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Ernest Source: Water Environment Research, Vol. 69, No. 4, 1997: Literature Review (Jun., 1997), pp. 749-777 Published by: Water Environment Federation Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25044928 . Accessed: 03/11/2013 17:02
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_Fate Wang, L.; Zimmer, K; Diedrich, P.; and Williams, Rainbow Trout Fishery and Its Effect S. (1996) The Two the Zooplankton
& Effects
of Pollutants
Story Ward,
on
in a Minnesota Lake. J. Freshwater EcoL, 11, 67. Community F.A., and Lynch, T.P. (1996) Integrated River Basin Optimiza tion: Modeling Economic and Hydrologie Water Interdependence. Resour. Bull. (Urb.), 32, 1127. I.; Downes, J.; Hawes, liams, C (1996) Evidence Evolution 8, 49. S.E.B., and australis J.A. Strand, in Relation Transport (1996) Rhizome toWater Depth: Distances. Folia Architecture in for Implications Geobot Phyto M.; Timperley, M.; and Howard-Wil in the for Regional Climate Change of a High Latitude Pro-Glacial Lake. Antarctic
and Eckhardt, B. (1996) Effective Variables in Ecosystem Wirtz, K.-W., to Phytoplankton with an Application Models Succession. Ecol Model, 92, 33. Wollheim, W.M., Growth Forms and Lovvorn, J.R. (1996) Effects of Macrophyte on Invertebrate Communities in Saline Lakes of the 323, 83. Impact of a Protective and Zooplankton Chemistry (Neth.),
Webster,
Wyoming High Plains. Hydrobiologia D.; Danks, M.; and Lawrenz, R. Wright, on the Water Limestone Treatment
(1996)
Wu,
of Thrush Lake, Minnesota. Restor. Ecol, 4, 293. Community of the Diatom Assemblages J.-T., and Chang, S.-C (1996) Relation to the pH Values in the Surface Sediments of an Alpine Lake Taiwan. Arch. Hydrobiol (Ger.), 137, 551. L.A.; Dettmers, J.M.; and Stein, R.A. (1996) Feeding Preferences of Omnivorous Gizzard Shad as Influenced by Fish Size and Zoo plankton
in
Yako,
M.J. B.T.; Gulliver, P.T.; Oakley, J.S.; and Semmens, (1996) Bubbleless Fiber Aerator for Surface Waters. /. Envir. Eng., 122, 631.
Yan,
Werner,
and Farrell, J.M. Jonckheere, R.G.; B.V.; M.D.; Clapsadl, A Bioenergetic of Piscivory and Planktivory Exploration the Early Life History of Two Species of Freshwater Fishes. During Mar. Freshwater Res., 47, 113. (1996) Pattern by Gas Water
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, 125, 753. Density. and Dillion, P.J. Keller, W.; Scully, N.M.; Lean, D.R.S.; to Drought Penetration in a Lake Owing (1996) Increased UV-B Induced Acidification. Nature (G.B.), 381, 141. N.D.; Q., and Li, W. Vegetation Xuebao, on (1996) Effect of Intensive Pen Fish Farming and Its Ecological Strategy (Chinese). Yingyong 7, 83. A. (1996) Mechanisms at Harbors in the North on the Basin
Yang,
Aquatic Shengtai
J.P. (1996) Control of the Diurnal G.J., and Chanton, Whiting, of Methane from Emergent Aquatic Macrophytes Emission Aquat. Bot, 54, 237. Transport Mechanisms. and Duke, J.H. (1996) Modeling R.G; Smith, D.J.; Willey, Resource
for Water-Quality J. Water. Re Management. Systems sour. Plann. Manage. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 122, 171. Williams, P.J.L., and Lefevre, D. (1996) Algal C-14 and Total Carbon to Account for the Physiological Metabolisms. I.Models Processes J. Plankton of Respiration and Recycling. Res., 18, 1941. Williams, P.J.L.; Robinson, C; Sondergaard, M.; Jespersen, A.M.; et al II. Experimental (1996) Algal C-14 and Total Carbon Metabolisms. Observations Res., Williamson, (1996) 18, With 1961. P.L. R.E.; and Stutzman, Resources for Zooplankton Vertical Migration Theory. the Diatom Skeletonema costatum. J. Plankton
of Lake Biwa (Japanese). Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Jap.), 62, 230. Influence of Abiotic T.G. (1996) Comparative Zale, A. V., and Adornato, on Seasonal Abundances of Hybrid Variables Striped Bass and White Ecol, Bass in the Grand Lake Tailwater, E.E. Oklahoma. J. Freshwater 11, 257. and Prepas,
of of the Dominance (1996) Regulation in Four Eutrophic Hard and Cyanobacteria water Lakes by Nutrients, Water Column and Tempera Stability, ture. Can. J. Fish. Aquat Scl, 53, 621. Diatoms
Impacts of Hydroelec Zhong, Y., and Power, G. (1996) Environmental Rivers Res. Man tric Projects on Fish Resources in China. Regul age., 12, 81. Zohary, Robarts, R.; and Hambright, T.; Pais-Madeira, A.M.; of a Hypertrophie (1996) Interannual Phytoplankton Dynamics 105. rican Lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. (Ger.), 136, K.D. Af
Aquatic
Robert Castro,
sediments
Jr., Armando Bosquez,
were To
data were
for previous a true porosity produce to account for the water made and on Ransom, 128 core 1996). plugs
Mohammed
taken from the Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone in the Sydney basin, Australia, were analyzed by both sedimentological and
geostatistical approaches to assess horizontal and vertical per
SEDIMENTATION
Bottom-current-influenced in outer-fan and basin-plain sandy deposits sediments of were identified Group, to have the
meability and porosity variations in deposits of braided river systems. Itwas found that the permeability heterogeneity in the
Hawkesbury was used for Sandstone was related closely to sedimentary to seabeds. fa
the Kazusa
responsible for the deposition of sandy contourities in the Ka zusa forearc basin during the Pliocene through Pleistocene (Ito, 1996). Comparison of sediment data collected in 1982 with data
collected reef in 1994 has enabled subsequent an assessment changes varies of the response produc reef of sediments to the in carbonate
Superpile did not show distinct failure. Pullout load continues to increase with displacement up to as much as 60% of pile diameter (Singh et al, 1996). Deposition. A transgressive systems tract (TST) deposit on
the inner continental using shelf of the south Tuscany profiles, region gravity was cores, detailed high-resolution seismic
and grab samples. The TST deposit showed a tabular geometry and comprised three internal architectures of beach facies (Tort
ora, mire 1996). complex The on sulfur content of the Caribbean peat coast in a large of Panama back-barrier was related
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Fate & Effects of Pollutants to climatic, biological, and tectonic factors of the depositional environment. High sulfur content was related spatially tomarine or brackish influence in the Changuinola peat deposit. (Phillips and Bustin, 1996b). The late Proterozoic Penganga Group, Pran hita-Godavari valley, South India, is a sequence of siliciclastic
carbonate basin. The sediments that were deposited sedimentary in an intracratonic containing rift nonvolcanogenic succession servation, X-ray, and scanning electron microanalysis of dis
tinctly laminated, indistinctly laminated, and nonlaminated sedi ments from ODP Site 893 showed that laminated as well as nonlaminated hemipelagic sediments could form in the absence of bioturbation (Grimm et al, 1996).
Metal riverbed in six separated partitioning was sediment by analyzed sediment-size sequential fractions extraction. of The
listric basin-marginal faults showed abrupt facies change (Ban dopadhyay, 1996). Empirical data from 15 years of annual sedi ment sampling throughout the canyon system have produced 458 observations of plutonium concentration in fluvial sedi ments. Field mapping identified 108 deposits of sediment, in cluding active bed load, floodplains, bars, channel fills, and
slack-water deposits barrier river. can (Graf, 1996). Thick, low-ash, low-sulfur
extraction data showed increasing potential bioavailability of metals with decreasing grain size (Stone et al, 1996). An inves tigation of the influence of landslide activity on the sediment budget and the distribution of Au inHarris creek was conducted.
Along the lower Harris creek, decreases in stream gradient were
associated with accumulation of Au and landslide activity (Hou and Fletcher, 1996). A 1 430-m-deep station in the Norwegian Sea (Voering Pla teau) was occupied five times between May 1986 and February 1987 to investigate the seasonal variation in sediment mixing
rates. The input function of radiocesium to the seafloor was
accumulate
punctu
ated subsidence without leaving a record of high clastic input within the peat (Phillips and Bustin, 1996a). An overview of event deposits was done. The importance of two principal fac
tors controlling an size and frequency of event deposits was em
evaluated from the increase of the total inventory with time (Balzer, 1996). Characterization. Sedimentary features of shelf north of
Taiwan mapped were classified echo character by 3.5-kHz an echo to produce that revealed character map on the seafloor. The echo character features sedimentary was characterized that each feature showed sedimentary revealed characteristics coexist for with the design of the Pacific manganese mining and the map by sea a
suggested
1996). Geotechnical
evolved from being narrow and deep to being broad and shallow through its depositional history (Larsen and Crossey, 1996).
Shoreline line line migration which trajectory, trajectories forced were in terms of shore described patterns was cross-sectional the along path. Shore as accretionary can be defined and nonaccre normal regression, and accretionary and Mar
cobalt-rich of
a seafloor
of the sediments
tionary and
regression,
nonaccretionary
transgression
(Helland-Hansen,
tinsen, 1996). Four important aspects of sedimentation during the rift transitional phase were addressed: the effect of base level changes; the influence of faults on sediment pathways; the
stratigraphie ate-platform and sequence tated the architecture and deposits; boundaries. of alluvial the nature fan, fan-delta, and carbon of depositional Accommodation space carbonate sequences created by
(Yamazaki et al, 1996). Biofacies development, sedimentology, and geochemical properties of intertidal Mytilus beds in the German Wadden Sea were studied in vertical profiles in situ
and in box core samples. The deposition mud of feces, pseudofeces, centimetres
thick (Hertweck and Liebezeit, 1996). The chemical composi tion of the different phases carried in the Congo rivers was
presented. The comparison of the dissolved, suspended, and
fault movement
three-dimensional
1996).
pro suspension the suspension were on the
sandy transport fluxes of each element in the Congo Basin rivers showed that up to 80% of the REFs were transported by the
so-called "dissolved" load in the Black Rivers (Dupre et al,
The turbulence-driven Particles. Suspended to determine cess in a sand-bed studied river was
in ther
of the 1996). estuary stud such as and
order of one to five times the flow depth (Lapointe, 1996). Water and sediment movement in The Wash embayment was determined from an extensive set of data consisting of tidal
current surements. ment cally readings suspended and residual Instantaneous a distinct column lateral was and sediment concentration in the whereas (Ke mea embay verti et al, currents
which
in-filled,
study supply
of Benin
accommodation
space
strong longshore drift may lead to in-filled equilibrium or near equilibrium estuaries thatwill not necessarily evolve into deltas (Anthony et al, 1996). Submarine jet processes were inferred
from glaciomarine on the proximity facies exposed in gravel pits in southwestern
1996).
