the average cake porosity
was constant. Fundamental sludge characteristics required stress. in

STABILIZATION
For the literature review on biological stabilization by an aerobic digestions, refer to the section in "Anaerobic Pro
cesses" in this issue.

modelling
pended

compressible cake filtration dewatering were the sus

concentration, permeability, and effective

Aerobic
temperature

digestion. Martin
modifications and

et al. examined
aeration

the effects of
on mi

solids

effectiveness

Dick80 examined basic mechanisms

watering of water and wastewater

influencing filtration de
compressible sludges. Ex

crobial densities, volatile solids, and COD reduction effi ciencies in sludge. Two aerobic digesters were studied in
parallel, one uncovered and one covered. The covered diges

periments conducted to determine characteristic filtration values as functions of the applied pressure included procedures for obtaining the average and local void ratio and the average and
local specific mass filtration resistance.81

Methods were developed

cake and the average power-law nonNewtonian

to determine the ratio of wet to dry

filtration mixtures. resistance Murase for et al}2

specific fluids-solids

ter, having consistently higher temperatures, demonstrated substantial improvements in enterovirus and indicator density reductions. Krishnamoorthy and Loehr" discussed solids degradation during aerobic sludge stabilization, focusing on the effects of pH, activated sludge age, temperature, initial
solids concentration, and the rate of solids degradation. Aero

used these procedures to evaluate compression permeability characteristics within compressible filter cakes on the basis of overall filtration characteristics obtained under a variety of fil
tration pressure conditions. Comparisons of the continuum ap

bic thermophilic digestion and a combination of aerobic ther mophilic and anaerobic digestion were reviewed for application for communities of 5000 to 50 000 people. 10? Bomio et al.,01 investigated enzymatic activities of aerobic thermophilic mi
in batch croorganisms tures. Reaeration tanks and were fed-batch used sludge to improve treatment sludge-settling cul

proach to filter evaluation and existing modelling approaches to filter processes indicated that the continuum approach in
creased attention to the cake and medium interaction.83

characteristics
a modified

by using small amounts of dilution water

approach.102 with intermittent aeration were similar to con

in

Drying. InChicago, asphalt concrete pads enhanced sludge drying efficiency and lowered maintenance over previously used claylined sites contained by earth dikes.84 The Metropol itan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago has required contrac tors to use auger tractors to enhance the drying speed of their
wastewater sludge.85 Freeze-bed applications were used to im

process

The behavior and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus during

aerobic digestion

prove drying-bed operation in theMadison Sewerage District, (Wis.).86 Decanting water was separated from solids during thawing and the air-dried sludge was used a topsoil substitute. Tractor-mounted augers used in the sludge drying process im proved sludge management practices in Florida's Miami-Dade
County area.87

tinuous aeration.103During aerobic digestion of activated sludge, complete removal of the biodegradable matter of the activated sludge was a prerequisite for initiation of nitrification.104 Composting. The Fort Lauderdale Compost Facility used
various tem was and the process control devices, material-handling a remote terminal unit programmable controller.105 sys A

static aerated pile composting process for dewatered activated sludge cake-straw mixtures reduced the bulk volume of the
sludge, producing an environmentally acceptable and stabilized

THERMAL PROCESSES
Using external solar collectors to add supplementary heat to sludge drying beds provided only marginal improvement to drying times.88 Sludge containing large amounts of organic
nitrogen was effectively water a solvent, organic matter used for in-furnace abatement of NOx.89 evaluated.90 to 300?C, oil.91 A

sludge.106 Sludge quality compared with that of peat. Com posting and recycling vegetable-tannery sludge by applying a static windrow technique with forced air and temperature feed
back was investigated.107 moisture Physicochemical, microbiological,

and phytotoxicological
type ratios,

aspects were
content, free air

studied. Bulking
space, volatile

agent
solids

Approaches
supercritical Using sludge

to sludge volume reduction using subcritical and

oxidation were described and and pressure, atmospheric was to an converted 200?

reduction, and pile temperatures of municipal sludge compost were important to the composition of sludge.108 The fate of
two representative organic contaminants during land composting of

municipal
apparatus.109

sludge was examined under a laboratory composting

Newman et al. discussed treatment, pelle

incinerable

gas and oil, both with significant calorific value, were produced by pyrolysis of digested, dried sludge.92 Metals in the sludge were bound in the charred residue. Conversion selectivity to gas, oil, or tarwas dependent on temperature of the fluidized bed.93 Production also was influenced by sludge particle size,
rate, heating bed furnace concrete and gas reduction reactions. phase of sludge was A by coke slag produced or used for road subbase

tization, and composting of Clayton County

sludge.

