Arranged chapter wise.

Periodontium: The periodontium consists of the investing and supporting tissues of the tooth; the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Gingiva: The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws and surrounds the necks of the teeth. Marginal gingiva: The marginal gingiva is the terminal edge or border of the gingiva surrounding the teeth in a collar-like fashion. Gingival sulcus: The gingival sulcus is the shallow crevice or space around the tooth bounded by the surface of the tooth on one side and the epithelium lining the free margin of the gingiva on the other side. Width of attached gingiva: The width of attached gingiva is the distance between the Mucogingival junction and the projection on the external surface of the bottom of the gingival sulcus or the periodontal pocket. Keratinization: Keratinization consists of progressions of biochemical and morphologic events that occur in the cell as they migrate from the basal layer. Periodontal ligament: The periodontal ligament is composed of a complex vascular and highly cellular connective tissue that surrounds the tooth root and connects it to the inner wall of the alveolar bone. Cementum: Cementum is the calcified, avascular mesenchymal tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. Alveolar process: The alveolar process is the portion of the maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth sockets. Bundle bone: Bundle bone is the term given to bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament that contains a great number of Sharpeys fibers. Periosteum: The tissue covering the outer surface of the bone is termed periosteum. Endosteum: The tissue covering the internal bone cavities is called endosteum. Fenestration: Isolated areas in which the root is denuded of bone and the root surface is covered only by periosteum and overlying gingiva, but the marginal bone is intact, is termed fenestration. Dehiscence: Isolated areas in which the root is denuded of bone and the root surface is covered only by periosteum and overlying gingiva, which extends through the marginal bone, is termed dehiscence. Index: An index has been defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits, which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods (Russel A.L.)

Plaque: Plaque is a specific but highly variable structural entity resulting from colonization of microorganisms on tooth surfaces, restorations and other parts of oral cavity which consists of salivary components like mucin, desquamated epithelial cells, debris and microorganisms all embedded in a gelatinous extracellular matrix. Calculus: Calculus is defined as a deposit of inorganic salts composed primarily of calcium carbonate and phosphate mixed with food debris, bacteria and desquamated epithelial cells (Greene, 1967) Calculus consists of mineralized dental plaque that forms on the surfaces of natural teeth and dental prosthesis. Dental stains: Stains are pigmented deposits on the teeth. Materia alba: Materia alba refers to a soft accumulations of bacteria and tissue cells that lack the organized structure of dental plaque, and it is easily displaced by a water spray. Non specific plaque hypothesis: The non specific plaque hypothesis states that periodontal disease results from the elaboration of noxious products by the entire plaque flora. Specific plaque hypothesis: Specific plaque hypothesis states that only certain plaque is pathogenic, and its pathogenicity depends on the presence of or increase in specific microorganisms. Supragingival calculus: Supragingival calculus is located coronal to the gingival margin and therefore is visible in the oral cavity. Subgingival calculus: Subgingival calculus is located below the crest of the marginal gingiva and therefore is not visible on routine examination. Calculocementum: Calculus embedded deeply in cementum may appear morphologically similar to cementum and thus has been termed as calculocementum. Plunger cusp: Cusps that tend to wedge food forcibly into interproximal embrasures are known as plunger cusps. Food impaction: Food impaction is the forceful wedging of food into the periodontium by occlusal forces. Virulence factors: The properties of a microorganism that enable it to cause disease are referred to as virulence factors. Halitosis (fetor ex ore, fetor oris): Halitosis can be defined as the subjective perception after smelling someones breath. Recession: Gingival recession is defined as the exposure of the root surface due to apical migration of the gingival margin. Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: NUG is a microbial disease of the gingiva in the context of an impaired host response, characterized by the death and sloughing of gingival tissue and presents with characteristic signs and symptoms.

Chronic Desquamative Gingivitis: Chronic desquamative gingivitis is a term used to describe a peculiar condition characterized by erythema, desquamation, and ulceration of the free and attached gingiva (Prinz, 1932) Periodontal pocket: Periodontal pocket is defined as a pathologically deepened gingival sulcus. Gingival pocket (pseudopocket): Gingival pocket is formed by gingival enlargement without destruction of the underlying periodontal tissues. Periodontal pocket (true pocket) tissues. Suprabony pocket (supracrestal, supraalveolar): Suprabony pocket is one in which the bottom of the pocket is coronal to the underlying alveolar bone. Infrabony pocket (subcrestal, infraalveolar): Infrabony pocket is one in which the base of the pocket is apical to the level of the adjacent alveolar bone. Pathologic granules: Pathologic granules represent areas of collagen degeneration or areas where collagen fibrils have not been fully mineralized initially observed with light and electron microscope. Periodontal abscess (lateral, parietal abscess): A periodontal abscess is a localized purulent inflammation in the periodontal tissues. Tooth mobility: A tooth is defined as being mobile when the clinician is able to visibly displace the clinical crown away from the central axis using a force under 100g (Miller, 1950). Radius of action: Bacterial plaque has a range of effectiveness of 1.5 to 2.5mm within which it can induce bone loss, this is called radius of action (Page and Shroeder, 1982). Bone factor concept: According to the bone factor concept there is a systemic influence on the response of alveolar bone and considers a systemic component in all cases of periodontal disease (Glickman, 1951) Buttressing bone: Bone formation which occurs in an attempt to buttress bony trabeculae, weakened by resorption, is called buttressing bone. When it occurs within the jaw it is called central buttressing. When it occurs on the external surface it is called peripheral buttressing. Lipping: The bulging of bone contour due to peripheral buttressing bone formation is called lipping. Exostoses: Exostoses are outgrowths of bone of varied size and shape. Combined osseous defects: The number of walls in the apical portion of the defect may be greater than in its occlusal portion. Hemiseptum: One walled vertical defect. eriodontal pocket occurs with destruction of supporting