Precipitation. mica-quartz Textural interfaces observation in sandstones at dissolution quartz conti the Norwegian
nental shelf showed thatmica grains have penetrated into quartz grains without being significantly deformed. Because the pres sures at which this was occurring were significantly lower than
the overburden sidered induced load, it was suggested process and (Sami that what may James, was instead 1996). once con to be a pressure-solution dissolution process be a clay Core ob
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Fate & Effects of Pollutants fuvic acid constituents. The geographical distribution of the physical and chemical characteristics did not reveal distinct and systematic features that could be related to the origin of the material (El-Sayed et al, 1996). Chesil Beach on the south coast of England and Hawk Bay Beach on the east coast of North Island New Zealand were examined to identify the prob
lems grading to be solved before sediments of beach a comprehensive of lateral explanation factors could be achieved. Several
water column (Ortiz et al, 1996). The episodic phenomena for the pelagic-benthic coupling in the Nordic Seas were studied
to show tic and decades. Polar that physical Ocean Physical in the northeastern North Atlan processes on time were to scales of days variable on the a significant have influence processes
were identified as contributing to lateral grading. These factors were attrition and sorting developed by longshore drifting and
wave energy gradients, the configuration of the coast and adja
cent seafloor, and the nature and rate of supply of beach material were (Bird, 1996). The sedimentary budgets of 12Cand 13C
determined for the well-characterized coastal site of Cape Look
dynamics of pelagic-benthic coupling in which the physical oceanography influences the vertical and horizontal particle flux directly (mixing, advection up- and downwelling) (Wassmann et al, 1996). Effects of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on seston levels and sediment deposition inWestern Lake Erie
resulted from in a substantial the water column increase in flux of particulated matter exceeded to the benthos. Biodeposition
out Bight, North Carolina. It was concluded that the relative rate of production of the C02 and CH4 (the rate was controlled by the depositional flux of metabolizing organic carbon), along
with the fractionation factor, was associated with methanogen
normal sedimentation by 50%. Suspended matter reduced the presence of mussels inLake Erie by 7 to 30% of total suspended matter per day (Klerks et al, 1996). The influence of biomass and size distribution of epilimnetic algae on patterns of algal
sedimentation was studied. The net and relative sedimentations
were related to the mean length to the biomass of epilimnetic algae (Larocque et al, 1996). An investigation of relative im
portance of resource, grazing, and live history processes for
may
cated
indi
of
the dynamics of dinoflagellates was carried out at Peridinum limbatum in two bog lakes of different population densities. A
simple tions. model based on measured emergency rates was created
offshore benthic communities (Posey et al, 1996). The tsunami wave induced by the collapse of the Santoi caldera after the
Bronze-Age eruption produced turbidites and large-volume
megaturbidites in the abysmal plains of the Ionian Sea. Four types of homogenite were discussed in this study (Cita et al, 1996).
dinoflagellate population in both lakes (Sanderson and Frost, 1996). Short-jawed kokopu from diverse localities fed on spe cies of cased caddisflies from stream benthos and on diverse
terrestrial tebrates invertebrates such as beetles, from ants, the surface. cicadas, terrestrial Large and spiders were inver part of
the short-jawed kokopu diet (McDowall et al, 1996). A survey was made of framboid size distributions in recently deposited
sediments from euxinic, dysoxic, and oxic environments. It was
tent of sediment reworking by excavating or bioeroding scardis was quantified directly by determining the mass of sediment ingested versus the primary erosion products (Bellwood, 1996). The influence of organic additions to sediment and of female
age and size on patterns of offspring were examined. Organic
oxic or anoxic conditions (Wilkin et al, 1996). Bioturbation. Among the bottom-living cephalopods,
able to dig into soft substrata showed involving coordinated mantle/funnel, fin, special and behavior
those
addition tomud had no detectable effect on the C or N content of embryos (Bridges, 1996). Three hard-bottom sites of the southern Onlow Bay have been studied for 3 years. The studies were of sedimentology and dynamics of the surficial sand bodies
and the benthic community structures. It was shown that the
Their burial activities and the sand/mud digging of many squids and cuttlefishes played a notable role in bioturbation (Boletzky, 1996). Callianassid shrimps were the dominant benthic endo
fauna Brewer and bioturbational Sediment agents of investi shrimp was reworking two reef-top of cores from the 210Pb analysis sites; using gated a classical characteristic subdivision the study revealed tripartite Reef. reef-top by these sediments on John
1996b). A study was undertaken of the levels of 21 chlorinated biphenyl congeners in the common mussel from Irish and North
Sea waters. New Brighton sediments apparently were clean with
(Thompson et al,
moderately, Biodiffusivities
1996).
of depositional settings inwhich sediment reworking dominates over sediment accumulation (Walbran 1996). Bioturbation by
the deep-burrowing ied in Loch Sween, the animal's likely A echiuran Scotland. effects on Maxmuelleria Results were lankesteri was stud to evaluate analyzed in of radionuclides
severely,
the movement
1996).
mately 10 cm2/a (Wheatcroft andMartin, 1996). An assessment of the use of four species of living planktonic foraminifera as
tracers northern of thermocline Ocean and was intermediate made based water on masses in the Pacific their water-column
near Ecology. diver-deployed water and horizontal bottom speed temperature, light intensity, of these measure The principal for up to 3 months. applications recorded ments site were selection to study (Miller, benthic R.J., and to aid in aquaculture ecology of 248 et al, 1996). The analyses
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Fate & Effects of Pollutants samples revealed that the composition and distribution patterns of sediments within the Albermarle estuarine system (AES)
represented sources, processes. for many basin a complex interaction among and estuarine evolution, morphology, as both a sink and source muds acted Organic-rich in the water chemical constituents column different multiple associated sediment
a consequence of the dense infaunal populations, which were supported by the rapid deposition of organic carbon in this region (Blair et al, 1996).
Mollusks. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, and zinc
and played an important function in the physical and chemical dynamics of estuarine ecosystems (Riggs, 1996). The applica tion of a pedological paradigm for subaqueous soils of subtidal habitats was proposed to develop ecological interpretations of subaqueous soil types and apply an inventory of subaqueous soil
resources for management of estuarine shallow-water habitats
inmussel and sediment samples collected together from eight different geological coastal areas of Chile were determined. Strong relationships between Cu concentrations in themollusk and sediments were found (De Gregori et al, 1996). Low levels of chlordane were determined in several species of mollusks and polychaetes and in shallow sediment cores from an intertidal
sandbank. Total chlordane levels were similar in all mollusks,
(Demas et al, 1996). The fluxes of oxygen and nutrients be tween water and sediments at 21 sites primarily inVirginia and North Carolina estuaries were determined during the past 15 years. In general, itwas found that heterotrophically dominated
sediments had the potential to degrade water quality, whereas
(Simpson et al,
1996).
over with a
modified Macer-GIROQ
changes. Biomass exchanges
hyperbenthic
among of copper
photoautotrophy in the sediments ameliorated this effect (Rizzo et al, 1996). Oxygen-releasing plants may provide aerobic
niches in anoxic sediments and soils for ammonia-oxidizing
pelagos,
bacteria. It was argued that the conservation of the nitrifying capacity during anoxic periods and the ability to react instanta
neously ers in fluctuating 1996). Seasonal nia excretion to the presence important environments oxic-anoxic (Bodelier rate and in the oxygen variations uptake the benthic studied It was deposit-feeding in an open-sea of oxygen are traits of nitrifi et al, ammo Mo of the
amphipod population
noporeia northern
affinis Baltic
1996). Water and sediment samples were obtained to study the relationship among temporal variability in macroinfaunal abundance, physical factors, and chlorophyll content. Spatial variability was explained by variations of the data, together with
those of sediment texture an organic matter content (Quijon et
concluded
abun
al, 1996). The relationship between the supply of phytodetrius to bottom sediments and the horizontal and vertical distribution of meiobenthos in the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico
off the coast of Louisiana and its major was studied. Abundance was of the total meiobenthos components correlated signifi
conducted edule, on
to study the influence of the the macrozobenthic community have a strong on influence on
in the Wadden
adult cockles
cantly with sediment pigments, indicating a functional relation ship between food supply and abundance of meiobenthos in a stress-prone environment (Radziejewska et al, 1996). Sediment oxygen demand (SOD), silicate and ammonia fluxes, benthic
macroand meiofauna, Adriatic and the northwestern phytopigments Sea. Water-column were measured in in characteristics
by the input of organic material via biodeposition produced by mussel beds was studied. The results indicate that biodeposits changed the quality of the sediment structure of the sand flats (Kroncke, 1996). The effects of boring activities of Echinometra
lucunter along causes the Caribbean coast of Colombia and of E. van
influence of Po water (Tahey et al, 1996). Results for 68 poly chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in benthic fauna, isopods,
and fourhorn sculpins and sediment were presented for three
additional microhabitats (Schoppe and Werding, 1996). The effect of the introduction of theAmerican species Marenzelleria viridis {Polychaeta, Spionidae) on the benthic ecosystem of an oligohaline and silted water basin was studied in the late 1980s. The American species considerably reduced the previous bot
tom macrofauna, which was composed mainly of Chironomidae
coastal locations in the Bothnian Sea and two in the Bothnian Bay. A chemometrical comparison of the distribution of the PCB congeners at the different sampling sites using principal component analysis revealed that PCB congener patterns dif fered between Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea (Van Bavel et al, 1996). A study was described inwhich the concentrations
of copper Univariate increased and in marine analyses concentrations of sediments of the were changes enhanced in the had varied an experimentally. fauna that showed on taxa the fauna (Schlacher
impact
among
andWoolridge,
infauna, were ganic able
adapted to cope
material.
ing revealed high surficial sediment concentrations of tributylin, and lindane loadings declined during a period of time (Dowson
et al, labeled 1996). Emplacement on green algae of the a tracer mixture seafloor of the containing continental 13C slope
organic-poor trolling
ment
influence
752
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
69, Number
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_Fate
& Effects
of Pollutants
turbance activity. By quantifying the zone of influence of browsed infauna, better predictions can be made of the level
of browsing necessary was to reduce competitive and adult-larval
studies of Miocene toHolocene hemipelagic and pelagic marine sediments by means of backscattered electron imagery were
done to reveal the common presence of exotic aggregates of
well
in subtidal,
to poorly sorted silt-size particles. The long stratigraphie range and diverse habitats occupied by agglutinated foramini fera suggest that they may be an important contributor to the
of early fabrics in fine-grained marine sediments
production done
in a shallow-water
distribution patterns in the Gamtoos estuary (Schlacher and Woolridge, 1996a). Fluxes of silicoflagellates, the dinoflagellate
Actinisius ciliate ment sp. polycystine, and pelagic cysts, samples from phaeodarian were mollusks the eastern radiolarians, estimated Atlantic. for tintinnids, 13 sedi The data
study site, Explorer's Cove, clarified the role that protist played
in shallow waters as well as deep-water environments (Gooday
et al, 1996). A study of variations inMg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera caused by postdepositional dissolu
tion was that Mg:Ca done. By in an using inner an electron chamber, revealed it was microscope, calcite G. t?mida were higher
trap
tropical
indicated that seasonal variations were difficult to recognize (Boltovsky and Uliana, 1996). Phytodetrital sedimentation, bac
terial activity were abundance in sediments, measured and benthic macroa carbon and meiofauna budget for pe to calculate
than calcite crust, where Sr:Ca was elevated slightly (Brown and Elderfield, 1996). Research was done on the development
of a latitudinal benthic species-richness It was foraminifera. gradient suggested caused that the by gradient deep-sea was
lagic-benthing coupling in Lake Erken. Bacterial activity in surficial sediment was limited by temperature (Goedkoop and Johnson, 1996). The epibenthic megafauna of the high-Arctic Northeast Greenland shelf was investigated by seafloor. The
estimation erable of brittle of the star oxygen organic portion indicated uptake carbon produced that a consid in the polynya
largely a result of an increasing but strongly pulsed food input into the deep oceans at high latitudes (Thomas and Gooday, 1996). A study of neritic sections inEgypt was done. The results
showed that in the southern shallow chemistry, Tethys, a prominent term change in bottom-water sedimentation, long and ben
and partitioned to the benthos may be remineralized by epiben thic bank assemblages (Piepenburg and Schmid, 1996). A study of the influence of mucous aggregates on themicrophytobenthic community in the Northern Adriatic Sea was first observed in 1991 to relate the mucous on the benthic flora and fauna. The results showed a general decrease of benthic diatoms from 1991 to 1993, in both quality and quantity (Welker and Nichetto, 1996). Plankton. A freshwater phytoplankton bloom in Visovac Lake may be the cause of the benthic mortality that occurred in late summer and early autumn of 1989 in the upper part of
Krka estuary. The sertularia cumulative species effect of the Synedra apparently acus and Dinobryon decomposition caused
thic foraminifera fauna was initiated when the deep-sea benthic extinction event (BEE) took place (Schmitz et al, 1996).