(Ga.) municipal

ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
General. Chemical stabilization and composting had the least environmental impacts of disposal alternatives investigated for the city of Los Angeles.111 Current sewage sludge landfilling practices, risk assessment methodology, and risk-based limits were used to establish siting limitations and management prac tices required by regulations.U1 Codisposal of sludge and refuse in landfills compared to enhanced anaerobic decomposition
refuse-only Reclaimed and sludge-only and disposal.113 The codisposal ash were option used

aggregate.94

Regulations formetals from sewage sludge incineration were developed based on risk methodology.95 Air dispersion models
were used to predict emission levels and compliance ap

proaches. A computer model calculated criteria for incineration of sludge under proposed regulations.96 Strop97 evaluated mul tilevel and fluidized-bed furnaces for treatment of a variety of
sludges.

had the least detrimental effect on leachate quality and quantity.

wastewater pulverized sludge

June

1990

427

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Wastewater

Treatment_

in concrete without influencing the segregation, shrinkage, water

adsorption, bulk density, or setting time of the concrete.114

examined for biological

this process.

stability.135 Fungi were

important in

Crushed, graded sludge ash had the required properties for production of concrete.115 The resulting product met all the physical requirements for lightweight concrete. Compressive strength-testing of eight mortars containing sludge ash showed
them suitable for exterior load-bearing walls, pavements, and

An expert system was developed to provide the information needed to prepare a land application permit.136 Site-specific
and sludge identification soil a regulatory characteristics, were used by a computer-based database, design and crop procedure

sewers.116 The addition of sludge ash adversely affected the strength of mortars.117 Strength was less than that of control
mortars containing sand.

The partitioning of metal species in sludge dumped into the ocean was influenced by digestion and floe size.118Differences were observed between the fates of oxidizable and reducible metal concentrations and between digested and undigested
small sludges. Undigested, of organic-bound centrations floes contained Blocks the maximum composed after on con of de metals.

to determine land application rates.137 Application rates of sludge to agricultural land has been based on nitrogen loading.138How ever, phosphorus buildup in soil and in surface runoff were limiting when considered in calculating application rates. Phos phorus-31 content and solubility in sludge and sludge-amended soil were evaluated with Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Mag netic Resonance.139140 Application of sludge reduced surface runoff and sediment losses when applied in a no-till opera
tion.141 Nutrient uptake was greater in conventionally tilled

watered
increased

sludge, fly ash, gypsum,

lime, and Portland cement

submergence the surface of

application to plots. Ammonification rates were higher than controls for four years
after sludge application.142 Application over an eight-year pe

in seawater.119

in compressive time strength with were Some metals absorbed

these blocks. Dried activated sludge was fed to pigs for 12weeks without adverse effects on weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass quality, or meat quality.120 Gamma irradiation of digested sludge re moved the inhibitory effects of unirradiated sludge on the growth of chickpeas.121 Although protein content increased, no other growth factor was influenced by the irradiated sludge. Use of
municipal tassium wastes to meet as sources agricultural and po of nitrogen, phosphorus, innovative solid demands required rates in sludge and of the mixture, to an acid shale

riod reduced nitrification potential of the soil. Carbon and ni trogen mineralization rates increased with sludge application
rates for three years after the last application.143 Ammonifi

cation rates were related to sludge and clay content of the soil mixture.144 Nitrogen volatilization was a function of sludge
content and cation Concentrations treated soil exchange of several over capacity. aromatic a 1-year were surfactants period.145 and PCB in a sludge concentra

decreased

tion did not change over the same period. Concentrations

toxic organics in sludge low, agricultural land

of
ap

liquid separation.122 Water Reclamation. mixtures and were adequate uses.123

transfer for

clay

reclamation

Sludge the

piping added

lake

stacking, formed

plication diluted these levels.146 Plant uptake of these constit uents was minimal. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) was successfully degraded in sludge-amended soils.147 The fate of LAS in sludge-amended soils was monitored for a range of soil
types equate and safety sludge-application existed margin and rates.148 An frequencies between LAS concentrations ad of

an anoxic sediment that helped neutralize the incoming acid

waters.124 Nutrients from sludge only lasted two years be

fore depletion by increased algal growth. Mixtures of sludge, fly ash, lime, and potash were used to revegetate a forested area damaged by sulfur dioxide and particulate metal emissions.125 Sewage sludge amended topsoil substitutes were productive in growing loblolly pines.126 Reclamation of a strip-mined site with sludge did not increase
metal concentrations in vegetation, soil, or voles.127 Organic

