1) What is DSC and LEC in analog networks?? Ans: DSC is district switching center. DSC use 4 wire switching.

DSC And MSC are together called as trunk transit exchanges. Local exchange Carrier (LEC) include the former regional bell operating companies and independent telephone companies. Because a LATA(local access and transport access) includes many local exchange areas, A LEC completes those all calls which are within its own LATA. However LEC will not convey traffic between LATAS. 2) What is IDN?? Ans: A network having compatible digital transmission and switching is known as integrated digital transmission (IDN). It is now economical to use more direct routes between trunk exchanges and this results in a hierarchy with fewer levels. It makes it economic for an exchange to have routes to two or more switching centers at higher level, instead of signal back bone route in traditional analog network. 3) How many B channels and D channels does primary rate ISDN supports?? Ans: In countries that use 2Mbit/s PCM , this provides 30 B channels plus a 64kbit/s D channel(in slot-time-16) In countries that use 1.5Mbit/s PCM. it provides 23 B channels plus a D channel (in time- slot -24). 4) In an analog network IXC and GSC stands for what?? Ans: IXC-INTER EXCHANGE CARRIERS GSC-GROUP SWITCHING CENTER 5) What is bit stuffing and un-stuffing in HDLC protocol?? Ans: the beginning and of each HDLC message is indicated by a unique combinations of Digits(01111110) known as flag. Of course This sequence of digits can occur in messages and must be prevented from being interpreted as a flag. This is done by a technique known as Zero bit insertion & deletion, which is also called bit stuffing And Unstuffing. when sending digits of a message between 2 flags the sending terminal inserts as zero after every sequence of 5 consecutive ones and the receiving terminal deletes any zero which occurs after 5 consecutive ones and so restores the original message. 6) What are the two forms of access to an ISDN connection?? Ans: 1) Basic Rate access 2) Primary Rate access 7) What is EPABX?? Ans: electronic private automatic branch exchange comes under the category of business phone system which serves business environment multi line connections can be made through single telephone connection. It May be define as switching system for calls that enables both internal as well as external switching in an organization. Typically up to 10000 Subscribes can be accommodated by a single EPABX system. Functions of EPABX includes called transfers, call waiting, conference call ,Voice mail (e.t.c).

8) What are the different levels of network management?? Ans: 1) The business level 2) The service level 3) The network level 4) The network element level 9) Define ISDN?? Ans: INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) is one that can provide the services over a common network via the local exchange and the customers line. Thus the customer has a signal acess point to the network. Instead of a separate interface for each service. Use of ISDN can enable a telephone to provide a range of supplementary services (e.g: calling line identification, call transfer, conference calls e.t.c 10) Define Hand-off??? Ans: In-order to originate a call, the mobile user accesses the cellular network via a base station the cell in which the user is located is therefore known . For a call to a mobile user, all that is known is the directory number of the user. So the network must determine in which cell the user is located. Further if the user move about,so the location of telephone may change from onecell to another while. A call is in progress so there so there must be a hand-off or hand over of the call from one base station to another. It is therefore necessary for the network to keep track of location of all its users. 11) What is the use of home-location register?? Ans: home location register stores customer data, including the Directory number, equipment serial number and class of services. 12) What is the function of exchange termination?? Ans: exchange termination connects the access Network To the core network at the local exchanges. 13) What is the use of RBS in cellular Radio networks?? Ans: each cell has a radio base station (RBS) for communicating with the customers mobile stations. Its transmitter and receiver later for Both. A number of voice channels and for control channels . The RBSs in a group of cells are connected to a mobile switching center (MSC). 14) What is SCP?? Ans: The more complex services can be controlled by a centralized processor called a service control point (SCP),which is remote the exchange settling up The connections. 15) What is network restructuring ??? 16) What I the difference between ISDN line and standard telephone line????