Toxicology. The relationship between combined sewer over
flows (CSOs) and sediment contamination of the lower Passaic River in New Jersey was evaluated to identify the nature of toxic chemical inputs to the river. The magnitude of the CSO discharges to the river combined with the nature of the chemi cals used and discharged to the system indicated that CSOs
represent a historic and ongoing source of toxic pollutants to
the river (Shear et al, 1996). An artificial sediment was tested for use in evaluating the potential hazard of toxicants to benthic
The organisms. throid insecticide, toxicant of this Fenvalerate. done using study was The benthic organism the pyre popula
an oxygen demand sufficient to trigger benthic mortality (Petric ioli et al, 1996). A study on the benthic origins of Zooplankton
was done. Eighteen of 21 planktonic groups, the ancestry of
tion was affected adversely by fenvalerate (Weber et al, 1996). Sediment chemistry toxicity and benthic community structure
were used individually untreated and wastewater discharged together on were concern up to assess the marine found to the effects of environment. in the 100 m sediments away from
could be traced, originated in the benthos (Rigby and Milsom, 1996). Evidence was found for Pliocene reduction of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Burkle et al, 1996). Plankton response to physical forcing was studied in the Gulf of Califor nia. It was discovered that the phytoplankton attribute to the destabilization of surface waters (Thunell et al, 1996). Algal which
recruitment and depths Recruitment cruitment sediment often was occurred to water the occurred total primarily at shallow increased highest below A study phytoplankton water when abundance. maximum 1996). and oxy core re
1996). Acute
laboratory
collected along each the
on surficial tests were sediments toxicity performed areas 22 1 176 locations estuarine from throughout
in shallow the
1996). A
com
thermocline
(Hansson, carbon
of different
Foraminifera.
examined
the stable
in Lake
algae, and
raised from off northeastern Taiwan. The variation in the stable isotopic composition of the species that lived in the surface
water showed a greater amplitude than the variation in the spe
algae,
cies that lived deeper in the water column (Shieh et al, 1996). Foraminiferal assemblages in sediments sampled off Key Largo, 1982, 1991, and 1992 were compared. Florida, in 1959-1961, The study indicated that family-level identifications may be
sufficient semblages to detect decadal-scale sediments changes (Cockey in foraminiferal et al, 1996). as Fabric in reef-tract
macrophytes cannot be excluded (Toth et al, 1996). The possi ble contribution of sulfides to sediment toxicity was evaluated by exposing it to four marine species (for sediment, Rhepoxy
nius abronius and Eohaustorius estuarius, and for pore water,
Mytilus edulis and Strongylocentrotus). Amphipods were less sensitive to sulfides than the embryos (Knezovich et al, 1996).
A comparison among the results of tests using recirculating,
Literature
Review
1997
753
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Fate & Effects of Pollutants static, and elutriate techniques for measuring
various sediments to the cladoceran Daphnia
the toxicity of
was made
magna
the original load of metals and in some cases gained Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni (Nott and Nicolaidou, 1996).
In sandy Microorganisms. obic and microaerobaccilliated sediments, protozoa shallow water the occurrences at several of aer centimetres
1996). A study illustrated the usefulness criteria, which observed the growth and
of midge chironomus riparius Meigen.
Copper spiking with concentrations of Cu2+ resulted in signifi cant growth reductions of larvae (Watts and Pascoe, 1996). A study was done to test the feasibility of the toxicity test as a
tool of the risk evaluation of contaminated sites. The test deter
scribed (Fenchel
microniches
and Thamnotoxkit F tests were the mined that theMicrotox most sensitive acute toxicity tests (Heida and Van der Oost, 1996). Sediment putatively contaminated Biological Treatment. with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its metal
complexes was used to examine the biod?gradation and the
tion of the proposal was that vertical zonation of microbial processes and microbial biota reflect the diminishing fraction of oxic inhabitants (Fenchel, 1996a). The microphytobenthos
consists of unicellular eukaryotic of both biomass algae and and cyanobacteria that
of illuminated sedi
biogeochemical reac
sediment/water partition of 14C-labeledEDTA and diethylenetri amine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). Experiments with 14C-labeled
benzoate showed that concentrations of inorganic nutrients in
in the ex
and
the sediment were unlikely to limit biod?gradation of EDTA or DTPA to 14C02 (Allard et al, 1996). The ability of microorgan isms to degrade trace levels of the hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFC-21 and HCFC-123 was investigated in soils and sedi ments. Methanotroph-linked oxidation of HCFC-21 was ob served in aerobic soils, and anaerobic degradation of HCFC-21 occurred in freshwater and saltmarshes (Oremland et al, 1996).
Naphthalenesediments Sound enumeration phenanthrene-degrading were enumerated by most-probable-number and a phylogenic procedures analysis. Poly nuclear and bacteria in Puget
surface,
indirectly by modifying
argument held
that reductionist
et al,
controlled microcosms Environmentally sedimentary to experimentally determine used temperature, salinity, effects on 13Cdic profiles restricted of dissolved inor
depth-horizon water
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation was confirmed in se lected strains on the basis of removal of phenanthrene from growing cultures (Geiselbrecht et al, 1996). A study was con
ducted on the effect of incubation temperatures on the dechlori
1-cm sediment depth exhibited shell calcite 14C values not sig nificantly different from foraminifera allowed to free-roam
through glades the sediment near column sources (Chandler of agricultural and et al, sediments runoff Ever 1996). were ob
nation of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2346-CB) in two sedi ments from different climates: PCB-free sediment from Sandy Creek Nature Center Pond (SCNC) in Athens, Georgia, and PCB-contaminated sediment fromWoods Pond (WP) inLenox, Massachusetts. The data suggested that in the SCNC sediment,
similar factors controlled the metaand para-PCB dechlorina
conductivities. Research
to respond rapidly to phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate input (Drake et al, 1996). Simultaneous measurements of benthic bacterial production and bacterivory by benthic heterotrophic nanofla gellates (HNAN) were made for sediment samples collected
from a eutrophic freshwater littoral in different seasons. The
rination (Wu, Q., et al, 1996). Different strategies designed to increase the removal of Pb were tested during the application of a biological remediation procedure to treat highly contaminated
aquatic sediments. Most of the experimental results seemed to
results showed that bacterivory by HNAN cannot account for the fate of bacterial production in the littoral studied (Starink et al, 1996b). Seasonal variations inHNAN and bacterial densi ties at different depths in the sediment of two freshwater littoral
stations were studied. Density ratios between bacteria and
follow the theoretically predicted outcome for Pb solubilization (Mercier et al, 1996). Profiles and patterns of polychlorinated Bioaccumulation. were determined in sediment, mus residues naphthalene (PCN) sel, crab, plankton, and fishes from the Gdansk Basin, Baltic
Sea, identify potential concentrations. Different to sources marine and accumulation of the features lower food organisms
HNAN were very high in the top layer. These ratios suggested that the impact of benthic HNAN on the bacterial dynamics was minimal in the littoral zone (Starink et al, 1996a). Water
and and sediment pathogenic samples were examined for microorganisms. Perfringens a range was of indicator as identified
web clearly bioaccumulate many PCN congeners (Falandysz et al, 1996). A study on the bioaccumulation of methylmecury in a benthic food web of two hydroelectric reservoirs and a natural lake of northern Quebec (Canada) was done. Total mercury (Hg) concentrations in benthic insects from a 14-year-old hydro
electric reservoir lake were and, two to three times up a reference in some groups, than those from higher to seven times higher
the most useful indicator of fecal pollution and was the only indicator significantly correlated to the presence of pathogenic
Giardia guson different River, ship. and et al, the opportunistic 1996). Water bacterial samples sites across and after for genus Aeromonas (Fer were two from analyzed a transect the passage fecal conform, of of the Buffalo a lake-going heterotrophic
Samples
analyzed
(Tremblay etal,
thium vulgatum,
plate count, and total suspended solids (Pettibone et al, 1996). Diel rates on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) and primary
14C02 fixation production Carolina Atlantic coastal, were examined benthic intertidal, seasonally microbial on a North mat com
754
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
69, Number
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munity.
important
quartz
quartz
compo
in the dynamics of mat N2 fixation than has been recognized previously (Paerl et al, 1996). An investigation was done on the influence of landslide activity on the sediment budget and the distribution of Au inHarris creek. Material eroded from the
toe of landslides diluted the Au content and created an apparent sediment of
nent of the underlying black shale. Silica deposition in algal cysts may provide a significant component of intrabasinal quartz sand in shale sequences (Schieber, 1996). On stable carbonate like Bermuda, Pleistocene shoreline sediments platforms
showed what The is termed nature, diagenetic oscillation and fidelity local factors shoreline cording. significance, on regional record and depends of sea level, wave exposure, height ent terns, topography, and the of or diagenetic re this diagenetic such stability, as climate, anteced
1996).
and pore organic stoichiome and agreement of the C:N with
to study early diagenesis The 02:C02 sediments. found to be -1.45, ratios were
synsedimentary topography, pat permeability time spent in marine and/or meteoric diagenetic
in good Two
environments (Vollbrecht and Meischner, 1996). Three main diagenetic processes affected the El Ribero carbonate silicifica
tion, dolomitization, and subsequent dedolomitization. An in
tense and locally destructive dedolomitization produced sig nificant dissolution that affected the unsilicified organisms (Gar
cia-Garmilla and Elorza, siderites nonconcretionary sandstones and mudrocks Bowen of the Basin. siderites The elemental and 1996). Early concretionary are common in subsurface Triassic of the Rewan and that only oxygen meteoric Group, isotopic pore in the southern composition were waters
results from Japan. The use of sedimentary carbon processing and subse
bacterial
quent fractionation (Kikuchi andWada, 1996). Detailed p?tro graphie mapping and sedimentologic description of cores from the Oligoc?ne lower Vicksburg Formation of McAllen Ranch
Field, south Texas, zones have identified in cement thickness variations from 0.1 that result to 0.9 cm in diagenetic Kee ies, ranging
indicated
involved lated
in siderite that host rocks accumu formation, implying et al, in totally nonmarine environments (Baker 1995). and Skeletal The presence of skeletal Shells Remains. crys
Devonian
Territor associ
tals of calcite and trona in hot-spring deposits inNew Zealand and Kenya showed that they could form in natural sedimentary
regimes. Failure to recognize that crystal growth follows the
that diagenetic
resulted in the
skeletal motif may lead to false interpretations concerning the growth of a crystal (Jones and Renaut, 1996). The skeletal compositions of 273 sediment samples, collected within 14 615
km2 of lagoon barrier habitat in New Caledonia, were analyzed. and It was
and Eldfisk
on how incorporated
1996).