sludge-amended soils and those likely to affect the plant growth. Sludge applications to soil increased the metal saturation of
indigenous humic acid complexes.149 Organic constituents were

not affected by application. Long-term field investigations of sludge application showed apparent metal losses from the ap plied residues.150 Trace metals in sludge were coprecipitated
with other metals occurring in the soil at higher concentra

material from sludge was used to bind iron inmine-spoil

lamation operations.128 Investigations of an old field

rec

commu

nity treated with sludge for 10 years found the site unaffected by sludge disposal.129 Findings were compared to control and commercially fertilized plots. An acidic coal refuse site was treatedwith sludge, lime, and gypsum.130 Vegetation improved on plots receiving lime or sludge. Percolate water composition varied with respect to constituent and plot amendment. Land application. Risk assessment models for land appli cation of municipal sludge were collected into a single computer program.131 Risk assessment methodology for developing lim
its was els.132 based on Limitations included in these assumptions and practices by required mod computer the regulations

tions.151 Sludge metals had a low bioavailability that did not change after the first year of application. Metal uptake by plants from sludge-treated soils indicated that maximum levels of application did not cause problems.152
grown roots transformed Legume in sludge-amended by Agrobacterium soils assimilated rhizogenes cadmium.153 and Veg

etables grown in sandy loam with a single sludge application contained low levels of cadmium.154 Metal concentrations in soils 10 years following sludge application were examined.155
Tobacco at these leaf metal sites also accumulations were studied. from Copper on soil two and treated was seasons growing zinc were taken with sludge.156 examined.

up by corn Distribution

and of

grown soybean in these these metals

crops

were justified by these assumptions. Conclusions regarding asbestos in sludge and the health risk associated with land
application in terms metal ogen of were made from a nationwide study.133 Long-term trace path were

environmental effects of sludge land application were examined

carbon, nitrogen, organic Aggregates of and chemical soil phosphorus degradation, and sewage accumulation, survival.134 cycling, and sludge

After one year of applying dried digested sludge and decant water from drying beds, no harmful levels of metals were found in the soil or plants.157 Physical properties of the soil improved. Five application rates showed different effects on crop growth, yield, and heavy metal content.158 Cotton plants exhibited stress
characteristics Tree seedlings when grown to sludge-amended exposed in sand receiving sludge soil.159 amendments

428

Research

Journal

WPCF,

Volume

62, Number

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_Wastewater

Treatment '' Pollut.

responded with improved growth over control plots.160 Sludge applications to tree plantations increased the growth of syca more and loblolly pine.161 Soils, soil solutions, and surface runoff showed evidence of sludge contamination. Sludge ap plication decreased rust infection and increased survival and growth of pine seedlings.162 Case histories. Lime stabilization of sludge allowed for ef ficient land application.163 Sludge compost was applied to plots for four years, followed by 10 years of crop growth.164 Long
term effects on soil chemical characteristics were examined.

4. Kellog,

S. R.,

"Sludge

Management:

Changing

Times.

21, 11,50(1989). Eng., et al, 5. Lang, M., "A Regional Approach ment." 30, 6, 72 (1989). BioCycle, 6. Brinsko, G. A., "Can Sludge Management Water Eng. Manage., 136, 12, 26 (1989). ' 7. Mcllvaine, R. W., 'Wastewater Developments 136, 1, 41 (1989). Eng. Manage.,

to Sludge

Manage

Be Centralized?" in Europe. '' Water

8. Murakami, and Utilization of Sewage K., "Treatment, Disposal in Japan?Current Practice and Future Direction." Proc. Sludge on Sew. Treat. Tech Third WPCFIJSWA Joint Tech. Seminar nol, Water Pollut. Control Fed./Japan Sewage Works Assoc.,

Nitrogen management formed the basis of a sludge application program for Ft. Collins, Colo.165 The European Commission Directive on sludge disposal to agricultural landwas reviewed.166 A French government agency extensively promoted land application of sludge.167 United Kingdom practices of sludge application were well established and voluntary guidelines followed.168 Use of treated effluents and excess sludge for agricultural application have been suc cessful inGermany.169 Development of more stringent sludge regulations for agricultural application and reuse has impacted sludge disposal in the Netherlands.170