Osseous craters: Osseous craters are concavities in the crest of the interdental bone confined within the facial and lingual walls. Ledges: Ledges are plateaulike bone margins caused by resorption of thickened bony plates. Furcation involvement: Furcation involvement refers to the invasion of the bifurcation or trifurcation of multi-rooted teeth by periodontal disease. Trauma from occlusion: When occlusal forces exceed the adaptive capacity of the tissues, tissue injury results, the resultant injury is termed trauma from occlusion. Acute trauma from occlusion: Acute trauma from occlusion results from an abrupt occlusal impact, such as that produced by biting on a hard object. Chronic trauma from occlusion: Chronic trauma from occlusion develops from gradual changes in occlusion. This might be because of tooth wear, drifting movement, extrusion of teeth combined with parafunctional habits such as Bruxism and clenching. Primary trauma from occlusion: When trauma from occlusion is the result of alterations in occlusal forces. Secondary trauma from occlusion: When trauma from occlusion results from ability of the tissues to resist the occlusal forces, it is known as secondary trauma from occlusion. Pathologic tooth migration: Pathologic tooth migration refers to tooth displacement that results when the balance among the factors that maintain physiologic tooth position is disturbed by periodontal disease. Drifting or physiologic migration: Due to proximal and occlusal wear the tooth moves occlusally and mesially throughout life, this shortens the arch by around 0.6cm from midline to third molar by the age of 40; this is called physiologic migration or drifting. Periodontitis: Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both. Chronic periodontitis: Chronic periodontitis has been defined as an infectious disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment loss and bone loss (Fleming T.F. 1999). Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis: NUP may be an extension of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis into the periodontal structures, leading to periodontal attachment and bone loss. Aggressive periodontitis: A disease of the periodontium occurring in an otherwise healthy adolescent which is characterized by a rapid loss of alveolar bone about more than one tooth of the permanent dentition, the amount of destruction manifested is not commensurate with the amount of local irritants.

Localized aggressive periodontitis: Localized aggressive periodontitis is characterized by localized first molar/ incisor presentation with interproximal attachment loss on at least two permanent teeth, one of which is a first molar, and involving no more than two teeth other than first molars and incisors (Lang et al, 1999). Generalized aggressive periodontitis: Generalized aggressive periodontitis is characterized by generalized interproximal attachment loss affecting at least three permanent teeth other than first molars and incisors (Lang et al, 1999) Peri-implantitis: Peri-implantitis refers to an inflammatory process affecting the tissues around an already osseo-integrated implant and resulting in loss of supporting bone. Linear gingival erythema: Linear gingival erythema is a persistent, linear, easily bleeding, erythematous gingivitis described in some HIV positive patients. Wasting disease of the teeth: Wasting is defined as any gradual loss of tooth substance characterized by the formation of smooth, polished surfaces, without regard for the possible mechanism for this loss. Erosion: Erosion is a sharply defined wedge shaped depression on the cervical surface of the tooth. It is smooth, hard and polished, and caused by chemical wear. Dentoalveolar ablation: This type of wasting disease is due to forceful frictional actions between oral soft tissues and the adjacent hard tissues (Sognnaes, 1977). Tooth wear due to forces from tongue and cheeks are called ablation. Abrasion: Abrasion refers to the loss of tooth substance induced by mechanical wear other than that of mastication and results in saucer shaped indentations with a smooth and shiny surface. Attrition: Attrition is the occlusal wear resulting from functional contacts with opposing teeth. Facets: Facets are occlusal or incisal surfaces worn by attrition, where the enamel rods are fractured and become highly reflective to light (Xhonga, 1977). Abfraction: Abfraction results from occlusal loading surfaces causing tooth flexure and mechanical microfractures and tooth surface loss in the cervical area. Lamina dura: Radiographically the interdental septum normally presents a thin, radiopaque border that is adjacent to the periodontal ligament and at the alveolar crest, referred to as lamina dura. Risk factors: Risk factors may be environmental, behavioral or biologic factors that, when present, increase the likelihood that an individual will develop the disease. Prognosis: The prognosis is a prediction of the probable course, duration, and outcome of the disease based on a general knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease and the presence of risk factors for the disease.