PALEOLIMNOLOGY
A detailed stratigraphie and sedimentological analysis was given of Late Oligoc?ne to Early Miocene continental sediments
in a small 1-km2 area of the Loranca Basin. The time interval
1996). Vertical
covered by the sediments studied showed a progressive trend toward drier conditions and higher temperatures inferred from qualitative and quantitative changes in fossil rodent faunas
(Daams ing, and et al, 1996). High-resolution seismic profiles, soil mud 14C dat engi sedimentological, of eight studies micropaleontological cores in the coastal
arsenic in Amazon and solid-phase shelf deposits solved Maximum arsenic concentrations pore-water prepared. to be higher found in previous than the numbers found
(Sullivan et al,
among reduction cated high organic was rates
in the Sudbury assessed the sedi using region was of Chaoborus larvae. Among six recently fish never to have Bat Lake was fish found supported and the data were Lake inconclusive for Ruth-Roy seismic were collected from
ior of methylmercury
that barrier the surficial to the diffusion sediments beds of are
Chert
identification
succession was
derived
quences overlying the late Mesozoic deposits (Perini et al, seismic 1996). High-resolution profiles from the North Sea, 20
km off Northumberland, dune field have buried shown beneath subaqueous the presence Holocene of a 25-km2 mud. marine
of volcanic
Thin sandstone
1996).
abundant
Literature
Review
1997
755
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of
Burial of the dunes occurred when the dimensions of the tidal embayment were increased (Brew, 1996). Seafloor morphology and sediment distribution in the Knight Inlet were discussed. The study showed that theKnight Inlet differs from other British Columbia fjords in thatmany channels that emanate from fjord
head (Ren deltas et al, coalesce 1996). An and into one channel of the further down the inlet overview sediment on research significant on intertidal mudflats
analyzed
for the Canadian side of theWilliston basin and integrated with previous studies done on the American side (Bachu and Hit chon, 1996). Lake Tanganyika, part of the Eastern African rift
system, represents one of the most widely cited modem analogs facies
for interpreting ancient rift lakes. The data suggested that unique
but predictable associations of reservoir, seal, and source
morphodynamics
dynamics
in China (1961 to 1964) was presented. Three sedimentological zones were identified from land to sea within the intertidal zone: high mudflat, middle mudflat, and low mudflat (Shi and Chen, with 1996). The association of PAHs, PCBs, ,37Cs, and 210Pb
various carbon?was associated components determined. with organic of sediments?that The carbon results porosity and is, clay indicated and silt silt, and organic that PAHs were 137Cs, and PCBs
existed along each of the different margin types (Soreghan and Cohen, 1996). The Ramu basin lies along a plate boundary where the Finisterre is colliding with the Indo-Australian plate. Itwas suggested that a lateMiocene age for the initial collision
of the Finisterre for nits terrane lying seismic with beneath the Ramu a regional basin correlation requires late-Miocene a new angu
lar unconformity
1996). methods surement shear-wave identifying earthquake lected from Sea, Increased
in the Keram
1 and Tsumba
by the use
1wells
of
(Cullen,
and mea by for
resolution
shear-wave
were associated with clay but not with organic carbon (Ab et
al, 1996). Sedimentological over oc?anographie characteristics
sediments
sedimen
processes
polarizations, valuable
(Harris, wetlands
col
along and Chernobyl. sediment 137Cs was used to assess on the vertical rates. Based it does not accretion rates,
trode measurements in the uppermost The Santa in comparison 1996). Mn-rich a few profiles Mn
processes early diagenetic Califor the Santa Barbara Basin, had pore-water higher alkalinity et al, basins (Riemers above the most recent
any of these sites is in imminent danger of excessive flooding evidence of rapid, (Callaway et al, 1996). Paleolimnological
recent ecological change in Lake Erie's trophic status was
nia.
California
observed
found. Itwas discovered that the recent deposit diatom in Lake Erie were different from any deposit during the past 200 years
(Stoermer isotopically exaporitic inclusions minescence, et al, distinct dolostones of carbonate and nearly 1996). and petrographically, structurally, were of in present K-feldspar generations of the central NC A. Replacement textures, material, absence of intrinsic cathodolu indicated a end-member Two
sapropel (SI), one immediately above the sapropel top and one
centimetres to with the sediment surface. analyses SI Pore-water showed that in combination solid-phase
the active oxidation front was located at the level of the lower
peak, immediately muscovite above the present-day sapropel top
composition
1996). Bedding-parallel
in the deep-marine by penecontemporaneous and geochemical occurred
rhythmic
dolo data
Proterozoic
in a
greater
Stratigraphie, suggested
depths than the zone of melt generation beneath arcs (100 to 150 km) required a mechanism such as the partitioning of K, Be, B, Ba, and Rb into migrating fluids to provide for the
transfer of these slab signature 460 km was elements from phengite two to arc
in the ma
rine pore water during shallow burial diagenesis (Mukhopad hyay et al, 1996). The abundance and isotopic composition of total and pyrite
sulfur were determined in a core in the central Black Sea. Four
magmas
survey wells belt, Ahuas were
1996). A 36-fold
done area, before on
seismic
different types of pyrite were detected in the sediment, and the isotopic information demonstrates that pyrite in modern
sediments (Calvert years showed was of et al, obtained the Black 1996). from The forms mainly air temperature was lake sediments Sea in the water record column 200 of the past
the Colon
platform, and it had a different history than the interior basins on Honduras (Mills and Barton, 1996). High-resolution seismic profiles and foundation borings from the northwestern Gulf of
Mexico ies of recorded several the physical late Quaternary of lowered attributes histor and depositional that were sequences deposited deltas shelf-margin during level. Structure, shelf-margin of sediment subsidence composition, se deltaic eu supply, near the shelf
analyzed. of the of
Empirical
of the lake
lake water local pre
river-dominated
sea
of each late Quaternary deposition a unique combination reflected quence static fluctuations, basin energy, and
River Joaquin and carbon estuary. Oxygen Bay in estuarine bivales contained fossil a late Holocene Bay sediment record of
Francisco
(Ingram of
et al,
of multichannel
its
seis
fan with sedi where
and that Bryant Canyon associated s?urced system Bryant of the et al, Canyon of base 1996). The delivered a slope
in water
a progressive particularly
(Lee,
regional-scale
genically
756
Volume
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_Fate
& Effects
of Pollutants
induced by theMississippi River flood of 1993 were examined to compare their characteristics with sand blows of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 to 1812. Based on the comparison, it was concluded that flood-induced sand boils are interpreted
to represent liquefaction uted less-energetic et al, (Li, Y., a than earthquake-induced genesis matter contents The 1996). organic
ice-volume mechanisms
controlled sequences changes for sea-level before change information sediments were of channel attributed
since then
at are
1996). Geologi
excavation to oxygen forests for of ele
isotopes
(Buckingham
was
et al,
1996). Diverse
interactions Geochemical with
information on
rain contrast
present
minerals,
was
relatively
subdued
because of leaching of soils and elimlead to a geochemical soil survey, which defined residual anomalies of the deposit. The
anomalies were generated through weathering of the sphalerite
1996a). A study was done of the paleoceanographic 400-kyr record of dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaC03) in the cen
accumulation of dissolution and relationship or et al, (La biogenic opal Montagne Corg and turf Substrate between 1996). competition cyanobacteria as an important was control of stromatolite identified algae concluded that the use of the term "stro formation. The project tral Pacific Ocean. There of was no
and galena within the silification halo of the deposit (Arias, 1996). Using stratification to study the distribution and sources of settling particles inLake Erken, particles and resuspended parti
cles were observed in a water column. Internal seiches were
suggested to be responsible for a high amount of settling parti cles in hypolimnion during stratification (Weyhenmeyer, 1996).
Soil to interpret used criteria were carbonate-pa in the Plio-Pleistocene St. David Formation, genesis of increased Arizona. southeastern accumulation Layers clay to zones of increased carbonate had a genetic relation seldom development leosal the clay-rich layers (Slate et al, 1996). Stratigraphie analy
matolite"
within
crusts formed
LG., et al,
the framework
and
sis of the Middle Cambrian formation in the southern Great Basin indicated that themixed siliciclastic-carbonate lithofacies were deposited in three distinct phases. It was suggested that
the primary of siliciclastic source depends measured sidescan on the relative sea
the Ahmsundhelleren
ice-free position, Sediment phase, subglacial
Caves
ice-dammed
level position
distribution using between mentary tic. The formed a 3.5-kHz
1996). Bedforms
in the Tanshui combined sonar
and
subaerial
1996).
foredunes during
Coastal morphology
volcanic terrain
the period 1986 to 1992 at three sites along the accretional distal end of Long Point Spit, Lake Erie. It was found where that beach width is typically less than 50 m, variations in beach
width are a the foredune stronger than the wind control on climate rates of sediment (Davidson-Arnott supply and Law, to
been identified as early Holocene, which was indicated by the bottom-formed activity (Howe, 1996). Charcoal in late Pleistocene marine sediments of the tropical
Atlantic coal was measured as carbon to examine it relates the regional deposition continents and to biomass history on burning in the ocean. The of char adjacent tempo of
sequestration
1996).