'' Costs. Water 'Getting a Handle on Solids Handling Control 24 (Can.), (1989). 127, 3, 10. Nogaj, R. J., and Berg, M. C, "Prerotation Concept Works Well for Return Sludge." Water Eng. Manage., 136, 38 (1989). 11. Daley, and Automation to Liv of the Manchester A., "Control 9. Evans, Pollut. B., of the North West Water Authority. Part erpool Sludge Pipeline 1, Part 2." Power Eng. J., 3, 225, 267, 1989). 12. WPCF Residuals "Review of EPA Committee, Management Sewage Sludge trol Fed., 61, 13. Morse, D., Technical Regulations." J. Water Civil Pollut. Con 8, 47 1206(1989). In The Nineties." "Sludge

384 (1988). '

Eng.,

59,

WATER TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGES

Acceptable application rates for water treatment sludges to various soil types were related phosphorus fixation capacity of the sludge.171 Alum sludges produced pH reductions, low dis solved oxygen, high levels of suspended solids, and aqueous alum concentrations thatwere toxic to fish.172 Suspended sludge
particles were toxic to invertebrates.

(1989).
14. Kuchenrither, Representation." 15. Kuchenrither, R. D., "Sludge: A Case of Regulations Without Water Eng. Manage., 12, 20 (1989). 136, R. D., "Assessment As of Sludge Regulation 30, 4, 68 (1989). BioCycle, "Scientific "EPA Tackles Analysis of Proposed Sludge Rule."

sumptions." 16. Chaney, R. L., 17. Goldstein, N.,

BioCycle, 30, 7, 80 (1989).

Sludge Rule Comments." BioCycle,

30, 9, 56 (1989).
18. Edeburn, M., and Hunt, the Sludge Solution." P., "Seeking Am. City County, 104, 1, 6 (1989). 19. Jones, A., et al, of the Proposed "Regulatory Impact Analysis for Sewage U. S. EPA, Regulations Sludge Use and Disposal." D. C. (1989). Econ. Anal. Div., Washington, 20. 21. 1, 17, 11 (1989). as His Landfills Capel, P. D., et al, "The Use of Sludge-Only and Heavy Metals torical Records of Persistent Organic Chemicals in Sewage Sludge." Water Res. (G. B.), 23, 525 (1989). L. A., and Silverstein, J. A., "Ruthenium Red Ad for Measurement of Extracellular Polysacchar sorption Method Biotechnol ides in Sludge Floes." 33, 941 (1989). Bioeng., N. K., and Rudd, T., "Extraction and Char Karapanagiotis, '' acterization of Extracellular inDigested Sewage Sludge. Polymers Figueroa, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 44, 2, 107 (1989). P. T., "Polymer and Characteristics Tyagi, U. N., and Bowen, Attachment in the Sludge Matrix." Water Sei. Technol Sites (G. B.), 33, 941 (1989). P. T., Bowen, water Sludges." Waste Manage. Battelle Press, and Tyagi, In Proc. Prod. on Waste U. N., "Surface Charge 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid Sep.: H. S. Muralidhara Enhancement, (Ed.), Bingenheimer, lation." Waste K., "Sludge Tech. News, Re-use Said Threatened by Regu

Norfolk, Va.,173 selected a diaphragm filter press for sludge dewatering. New sludge handling facilities for theCrown Water Plant (Cleveland, Ohio) included gravity thickeners and plate and frame filter presses.174 Porous fabric tubes were installed at a water treatment plant for sludge dewatering and compared well with conventional sludge dewatering processes due to their high Alteration rate, relatively low capitol costs, ease of op
eration, and good cake and filtrate quality.175

Crystal size distribution was related to settling rate of soft ening plant sludges.176 Size of the crystals was due to changes
in calcite crystal structure, not magnesium incorporation. Or

22.

ganic matter incorporated into aluminum hydroxide sludges hindered dewaterability by decreasing the floe size and den
sity.177 A contained Paul Magar engineer; T. technical numerous Bowen resource articles is an book on on water and treatment disposal.178 Victor S. sludge handling

23.

24.

is a

staff engineer; Anita M. Muise

associate/staff Walter is a

consultant; R.

is project Lagarenne R. and Jacqueline librarian;

25.

DeBernardi
Correspondence

is a library assistant
should be addressed

at Metcalf
to Paul

& Eddy,
T. Bowen,

Inc.
Met 26.

calf & Eddy, P.O. Box 4043, Woburn, MA 01888-4043.

256 (1989). Ohio, J. of Sludges." P., Dick,R. I.,andRipley, "Physical Properties on Sew. Treat. Proc. Joint Tech. Seminar Third WPCFIJSWA Columbus, Technol., Water Pollution Control Federation/Japan Sewage Works 292

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163. Hunt, D. B., Application: tive." Oper. 164. Mays, Waste 165. D. A., and Sandina, A Cost-Effective Forum, 6, 11, J., "Lime Sludge 16 (1989). P. M., 30, on "Landspreading 3, 37 (1989). Civ. Eng., Municipal 3, 60 Stabilization Management and Land Alterna

operation itation systems

technology, san described coun

overseas

and

developing

tries. Information on selection,

these systems was included.

design and construction

of

and Giordano,

BioCycle, Compost." "Down Putnam, S., et al,

the Farm."