Cervical enamel projections: Cervical enamel projections are flat, ectopic extensions of enamel that extend beyond the normal contours of the cementoenamel junction (Masters and Hoskins, 1964). Enamel pearls: Enamel pearls are larger, round deposits of enamel that can be located in furcations or other areas on the root surface. Treatment Plan: The treatment plan is the blueprint for case management and includes all procedures for the establishment and maintenance of oral health. Regeneration: Regeneration is the natural renewal of a structure, produced by growth and differentiation of new cells and intercellular substances to form new tissues and parts. Repair: Repair simply restores the continuity of the diseased marginal gingiva and reestablishes a normal gingival sulcus at the same level on the root as the base of the preexisting pocket. New attachment: New attachment is the embedding of new periodontal ligament fibers into new cementum and the attachment of the gingival epithelium to the tooth surface previously denuded by disease. Epithelial attachment (long junctional epithelium): Close apposition of the gingival epithelium to the tooth surface, with no gain in height of gingival fiber attachment. Plaque control: Plaque control is the regular removal of dental plaque and the prevention of its accumulation on the teeth and adjacent gingival surfaces. Disclosing agents: Disclosing agents are solutions or wafers capable of staining bacterial deposits on the surfaces of teeth, tongue and gingiva. Periodontal probe: Periodontal probe is typically a tapered, rodlike instrument calibrated in millimeters, with a blunt, rounded tip. Explorers: Explorers are instruments used to locate subgingival deposits and carious areas and to check the smoothness of the root surfaces after root planing. Sickle scalers: Sickle scalers are instruments with a flat surface and two cutting edges that converge in a sharply pointed tip. Curettes: The curette is the instrument of choice for removing deep subgingival calculus, root planing altered cementum, and removing the soft tissue lining the periodontal pocket. Schwartz periotrievers: They are a set of two double ended, highly magnetized instruments designed for the retrieval of broken instrument tips from the periodontal pocket. Quentin furcation curettes: The Quentin furcation curettes are actually hoes with a shallow, half-moon radius that fits into the roof or floor of the furcation. Perioscope: A perioscope is a 0.99mm diameter, reusable fibreoptic endoscope, used subgingivally in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease.

EVA system: Symmetric pairs of motor driven files made up of aluminum in the shape of a wedge, diamond coated on one side and smooth on the other, used to reduce overhangs of restorations. Instrument adaptation: Adaptation refers to the manner in which the working end of a periodontal instrument is placed against the surface of a tooth. Angulation (tooth blade relationship): Angulation refers to the angle between the face of a bladed instrument and the tooth surface. Lateral pressure: Lateral pressure refers to the pressure created when force is applied against the surface of a tooth with the cutting edge of a bladed instrument. Exploratory stroke: Exploratory stroke is a light feeling stroke that is used with probes and explorers to evaluate the dimensions of a pocket and to detect calculus and irregularities on the tooth surface. Scaling stroke: Scaling stroke is a short, powerful pull stroke that is used with bladed instruments for the removal of both supragingival and subgingival calculus. Root planing stroke: Root planing stroke is a moderate to light pull stroke that is used for final smoothing and planing of the root surface. Scaling: Scaling is the process by which plaque and calculus are removed from both supragingival and subgingival tooth surfaces. Root planing: Root planing is the process by which residual embedded calculus and portions of cementum are removed from the roots to produce a smooth, hard, clean surface. Chemotherapeutic agent: It is a general term for a chemical substance that provides a clinical therapeutic benefit. Anti-infective agents: Chemotherapeutic agents that work by reducing the number of bacteria present. Antibiotic: An antibiotic is a naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, or synthetic type of antiinfective agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of selective microorganisms, generally at low concentrations. Antiseptic: An antiseptic is a chemical antimicrobial agent applied topically or subgingivally to mucous membranes, wounds, or intact dermal surfaces to destroy microorganisms and inhibit their reproduction or metabolism. Disinfectants: Disinfectant is a category of antiseptic that is applied to inanimate surfaces to destroy microorganisms. Host modulation therapy: Host modulation therapy is a treatment concept that aims to reduce tissue destruction and stabilize or even regenerate the periodontium by modifying or down regulating destructive aspects of the host response and upregulating protective or regenerative responses.

Sonic instruments: Sonic instruments work on compressed air at a frequency of 2000 to 6500 cycles per second. Ultrasonic instruments: Ultrasonic devices are freestanding units with an electric generator, working at a frequency range of 18,000 to 50,000 cycles per second. Physiologic occlusion: No signs of dysfunction or disease are present and no treatment is indicated Non physiologic or traumatic occlusion: Associated with dysfunction or disease caused by tissue injury; and treatment may be indicated. Therapeutic occlusion: The result of specific interventions to treat dysfunction or disease. Splint: A splint is any appliance that joins two or more teeth to provide support.