One have were hundred been studied offshore mass-movement and A Pleistocene static in the Holocene into types. classification of three that deposits sediments was the initia
charcoal deposition was linked mainly to the growth and decay of high-latitude ice (Verardo and Ruddiman, 1996). The history
of late Pleistocene were assessed and Holocene by environments secular and rates paleomagnetic deposition and variation
transformation
system an offshore
1996).
by fluvial late-middle
Pleistocene
(Green et al, 1996). and chemical properties of substrates of marine brine Physical were in relation to quantity and quality of discussed ponds
of of surrounding rocks, leaching Weathering produced. of Fe under remobilization substrate by the brine, and diagenetic were for the main conditions processes responsible reducing of Fe (Varnavas and Lekkas, enrichment 1996). salt
that growth
Quinif, 1996). During the upper Pleistocene the Central Alti plano of Bolivia was flooded repeatedly by deep and extensive
saline lakes in response to climatic fluctuations. Builder commu
nities were dominated by filamentous calcifying green algae associated with other plants (Rouchy et al, 1996). Nine docu
mented coastal lower-middle plain were Eocene compared with sequences global on the New 180. It was Jersey concluded
Group
Plio-Pleistocene synorogenic deposits of the Upper Siwalik in the Shinghar Range (Trans-Indus Salt Ranges) of
Pakistan recorded the transition from foreland
northwestern
basin to piggyback-basin
the Salt Range thrust. The
deposition
integration
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geochronological data indicates that motion of the Salt Range thrust and repositioning of the Indus River began nearly 1.0Ma ago (Pivnik and Khan, 1996). The sediments of three lakes of the Yunnan Plateau in China were identified as belonging to
three groups of minerals, bearing were associations interpretation tonic evolution was authigenic and silica indicative in agreement minerals: minerals. of the with carbonate The lake minerals, Fe authigenic mineral and evidence the
of
(Tremp-Ager
development,
palaeontological
1996).
com
(Xiouzhu et al,
the characteristics
geomorphic mapping of the East Greenland coast have shown that locally up to 6 km of denudation may have occurred (Clift
et al, Great 1996). Basin Lower-middle were carbonate deposited platform. Devonian carbonates of the eastern westward representing a low-energy, along Six regional facies were
NUTRIENTS
The distribution was examined of different forms of carbon,
nitrogen, rameters and of and standard sediment pa physical phosphorus a shallow the surface of the Gulf sediments of Riga,
thickening
the evolution of ice-lobe patterns and the timing of their relative movements during d?glaciation (Lunkka and Gibbard, 1996).
Glaciogenic types were sediments found. were It was investigated, suggested that and the four lithofacies were sediments
semiclosed brackish bay of the Baltic Sea. Several measured parameters were highly correlated (Carman et al, 1996). Ori gins and magnitude of external total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) loads fromWest Point Lake basin were
estimated Franklin, during Georgia, a 1-year period. The to the headwaters upper of subbasin the area, from Chattahoochee
sedimentation
the major tic silt
River, contributed to 96% of the discharge and 97% of the TP and TSS loads into West Point Lake (Emmerth and Bayne, 1996). Studies of sulfur behavior in the water column and in
sediments conducted investigation ments were in the river in three showed water areas the of and seawater the Black of mixing and Avov sulfate zones Seas. were The
sediment of deep-water components and clay, shallow-water redeposited and windblown was deposited, seven dust but from Africa. the amount
carbonate, South
constancy
concentrations
America
(Reid et al,
were carried Brazilian
1996). Sedimentological
out on margin
to determine
continental
tory capacity of a stream in the Taylor Creek/Nubbin Slough Basin located north of Lake Okeechobee, Florida. P assimilation
rates based function 1996). ate A in the stream on the of total were P estimated concentration from marine the using of first-order the water source was relationships as column (Reddy et al, a
the sediment flux distribution in the Southern Brazil Basin dur ing the late Quaternary. The distribution of sediment fluxes in the basin showed a bathym?trie trend (Masse et al, 1996). The Precambrian Elisabeth Bjerg Formation in East Green
land was studied to measure the intermittent ramp. siliciclastic-domi The deposits were nated marine deposition outer system, on a carbonate
distance
set of modern
primary sediments
sulfurization early
as a mechanism Results
ervation
diagenesis.
suggest
(Tirsgaard, 1996).
A remarkable 3-m-thick sequence of laminated diatom
(LDO) has been recovered in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is suggested that the LDO represents numerous depositional
events of Thalassiothrix convergence mats front that were (Boden Lower accumulated and Backman, Permian physically 1996). sedimentary In at a subarctic the North
dehydration/hydrogenation of chlorophyll accounts for approxi mately 50 and approximately 4% of the Raney nickel phytane yield measured in suboxic sediments from the Washington shelf and anoxic sediments from Saanich Inlet, respectively (Prahl et al, 1996). Analysis of the benthic fluxes on inorganic nutrients and oxygen during a 1-year period provided a basis for describ interface in the Etang ing the dynamics of the water-sediment de Thau Lagoon (France). The factorial multiple correspon
dence analyses water-sediment tions and describe et al, measured for the interface study of the annual monitoring to establish it possible made the main sources of flux Sediment-water at correla the
American
Midcontinent,
succinctly 1996).
cycles consist predominantly of very shallow marine and paralic facies and well-developed stacked paleosol profiles. The cycles
contained cludes scale evidence of cyclic climate facies regionally K.B., change. The evidence for meter from calcic slump in carbonate-to-clastic and the pattern consistent et al, observed change 1996). Massive
oxygen regions of
in three distinct
Bay at monthly
several additional
1996). Sedi
nitrite,
(Miller,
complexes composed of Pliocene basaltic rocks and underlying Miocene and Pliocene sediments flank the Rio Grande along
16 km of northern White Rock Canyon, New Mexico. Exact
NOx), filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP, primarily orthophos phate), and oxygen (02) under aphotic (heterotrophic) condi
tions were determined at two to five stations in the Neuse River
758
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
69, Number
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Fate & Effects of Pollutants Estuary, from 1987 to 1989. Fluxes of 02, NH4, NOx, and FRP have obvious interrelationships in that their spatial and temporal
patterns and potential controls are each unique along the salinity
groves in T?rminos Lagoon, Mexico. The results with nitrogen isotopes suggested that the uptake of inorganic N from tidal
waters nitrogen condition by an within mangrove ecosystems sediments represent a retention and Twilley, of in mangrove (Rivera-Monroy transition
1996). Measurement
along
of denitrification
under changing
zone was of removal wetlands
flood
done ex soils, et al,
of organic
nitrogen,
phosphorous,
posed turnover
Nitrogen of undisturbed
biogenic silica (BSi) were used to develop temporal concentra tion trends (Cornwell et al, 1996). Periphyton nitrate uptake and dentrification accounted for approximately 90% and 73%, respectively, of the depletion of approximately 35% N03-N
added as whole-epilimnion enrichment of ammonium nitrate to
indicating considerable
of nitrogen in
1996). The concentration-dependent uptake of nitrate (N03) and its inhibition by ammonium (NH4) were surveyed in surface
waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Results from the exten
Castle Lake, California. Historical analysis of nitrate depletion in the epilimnion during spring suggested that periphyton may
outcompete of phytoplankton for water-column nutrients (Axler
Bay,
Comparisons of nutrient and refractory element fluxes reflect two important lake processes (Dymond et al, 1996). Measure
ments of the distribution patterns of nutrients (ammonium, ni
closed and shallow system that is under the effect of the coastal upwelling processes for approximately 57% of every year. Ap proximately 76 to 83% of total nitrogen was a regenerated
product of the remineralization of organic matter produced dur
trate, orthophosphate, total N, and TP) and chlorophyll concen trations were conducted under an interdisciplinary program known as SEAKEYS. Results indicated that coral reefs in Flor
ida were ents via elevated accumulating flow surface water (Szmant not loads of land-derived 1996). nutri Ben and Forrester,
ing upwelling
uptake enced cies. and
in the coastal were environment regeneration river nutrient and water, concentration, by plankton Two situations characterized the seasonal contrasting were measured nitrogen isotopes sediment of 18 surface samples It was that proposed of nitrogen in the bulk collected
thic fluxes of dissolved N, Si, and P nutrients, alkalinity, dis solved inorganic C (DIC), and 02 from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly for 16months. The nutrient fluxes observed were not significantly
linked processes to 02 consumption, were important that anaerobic suggesting at the sediment-water oxidation interface in
1996).
the gulf (Bertuzzi et al, 1996). The sulfur cycle in the chemo cline of meromictic Mahoney Lake was investigated during a 2 year period. The data indicated that in Mahoney Lake, oxygenic photosynthesis and sulfate reduction were coupled only indi rectly via degradation and autolysis of photosynthetically formed biomass (Overmann et al, 1996). A study of carbon
and nitrogen-uptake when or mixed patterns during blooms of Emiliania hux
MODELING
A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sedi
ments was made. The experimental than bentonite data revealed that equilib the external
dez et al,
between
with
highly nutrient inputs. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were important in controlling the sediment nutrient flux in anaerobic or high-alkaline conditions, which determined the quality of overlying waters in tropical reservoirs (Appan and Ting, 1996). A study was done to use quantified fractions of phosphorus
to determine the potential of aquatic sediment as a source of
et al, concentrations 1996). (Huang and descrip structure-imitating, process-imitating, of subsurface tive approaches fluid flow and transport was done. was modeled in sedimentary The heterogeneity numeri deposits aqueous
phosphorus supply. The Kranji Reservoir has a large potential phosphorus supply to support the growth of phytoplankton (Ting and Appan, 1996).
The rates of reaction between silicate iron and dissolved sul
cally to solve governing equations for subsurface fluid flow and transport (Koltermann and Gorelick, 1996). A development was done of equations based on laboratory lake sediment oxygen demand (SOD) incubations for predicting induced oxygen de mand after hypolimnetic aeration. Comparison of predicted SOD rates by the model to observed oxygen demand rates in the laboratory led to the conclusion that the predicted model
rates were in close agreement with the observed rates (Moore
et al, 1996). Depositional models for fluvial sediments in an intra-arc basin in the Upper Cenozoic Tokai group in Japan
were the made. intra-arc It was basin shown were that fluvial by 1996). with controlled depositional the interaction An eight inverse state models of model variables tecton of an was in
concentrations at greater depths (Raiswell and Canfield, 1996). Nitrogen Compounds. Rates of direct and coupled nitrifica
tion-denitrification in intact sediment were cores measured from with fringe, basin, 15N isotope techniques man and riverine
volcanism
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Experiments
some
to address
storage (Valett et al, 1996). Formation of economic-grade noble metal and heavy mineral placers at high latitudes was facilitated. The model provided a composite view of how integrated effects
of coastal erosion, bathymetry, wave action, long-shore trans
organic
pore-water
for biological
to bioreactive
control
trace
elements
potentially tion within sediment
(Widerlund,
lead
1996). High
sedimentation
and and sediment
rates could
1996).
undercompac of abnormal
soil-related or playa
rate, facies, formation porosity, and permeability within the Gulf basin were modeled (Mello and Karner, 1996). Thermal
and lected generation hydrocarbon wells that characterize histories were simulated New for Zealand. se the Taranaki Basin,
suggested that dolocrete formed by themixing of groundwaters and lake brines got into the preatic zone during periods of lowered water levels. Fabric-destructive (type I) calcitization
was caused by lowering of lake levels and exposure to vadose
conditions
models be of in a direct
(Colson
and Cojan,
1996). Tectonostratigraphic
generally rates of The fluvial to were presumed tectonism and con study suggested clastic and by climate that lacus change
Modeling
Mesozoic
sedimentation foredeep link between changing sedimentological alternation deposition response. between was
high heat flow during the early stages of deposition (Armstrong et al, 1996). A mathematically simple model simulated quartz
cementation stone tion and the of resulting porosity loss as a function in parameters of clay and temperature such as grain grain history. size, detrital coatings, history The in quartzose sand of varia effect
comitant
formation-scale trine
carbonate
controlled
(Drummond et al,
Software/Programs.
1996).
