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Research
Surveillance
(Will I be seen?)
burglarized houses had less visual access to immediately neighboring houses than did nonburglarized houses
Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
Convenience stores experienced mean annual robbery rate reductions after installation of CCTV systems (-23%); installation of video cameras with monitors (-54%)
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
Office beverages available with payment on an honor system. Picture above payment instructions rotated weekly. Payments were higher when picture of eyes was posted.
M. Bateson, D. Nettle & G. Roberts (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a realworld setting. Biology Letters 2, 412414.
Two groups with two computer backgrounds. Each person receives $10. Computer question: Do you want to share any of it with another (anonymous) participant?
K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobodys watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245256
Normal Screen
Not Sharing 45%
Eyes Screen
Not Sharing 12%
Sharing 55%
Sharing 88%
K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobodys watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245256
Research
Access
(Can I get in and out)?
Burglarized houses had fewer fences and locked gates surrounding the yard than did non-burglarized houses.
Brown, B., Altman, B. (1983). Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
Preventing access by adding chain link fencing and lighting to lower levels of this parking garage led to 50% drop in reported crime.
Tseng, C.-H. (Ohio State U.), Duane, J. (Ohio State U.), & Hadipriono, F. (Ohio State U.). 2004. Performance of Campus Parking Garages in Preventing Crime. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 18(1), 21-28.
Territoriality
(Does anyone care what happens here?)
Research
burglarized houses had fewer symbolic barriers characteristic of primary territories (i.e., fewer markers depicting the identity of the territory owners)
Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
In a study of 400 convenience store robberies, one significant difference between robbed and nonrobbed stores was distance from nearest graffiti
S. A. Hendricks, D. P. Landsittel, H. E. Amandus, J. Malcan, & J. Bell. (1999) A matched casecontrol study of convenience store robbery risk factors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41(11), 995-1004
A T
Will I be seen?
Surveillance: FAIL
Access: FAIL
Territoriality: FAIL
Territoriality: FAIL
If no one cares what happens here, is it less risky to try opening the door with a crowbar or bolt cutter?
SURVEILLANCE: Does the fence make it less likely I will be seen when attempting to break in through a back door?
Short decorative fencing can enhance territoriality inside the fence without disconnecting from the surrounding neighborhood
Short decorative fencing can enhance territoriality inside the fence without disconnecting from the surrounding neighborhood
As fences get higher, the access barrier increases, but the risk of visually disconnecting from the neighborhood also grows
Some high fences control access, but fail the S.A.T. by (1) Blocking surveillance (2) Sending a clear message that the area is dangerous, crime is accepted, and no one cares what happens outside the wall
Making the chain link fence opaque blocks surveillance and permits graffiti showing a lack of external territoriality.
With proper design and maintenance, high fences can limit access without damaging surveillance or territoriality
Spikes can add a visceral element of access reduction that is still decorative and residential
Window bars limit access, but may also send a negative territoriality message about neighborhood safety.
Glass block can create security similar to window bars but without the stigma
Most burglary entries do not occur through the front door, often because of natural surveillance.
Open access to side or rear entry points where there is no natural surveillance make for more attractive burglary entrances.
Tall opaque barriers limit access, but may also eliminate natural surveillance
Side Windows
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
Zone outside residence where sight lines are covered by wooded area with link to walking trail
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
Visibility from outside the store to inside the store was the most important sight line
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
Visibility from outside the store to inside the store was a more significant predictor of convenience store robberies than the number of clerks or the proximity to drug traffic, gangs, or subsidized housing.
Lighting can also be important during the day, especially where lines of sight are limited
Closed stairwells have low natural surveillance and easy access for both entry and escape
Combined with territoriality deficiencies, stairwells can create CPTED problem areas.
All ranges of natural surveillance levels are possible for stairwells depending upon the design solution chosen
replacing bathroom entrance doors with right-angle entrances permit the warning sounds of crime to travel more freely and reduce the sense of isolation
Sommer, R. (1983). Social design: Creating buildings with people in mind. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Cul-de-sacs make automobile escape more problematic as there is only one exit route
High rise buildings provide weaker surveillance of street level activity because of structural separation, distance separation, and sound separation. This separation also limits the sense of territoriality over street level activities.
Mid rise balconies create stronger surveillance and territoriality, connecting residents with street level.
Mid-rise balcony neighborhoods create safer street level areas with high levels of perceived surveillance and perceived territoriality
Presentation by Russell James III, J.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University. Dr. James research has been published in a variety of housing and design related academic journals including: Environment & Behavior; Housing Policy Debate; Journal of Urban Planning & Development (ASCE); Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities (ASCE); Housing, Theory, and Society; Housing & Society; Journal of the Community Development Society Please feel free to use any of these slides for any non-commercial purposes. All pictures used in this presentation are creative commons licensed, have been purchased with rights to allow this usage, are from MS PowerPoint or are the authors own photographs. Citations for all creative commons licensed photos are in the notes to each slide.