SMALL SYSTEMS
An Design, overview of on-site wastewater construction, and maintenance disposal was was detailed presented.3 for con

59,

(1989).
to Agricultural R. C.,etaL, 166. Ramsay, Sludge Disposal "Sewage Proc. Inst. Land after the European Directive." Commission Civ. Eng., Part 1(G. B), 86, 843 (1989). '* * J. M., in France. 167. Merillot, 'Recycling Organic Municipal Wastes

ventional individual treatment systems. A step-by-step ap proach was discussed in order to optimize the processes of site
selection, construction and installation, and sys system design, were tem operation and maintenance. Setback distance estimates

BioCycle, 30, 7, 30 (1989).

168. Davis, Review." R. D., "Agricultural of Sewage Utilization Sludge: A Inst. Water Environ. J.(G. B.), 3, 351 Manage.

(1989).
169. Kayser, To Treated Wastewater R., "The Use of Biologically Proc. Treat, and Use gether with Excess Sludge for Irrigation." FAO Seminar, Nicosia, Cyprus, of Sew. Effluent for Irrigation,

calculated in two ways.4 Given a setback distance, the prob abilities that the level of viruses would be within acceptable limits were calculated. Also, the desired probability level was specified and the setback distances required to achieve the level of confidence that the water would be free of virus contami
nation was calculated

175 (1989).
170. Meijer, H. A., "State in Proc. Netherlands." Prod. Manage. Press, Columbus, 171. Heil, D. M., on Influence of Wastewater Treatment Industry (Ed.), in the 1989 Int. Symp.-Solid/Liquid H. S. Muralidhara Enhancement, Ohio, 65 (1989). Sep.: Waste Battelle

Kilduff5 reviewed the procedures used to design subsurface sewage disposal systems in emplaced fill in order to illustrate the importance of fill permeability and its relationship to
system performance and economy. Procedures were sug

and Barbarick, K. A., "Water Treatment Sludge J. Environ. the Growth of SorghunvSudangrass."

QuaL, 18,292(1989).
172. Hall, to W. S., and Hall, L. W., of Alum "Toxicity Sludge Bull. Environ. dubia and Pimephales promelas." Ceriodaphnia Contam. Toxicol, 42, 791 (1989). Bulman, K. O., "State-of-the-art Facility Public Works, Treatment 120, Sludge." D. J., and Schwartzwalder, Press." 6, Oper. Forum, to Handle 3, 76 Alum Water

173.

(1989). an Alum

174. Heuer, Sludge

R. O., "Operating 11, 26 (1989). M. Press

gested to identify and verify suitable material and for placing fill to meet design specifications. A method to improve soil absorption systems using a capillary seepage trench (CST) was proposed.6 The CST, having an impermeable liner at the bottom of the trench and partially up the sidewalls, would allow wastewater to collect along the entire length of the trench and move upwardly and horizontally by capillary ac tion prior to downward percolation. This system could use
a larger mass of section of wastewater. distribution the unsaturated soil and more even

175. Treffry-Goatley, K., and Buchan, a Newly Developed Tubular Filter Waterworks Sludge." J. Inst. Water

of I., "The Application to the Dewatering of A Manage. Parameters J. Am. Water (G. B.), on the

A study was performed to design and monitor

mental on-site wastewater disposal system with

an experi
nitrogen-re

Environ.

2,376(1988).
176. Peters, Thickening Assoc, 81, 177. Dulin, Organic et al, G. H., "Effects Plant of Softening 3, 74(1989). of Various Sludge." "The Works

B. E., and Knocke, W. R., on the Dewatering Matter Sludges." J. Am.

Impact of Incorporated of Aluminum Characteristic Works Assoc, 81, 5, 74

Hydroxide

Water

ducing capacity.7 Using two fixed-film reactors (a nitrification/ denitrification tank and a polishing filter), total nitrogen re duction was 70% and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids were reduced 87, 80, and 84%, respectively. A review of construction and operation of septic systems in Iraqwas performed.8 This study provided recommendations to
correct construction defects, upgrade performance, and to as

(1989).
178. "Sludge: Denver, and Disposal." Handling Colo. (1989). Am. Water Works Assoc,

certain the importance of providing

system.

a city with a sewerage

June

1990

433

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