The source pollution from management wa
abundance tion
or other
porosities, and
temperature
model, ANSWERS-2000,
average annual runoff and
was developed
sediment yield
to simulate long-term
agricultural
with
medium veloped
1996). Equivalent
de
were formulas O'Doherty-Anstey generalized one-dimensional of elastic from a study of the influence random media on the kinematics
tersheds. The model is intended for use without calibration (Bouraoui and Dillaha, 1996). The in-place pollutant export model (IPX) is a screening level model for estimating contami
nant from tributaries export water IPX bodies. receiving cesses with ments for sediment with contaminated sediment sediments to pro transport synthesizes decreased sediment resuspendability aging, sedi of freshly age, and resuspension deposited increasing as a function into the U.S. Environmen of water velocity
inhomogeneous
and dynamics
of the transmitted obliquely incident P and SV-plane waves. A theory suggested that fine elastic multilayering is characterized by a frequency-dependent anisotropy (Shapiro and Hubral, 1996). A study on the diffusive tortuosity of fine-grained unlithi
fied rately sediments to readily was done. The measure was correlated tortuosity values (Boudreau, porosity accu 1996).
contaminant
three-dimen was used to
A model
enrichment, which
analyses was presented. It was
is based on
sedi suggested
of Holocene
erosion-and characterized
in a catchment.
study
the effects of topography and soil loss and identified areas of catchment (Wilson and Gallant, 1995).
Transport ing of Modeling. A sediment-transport model was pre the
1996). A depositional model for storm and tide-influenced pro grading siliciclastic shorelines from theMiddle Devonian of the
central The results basin was foreland developed. Appalachian conditions when caution inferring suggest palaeoceanographic data sets that do not contain from preserved sedimentological
lated in a shallow shelf. The depositional model of the shallow shelf is a gentle rising ramp toward the beaches and shoals
(Martin ical model. based on et al, 1996). An unsorted, unflocculated source suspen
erosion
(Kranck et al,
from suspension
Experimental andmodeling
substantially processes diagenic
suspension to predict the distribution (Kranck et al, 1996b). The ecological ramifications of variation in hydrologie interaction
between were revealed streams studied. and alluvial of uptake Modeling that nitrate aquifers transient length in contrasting hydrologie correlated with catchments solute storage hydraulic
sediments
1996). A Bayesian model for fate and transport of poly chlori nated biphenyls in the upper Hudson Bay was made. The
method half-life, provides aerobic estimates biod?gradation for the plus anaerobic biod?gradation volatilization half-life,
760
Water
Environment
Research,
Volume
69, Number
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depth,
resuspension
velocity
phytoplankton
mixed-layer
growth
in the model
than that
was more
sensitive
to
(Steinberg et al, 1996). The finite element model was applied successfully to predict the Pb-210 and total extractable fatty acid concentrations at different depths in two sediment cores from Lake Ontario by using different transport parameters. Im
proved results were observed in a two-layer model accounting
thickness
in the ocean
(McCreary elements
et al,
for bioturbation in the upper 4 to 6 cm of sediment (Bobba et mass al, 1996). A recycling model was developed using 13C/12C
balance (Corg) for net reservoir. growth/loss The key carbon organic sedimentary was that observation of the model of the
model developed at the National Center for Atmospheric search (NCAR) (Slingerland et al, 1996).
Geological rence of Features. shallow, A study was conducted oceanic on fracture-zone-parallel, to normal (less than
Re
photosynthetic
gae and (Deny activity ments.
terrestrial
of the flexural
suggest along that mod low-angle
I37Cs from
from
ons testing and from the Chernobyl accident in two lakes' sedi
developed to simulate the transport of
137Csin these sediments (Smith and Comans, 1996). A simple algorithm was presented that decomposes the size distribution
of marine Oth order. nents compo suggested study broader meaning than do convenient may potentially and Fournier, mathematical constructs 1996). A one (Jonasz was developed for the predic vertical dimensional, grid model wave-current in combined flow under tion of sediment transport have sheet flow conditions. Comparison with recent experimental into particles of The results a sum the of log-normal components that such of the
faults (less than 45 deg) are responsible for the transverse ridges (Pockalny et al, 1996). The Upper Jurassic Humber Group on the South Central Graben is one of the least understood and
most complex hydrocarbon illustrated geometry reservoirs of the North Sea. A new
1996).
METHODS
Kriging methods of geostatistical set analysis were Use PCB of used for anal is from ysis of sediment-contamination on a data demonstrated problems. of sediment the method samples matter
conditions
with
1996). A finite-difference
sediment The model
model
pre
transport
for the
in inter
reasonably
predicts the erosion of beaches with berms and dunes and the
movement The model also is used of breaking point. to analyze sedi the evolution of different of beaches consisting et al, ment characteristics (Lee, C, 1996). offshore
should not be determined merely by ashing sediment (Hyslop and Davies, 1996). A study reports the development of an
NaOH-leaching technique The in marine sediments. to extract technique the was authigenic applied Al and Be of to the study
Heat Transfer. Sediment permeability plays a key role in controlling both the flux of solute and heat through marine sediments and patterns of hydrothermal circulation within the
underlying fluid flow ability across oceanic and heat the crust. transfer two Numerical illustrate sediment simulations how types differences can influence of coupled in perme patterns
between
dissolution equatorial
in the western
rate of CaC03
sediments
field mea
a large storm. Linear during and tested using flow veloc as output concentration
Sayles, 1996). The relationships between pore geometry and Walker Creek field in south reservoir quality in the rocks of the
ern Arkansas mercury-injection were evaluated capillary Three on using pressure p?trographie analyses. methods Results and indicate
to
as
residence transport
flocculation were
plume. such of the plume, water in a sediment-laden column, (Jankowski et al, 1996).
at Biloxi
Mississippi.
discussed
Biological
microbial
and geochemical
ation of the dissolved components, and diffusion of the individ ual species between different compartments, was developed to
calculate the pore-water of ammonium profiles and at steady state. The model pre
phosphate 1996). A four-component ecosystem, physical-bio was used to study the processes of an annual cycle that in the Arabian Sea. It was determined activity 761
terrigenous substrata 1996). (Purcell, was detected insecticide, agent. Solid-phase were detection
GC-MS
used
of pesticides
in groundwater
Literature
Review
1997
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of
Pollutants_
from
from theAtlantic Ocean and eight from the Pacific Ocean, were
to evaluate compiled rates. accumulation in some slowly of magnitude Tertiary combined m depth a new technique It is observed that sediments those mass for determining iridium concentrations were of the same order
taken to improve the measurement of chlorobiphenyls (CBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) inmarine sediments and biota as part of the QUASIMEME project's ongoing laboratory
testing scheme. A considerable improvement was obtained in
accumulating as some of
for the Cretaceous reported sensors et al, (Bruns 1996). Optical sediment 900 traps at approximately short-term peaks in pigment
the long-term precision of participating laboratories (De Boer andWells, 1996). Three urban wet detention ponds in the piedmont of North
Carolina moval were monitored of as a function area surface to investigate long-term area ratios. It was re pollutant demonstrated
to observe
fluorescence
Canary containing Island
and backscattering
region. Well-preserved coccoliths packed variations
in an oligotrophic
site in the
densely
1996).
prop
of wet pond perfor predictor et al, of pollutants J.S., (Wu, 1996). of a remote The results Sensing. sensing study were on estuarine with previous research processes mixing ratios the removal
are a useful
erties with changes in pollen assemblages inmiddle Pleistocene lake sediments from Buck Lake indicated that the magnetic
properties were sensitive to changes in climate. Climatically snow of A
and with ground sampling investigations to appraise the dis persal of effluent in the Tay estuary. The advantages of using
remote sensing techniques to study the distribution of conver
sequential
salt-related
imagery of aNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite receiving station. The AVHRR imagery was
proven et al, to be a valuable tool for spatial mapping of oc?ano
to quantify
both
ing subsidence and the change in water depth during any time
interval. plates ment for restoration to generate paleo-seafloor to reconstruct salt and evolving et al, 1996). Approximate tem sedi
studies (Burrage
geometries
methods
were introduced for estimating pool sediment trapping, upward supply of sand from the bed subsurface, and the rate of gravel
entrainment. These were combined in a sand routing algorithm
INORGANICS
The measured vane shear strength The of of marine soil samples an in
was shown to vary with depth and was correlated strongly with
the calcium carbonate content. results showed an increase that crease in calcium carbonate 1% caused in shear
to estimate sand removal (Wilcock et al, 1996b). Four methods commonly used for the collection of sublittoral sediments and
their associated fauna structure, were such community compared. as diversity Univariate indices, measures did not of reveal
strength of approximately
Studies on sodium, and River calcium, in groundwater to the Tarawera data obtained
1996).
concentrations
any significant difference between the sampling methods (Som erfield and Clarke, 1996). Two types of sampling methods to
determine soft soil parameters for coastal construction were
sediment were
in downstream
discussed
nyl)methane
in aquatic over
1991 and 1992. An unusual aspect of this investigation was the detection of an appreciable level of resin acid (Wilkins et al, 1996a). Petrography demonstrated the presence of three types of fibrous calcite cement in buildup deposits of the Kullsberg Limestone (middle Caradoc), central Sweden. Positive oxygen
isotope values were attributed to lower seawater temperatures
1996).
two to compute number between the correlation was match the sand samples method of ratio developed using numbers numerical values of the correlation among ing. The on beaches of littoral drift the sand movement and the sources
and/or slightly elevated salinity on the Baltic platform relative to seawater from which other marine precipitates formed (Tobin andWalker, 1996). Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) was measured
at regular positions along eight transects through Mangrove
1996).
for the characteriza
methods
Forest in the Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. The spatial variability of potential bioavailability was high and depended,
to a great chemical the surface extent, on which metals were considered part P and of the
zone of a in the unsaturated transport were et al, 1996). (Ronen developed were to interpret and used transport mean of and fractions deposition
AVS complexing
approaches sediment
1996). Various
Si in Finland. The
pro
trace
isotherms (Hartikainen tion-sorption trace element and concentrations fjords mined. and open the coastal waters
in surficial
sediments were
around
of marine mussel sediments, digests The of participants muscle tissue. response plicae in the laboratory laboratories took part Sixty-one
Provenance
controlling
were factors and glacial the main deposition and and distribution of the major abundance
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Fate & Effects of Pollutants and Asmund, 1996). Element variation with time in different overbank sediment profiles was documented. Evaluation of the vertical distribution of elements in overbank sediments was a powerful tool for investigating the geochemical characteristics
of drainage areas on a large scale and examining variation in
the mean levels of pulp mill source compounds and sodium levels in effluents discharged to the Tarawera River to assess the extent towhich these compounds were persistent in downstream
water samples and to determine sediment loading characteristics
(Wilkins et al, 1996b). Field and laboratory evidence showed that deeply buried (90 to 888 m) fine-grained sediments of the
Atlantic isms acids. and An Coastal that Plain these contain viable acetogenic actively these microorgan produce organic microorganisms culture of from one
a geochemical for marine uranium demands sink budget than deep-sea shown It was that salt marshes systems.
even stronger sinks at all salinities than subtidal estuaries for different reasons (Church et al, 1996). A study evaluated Na Cl-Br systematics of fluid inclusion-hosted brines in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits from the Appalachian Basin. The results of this study indicated that Na-Cl-Br systematics can provide valuable insights into the nature, distribution, and origin of brines responsible for MVT mineralization (Kesler et al, 1996).
Chemistry postdepositional studied were in saline environment was at the time discussed. and mica. weathering kaolinite, of deposition and The clay minerals salinity in pore
enrichment recovered of
long-term
several
bacteria
phic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions (Chapelle and Bradley, 1996). Temporal and spatial changes in pools of prewa
ter methane, corresponding accumulation flux were sulfate, methane of acetate dependent on and acetate fluxes and (a methanogenic were investigated. substrate) The and seasonal and in the
long-term
smectite,
The
1996). Recur
Mediterranean The downward accumula
or quick (Ohtsubo
mechanism as much
diffusion
allows
ORGANICS
The sorption of a commercial-grade in marine sediments sorption process. with linear alkylbenzenesulfo
tion
of
twice
pre
compounds was
Linear found for the of
Hydrocarbons.
surficial bottom
Distributions,
sediment samples
relation
increase
in the value
techniques indi
K as salinity increased (Rubio et al, 1996). The fate, bioconcen tration, and effects of tributylin (TBT) for three decades after
its introduction tropod, mations, to the coastal environment failure, and were oyster reviewed. Gas oyster imposex, concentrations recruitment in water, shell malfor data were re
and biogenic/terres
trial aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Alexandria coastal region (Aboul-Kassim and Simoneit, 1996). Petroleum hydrocarbons in offshore sediments from the central part of the Gulf were
measured substantial using inputs fluorescence of oil spectrophotometry. to the Gulf, contamination Despite can be all con
sediment
vised and reinterpreted (Ruiz et al, 1996). Sterols of different origin were analyzed in sediment samples
collected in the Venice Lagoon. The degree of wastewater con
sidered comparatively
cesses and biological Marine were to detect used
low, possibly
degradation that
tamination within
epicoprostanol, of organic and
environment
(Al-Lihaibi and Al
in the sedi
in
of pyridine (PYR), three isomers of hydroxypyridine (OHPYR), and five isomers of dihydroxypyridine (diOHPYR) were investi
gated in anoxic estuarine sediment slurries (salinity, 1.3%; So4
anomalous methane gradients a major at gas hydrate deposit The linear sulfate Ridge. gradients assess in situ methane flux, which
to quantify
is a function
Among
2,3-, 110
2, 13.5 mM; pH 7.48) collected from the Tansui River, Taiwan. the five isomers of diOHPYR (7.5 to 12 ppm) tested,
2,5-, days, and 3,4-diOHPYR 2,4and were removed whereas 2,6-diOHPYR within completely were in persistent
the nonadapted sediment slurries during 6 months' incubation (Kuo and Liu, 1996). A study to find the extent of organic contamination in the San Quintin Bay was done. The study indicated that the sedimentary concentrations of the organic analytes in the bay are not likely
to the commercial oyster cultivation market (Galindo et al,
of themethane inventory (Borowski etal, 1996). Measurements of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in 77 core samples collected in 1992 from the bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf were used to delineate oil pollution levels and their distribution in the region. A definite relationship was found between the grain-size distribution and TPH content of bottom sediments (Massoud et al, 1996). The amounts and types of
extractable hydrocarbon components in sediment cores from the
1996). Long-chain methyl and ethyl alkenones (C37-C4o) con taining two to four double bonds have been detected in sedi
ments pounds from Qinghai Lake, as paleotemperature China. use Widespread indicators in marine of these sediments com in
compositions of
corded progressively
lake lake as a result
of human
troduces
lacustrine taken (Li,
the possibility
environments J., et al, 1996).
of extrapolating
if appropriate A study was
this approach
can be under to identify
to
and watershed
calibrations performed
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
concentration
Literature
Review
1997
763
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of Pollutants
aromatics catchment
and
sediment and
Morava
samples to evaluate
from
the
quality.
Polycyclic
linear ture (UCM), off
aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) concentrations
complex sediments border. mix
of
or n-hydrocarbons, PAHs and unresolved were measured in recent marine the coastal region sources at the Mexico-U.S.
in 24 Depo
principal factors controlling the adsorption behavior of organo tins (Sun et al, 1996). Spatial and temporal distribution of methylmercury was determined in surficial sediments collected
from wastes. a river reservoir system affected were Concentrations of MeHg by Hg-contaminated well correlated mine with the
stations
biotic and abiotic activity of the sediment (Chen, Y., et al, 1996).
Halogenated rophenolic Organics. compounds, Concentrations and resin-acid-derived tetrahydroretene, and below above of resin acids, neutral and chlo com retene)
ring PAHs
amount
increased with
in surface
organic
sediments
flat in San Francisco Bay along an intertidal gradient during the dry and wet seasons in 1993 and 1994 (Maruya et al, 1996). Sediments were analyzed for PAH and 210Pb to obtain
accumulation mine the role rates, of and inventories of PAHs in contaminant were used loading to deter to Lake the atmosphere
the effluent
Michigan. The relative abundance of individual PAH com pounds from Lake Michigan sediments, PM-10 aerosol of Chi
cago, lishing and a coke oven a linkage were signature between combustion statistically sources similar, in the estab at south,
(Judd et al,
were umi River,
anilines
the Tsur and solu
bility were
The
1996).
mospheric deposition, and sediment accumulation (Simicik et al, 1996). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of PAHs inmarine sediments from Shuaiba. This study stated
that the PAH levels were higher now than those reported from
concentrations
in sediments
and shellfish from the estuarine and coastal areas around Fiji
were rines determined. were low the concentrations little contamination of organochlo (Morrison et and
(Saeed et al,
pyrolysis content gas of
1996).
chro
matography
chemically particles iterranean of known
al, 1996). The distribution and concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and PCBs in Humber Estuary bed sediment and in
suspended paniculate matter were studied extensively. This
collected
work demonstrated the importance of solid geochemistry and the dynamics of estuarine sediment regimes in determining the
distribution of organochlorine contaminants in estuarine envi
synthesized by algae, either by selective preservation or by rapid sinking, could be a major process determining the quality and
quantity (Peulve matter of sinking and depositing in the ocean organic et al, 1996a). gas Curie-point chromatogra pyrolysis were GC-MS and Curie-point used to characterize pyrolysis organic at intermediate delta of content water and suspended and depths, of in particles in the surface
1996).
METALS
An investigation described
in the surface
phy the macromolecular surface sediments Siberia. a fraction degradation polyunsaturated, manganese waters, of The
terns of metals
sediment
load and
of areas
the adjacent Sea, eastern Laptev some algal constituents that suggested were to macromolecules resistant 1996b). acids Saturated, were monosaturated,
fatty
surrounding
showed elevated levels of Cd, Zn, and Pb in the Baltic proper (Borg and Johnson, 1996). From 1860 to 1890, approxi mately 7 100metric tons of metallic mercury (Hg) was released
into the Carson River-Lahonton Reservoir watershed as a by
ments
and Indian Oceans. Their composition displayed a high content of labile unsaturated compounds with bacterial markers (Alek
sandrova and Poluyaktov, 1996).
product of Comstock Lode silver (Ag) and gold (Au) ore refin
ing. Hg concentrations in the Carson River and the Lahontan
Pesticides. Huntsville Spring Branch-Indian Creek (HSB-IC) was selected as a field location at which to evaluate equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP) to predict the bioavailability of non
ionic organic chemicals to measure associated o,p'and with sediments. DDD, An cal method p,p'-DDE, analyti and DDT
Reservoir are among the highest known worldwide (100 to 1 000 ng/L) (Wayne et al, 1996). Geomorphic and geochemical
data were combined and physical in a study dispersal to document the distribution, materials quantity, of Hg-contaminated
at low concentrations (less than 1 ng/mL) in small volumes (approximately 30 mL) of sediment pore water was developed
DDT contamination Long-term was in a small lake that previously of ported recipient with from a plant nursery. ticide wastes Comparison (Cotter 1996). et al, was re the insec 1975 data
from Sixmile Canyon to the Carson River. The study illustrated that the effects of Hg may be displaced temporally and spatially
from the penod and location of milling activities (Miller, J.R.,
et al, 1996). A total of 162 fish and shellfish samples were collected from different coastal areas of Bahrain in the Arabian
Gulf and analyzed for lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic.
showed that DDT levels in fish had been reduced by approxi mately 90% and a rough estimate indicated a "half life" of DDT of 5 to 7 years (Brevik et al, 1996). The adsorption behavior of eight organotin Organometalics.
species, Sn4+, and SnC14 on estuarine sediments was reported.
The concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As indicate higher levels of metals in shellfish when compared with fish and reveal that
the generally than existing 1996). Metal levels of metals except were in these for guidelines concentrations were organisms arsenic (Madany in sediments examined lower et al, from
764
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Environment
Research,
Volume
69, Number
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of Pollutants
by the U.S.
Program industrial
sediment, Leinen,
1996).
sedimentary The
rock,
and
trace metal
settling contents
particles of 71
(EMAP). Approximately
at least one metal sites, used discharge tests were ing agents:
collected in 1992 from the bottom sediments of the Arabian Gulf were used to determine the regional distribution of concen
tration Positive and pollution correlations and levels were of found these substances to between increasing content and the region. trace metal
or military et al, bases (Summers 1996). Batch to study remobilization abilities of three chelat DTPA, and ethylene glycol-bis-N-N'te
EDTA,
concentration
traacetic acid (EGTA) on zinc. DTPA had a higher remobiliza tion on zinc than EDTA (Yu et al, 1996). A field study was
done of an assessment of toxic metals content in the marine
al, 1996). The spatial and temporal distribution of tracemetals was studied in sediments of the Scheldt estuary to identify
trends content because poor in space and time. Results of the sediments decreases showed that the trace metal direction and metal in the downstream fluvial et al, sediments 1996). metals in bottom and
ments were 17.3 mg/kg for V, 30.8 mg/kg for Ni, and 55.5 mg/ kg for Pb (Al-Muzaini and Jacob, 1996). Detailed time-depth
distributions C (DOC), of dissolved with together near-surface (Esthwaite and dissolved Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, organic obtained for the water-column pH, were of a seasonably sediment anoxic pore waters a 1-year period. The Water, U.K.) during study of Esthwaite of various Water in
of mixing of metal-rich marine sediments (Zwolsman Metals. from The urban concentrations
and lake
of heavy Kranji
Reservoir of heavy
Reservoir
metals
criteria by three to
verti to predict extended
two-dimensional
trace metals
is capable
processes in the
was by wastewater discharges regulated by such as sediment In size. sorting by grain near trace metal content sediments of bottom
the fate of co important phenomena governing and associated nickel and Orlob, (Shrestha
Vladivostok began around 1945 (Tkalin et al, 1996). Longitudi nal distribution of dissolved nickel and cobalt along the English Coast of the Channel was similar to that previously observed
for dissolved of salinity, of aluminum. the The concentration exponential of a decay, relatively elements as a function conservative
bivalve
sources and possible of heavy-metal pollution were evaluated by chemical Estuary analysis and associated sediments the macrofauna, namely was the polychaete. The Bidasoa contami Estuary of heavy metal in Taiwan capacity the characterization of sediments The sedi and
that
ex
1996).
Fe, and
correla of
capacities
Mn)
and
prevailing
in summer were
phases) Gulf. of and The
studied in waters
of of the Louros sediment fraction of
(dissolved
heavy metal were discussed (Hung and Chen, 1996). A recently developed collection technique for benthic diatoms was used to
assess the concentration diatoms and of the heavy sediments metals Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn It in benthic was along provides an estuarine a valuable gradient. tool to moni
sediments
concluded
for Cu area,
indicating of
et al,
1996). Dissolved
concentrations
in groundwaters from U.S. Similar Re.Mo.U carbonate quantitative three size aquifer uptake fractions of
were measured and anions, the major cations in the southern 23 springs Great Basin, for the groundwaters from the ratios and of seawater these were trace strongly elements of suggestive seawater from
tor availability of heavy metals for biota in intertidal areas (Absil and Scheppingen, 1996). Sedimentation was studied by experimentally adding cadmium and Kd in Lake 382, Experi mental Lakes Area, Canada, from 1987 to 1992. Extractions showed that weak surfaces had high Kd and bottom sediments have lower Kd (Stephenson et al, 1996). In this study, the
dewater and reuse ability, heavy-metal Horn of Golden the factors like release surface and sediment reuse were characteristics, investigated to filtration and did not
(Hodge et al,
unfiltered) sect from
the mouth
across
type to effect toxic heavy metals (Karpuzcu in six separated sediment-size analyzed by sequential
to the Sargasso Sea. than 0.2 and greater were Results 1996). and Ti in surface
than 0.2
in both
extraction.
and Luther, of Al
analyses
showed increasing potential bioavailability of metals with de creasing grain size (Stone and Droppo, 1996). The effects of
water ents pollution in sediments metals on the accumulation were examined. in low of heavy The strong metals and nutri of high accumulation in water and
cross-Equator as
resulted
concentrations
in sediments offered
a factor
concretions
Literature
Review
1997
765
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Pollutants_
below the sediment-water interface were measured at randomly
tions of the Baltic Sea and to record the influence of heavy metal pollution (Glasby et al, 1996). Distribution of heavy metals in bottom sediments in interstitial water and overlying
water mined of heavy was The analyzed. to be an important metals from buffering capacity the remobilization parameter affecting et al, sediments (Chen, W., 1996). were tracers in lake used sediments of lead in Eastern Canada. sediment was deter
transport
Data
showed that the U.S. contributions to the total lead burden in surficial sediments across much of southern Quebec and Ontario were often in excess of 50% (Biais, 1996). Lead isotope dating
was and mining, the trends used to show information on from its relative smelting, contributions and geochemical sources such emissions. origins as coal The of lead burning,
on the Yellowstone
River. Fire-related
car-exhaust
206Pb/207Pb
(Gares et
1996). Pro
were deter
mined in cores from Lake Zug. Pb concentrations in the sedi ment and lead emissions in Switzerland correlated well (Moor
et al, 1996). The transfer rate organic 95mTc, of 95mTc was determined columns in close in the at natural laboratory using rates for 15?C. Transfer sediment-water 61ICo, and
on the transport land-use of sedi changes and sedi rainfall, runoff, using measured on the land use of the Goodwin A survey
Creek watershed showed a cultivated land decrease from 26% in 1982 to 12% in 1990 (Kuhnle etal, 1996). Bed-load transport
measurements of different grain-size fractions in a sand-bed
134Cs were
agreement with those measured in Canadian Shield Lakes, were higher (Bird and Evenden, whereas those for 65Znand 235U concentrations of osmium (OS) and silver (Ag) 1996). High
and low 187Os/186Os sensitive ratios tracers in Boston of the wastewater made these on elements influence of wastewater
river in southwest Denmark showed that the transport rate in the central grain sizes varied less than in all other fractions in the bed load. This was argued to be related to the role of point
bars 1996). River, as sediment reservoirs Constant-discharge California, flow and (Bartholdy reservoir releases unusual Kisling-Moller, on the Trinity
marine sediments inMassachusetts and Cape Cod Bays. The results of this investigation suggested that osmium isotopes may
as be widely applicable on sediments in estuarine tracers of the influence (Ravizza of wastewater and Bothner, environments
entrainment
to relate opportunity on a large gravel cumulative observa transport depth for plane-bed trans
scour
port was
(Wilcock mine
1996).
relative
TRANSPORT
Experiments sorted on the entrainment sands were threshold performed of well-sorted and carbonate
sizes
of cassiterite
bed inMalaysia. Results showed that for grain sizes finer than
180 pm, cassiterite grains average transport using naturally freshwater flume. and density,
poorly
occurring Results
sediments indicate
that when
as sediment grains roughly three times larger (Fletcher and Loh, 1996).
Beaches. continental Seven terrace cores from collected subsamples offshore from northern Israel were from examined the
shape,
the transport threshold of carbonate sands is similar to that of quartz (Prager et al, 1996). Waves. A field experiment designed to investigate the influ
ence of wave conducted importance on suspended-sediment breaking at Duck, The results North Carolina. of breaking waves was transport the emphasize as a mecha sediment-suspending
by TEM and SEM to form a model for sediment transport over the continental slope. The analysis of the TEM and SEM
photomicrographs were terns, which supports evaluated the model from of sediment radiographie flux to pat dispersal studies of the
1996). Models
shear velocity and of
of
nism and the need to incorporate their influence in any general model of surf-zone sediment transport (Beach and Sternberg, 1996). Laboratory Experiments. The effect of local dispersion on solute transport of dissolved constituents through randomly het
erogeneous was studied. The showed media theory geologic on the first and second concen that the effect of local dispersion with of the magnitude varies tration moments monotonically
models
sands downstream found
(Bauer et al,
in a single from
1996). Grain-size
distributions of three
to be
after transport transport-mode experiment were the brink of an experimental microdelta nor log-hyperbolic. neither Gaussian the Instead, into 1996). the flume at the microdelta's differences in relation end upstream in wind speed and con to beach surface
coefficient
surveys
1996).
of trans
port of suspended tailings with fjords were reported. The sedi ment trap fluxes show that suspended solids tend to settle out within 10 km of outfall. Once tailings discharge ceased, the
particle tial and fluxes in the deep distributions waters returned to normal or near
normal in 3 months
temporal
offshore aeolian transport on the beach in the lee of the dune were affected by shore parallel zones differing in wind speed
766 Water Environment Research, Volume 69, Number 4
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change
1996).
estuarine environ separating characterized by morphol forces. Wave and hydrodynamic storms wave
as distinct bimodal peaks in directional spectra (Boon et al, 1996). Dissolved and particulate matter and living organisms
were exchanged between estuaries and the sea. Net material
Boskalis' dredging and subsidiary groups have been working on environmentally beneficial projects. The purpose of the study was to investigate the recycling of sandy sedimentary material with the purpose of producing a secondary building material (Royal Boskalis, 1996). A summary evaluation was presented of the distribution and qualitative ranking of the Plio-Pleistocene results obtained to date from Deep Sea magnetostratigraphic Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) piston cored sites. The distribution of the high-quality record correlated well with both areas of terrigenous sediment input and regions of moderate biological productivity (Clement et al, 1996). A
simple mass-balance approach was presented to evaluate the
1996). Measurements
carried transport out. Dune of six
of bed morphol
large dunes and
sediment
symmetry
rounding of symmetric dunes were associated with high sedi ment-transport rates (Kostachuk and Villaed, 1996). Erosion. The downstream effects of freshwater flow diver
sion from a small, active-continental-margin river basin, the
from the burden of being particle bound (Kleeberg, 1996). The possible effects of dredging activities on the growth of Lami
naria ments. saccharina The field were study studied showed in field and laboratory growth that Laminaria experi was af
Skokomish River delta, were analyzed. It was concluded that sediment transport constitutes the critical link between fluvial
alterations and the remote downstream, estuarine consequences
fected significantly by the fine-grained material (Lyngby and Mortensen, 1996). A systematic methodology for predicting the fate and stability of dredged-material disposal sites during long
periods ing of time was was described. It was concluded realistic that the model simulations of concept capable of producing
1996).
RADIONUCLIDES
The available data on radionuclide concentrations in various
sediment transport and bathymetry (Scheffner, 1996). The Maastrichian and Danian intervals of the ODP Hole 738C con
tain numerous extinction, ties microfossils either above the sea level of across of
environmental
tide-washed
derived from
deposition
pastures
of high
of radionuclides were found to have lower contamination of agricultural products from tide-washed pastures than predicted from terrestrial studies (Howard et al, 1996). Sedimentation rates as determined by 226radiumactivity inmarine barite were studied. In Holocene sediments less than 8 000 years old, the decay of excess 226Ra in barite provided reliable sedimentation rates (Paytan et al, 1996). The isotopic composition of osmium
(Os) in continental surface waters and shallow groundwaters of old era
local
the
reworking.
isotopic
evidence
suggested that extensive and pervasive reworking throughout theMaastrichian and lower Danian strata in ODP Hole 73 8C (MacLeod and Huber, 1996). Drilling during ODP Leg 160
new the composition, revealed evidence concerning important and age of two mud within volcanoes processes, depositional the Mediterranean The Ridge accretionary driving complex. was in mud back volcanism collision-related force possibly
cratonic
1996). A 4-m-long sediment core from the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea, was investigated by means of biostratigraphical and chemi
cal parameters and ,4C datings. According to the diatom assem
in Kingsville.
N. Ernest,
Correspondence
should
blages and 14Cdatings, the sediments were deposited in the brackish and freshwater phases of theYolida Sea, the freshwater Ancylus Lake, and the brackish-water Litorina Sea (Sohlenius
et al, 1996). Profiles of excess 234Th were measured in cores
Environmental
University?Kingsville,
213, Kingsville,
TX 78363.
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the differences
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and Chung
Properties
Scl,
for unit
cells
(Lee,
C.K.,
et al,
1996).
The
cell
problems
were
Groundwater
Alex S. Mayer, Patrick P.E. Carri?re, Claudio Gallo, Kurt D. Pennell, Tammy P. Taylor, Glenn A. Williams, Lirong Zhong INTRODUCTION
In this review, in groundwater port dose papers systems are and
quality
which
tion fluctuations induced by advective heterogeneity (Kapoor and Kitanidis, 1996). The plumes became increasingly irregular
with tions time, and at large times, the relative concentration fluctua weakened.
fate and transport considering are discussed first. The fate divided systems among containing saturated
systems,
models and four-layer with two-, three-, Experimental peri were to investigate odic heterogeneities constructed the effect of heterogeneity size on the scale of dispersion dependence
nonaqueous-phase
these categories,
subdivisions
are
or biological such processes chemical reactions, sorption-desorption, chemical, papers concerning groundwater qual
Next,
(Irwin et al, 1996). Because the experimentally determined dispersion coefficients appeared to be scale dependent up to a distance of approximatley 20 to 30 times the size of the repeated heterogeneity group (hydraulic unit), it was concluded that a medium with periodic heterogeneity likely may be characterized
by the scale of its hydraulic unit. A method based on piecewise
itymonitoring
various
bilinear functions was presented for upscaling of permeability in heterogeneous porous media (Nilsen and Espedal, 1996).
Numerical results showed that this method classical spatial conserves block-based upscaling tensors, may more upsca result of the heterogeneous fingering It was shown ling methods. in nonsymmetric tion was large-scale than that
SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS
Hydrodynamics. Dispersion Theory. The permeability and dispersivities of solute and heat for a periodic medium were
described by numerical solution of boundary value problems
permeability
for which
dispersion
relationships
Literature
Review
1997
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