Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Starter Pack
This plan wo$ld re!erse those three elements of the 1996 reform, restoring the federal entitlement to welfare rather than relying on state programs, ending the wor* re,$irement and remo!ing the lifetime )enefits cap The ad!antages for this case are" Poverty: 2elfare reform has made po!erty worse, denying millions of low income people access to )enefits Economy: 3tatesespecially Californiaare threatening to c$t welfare )enefits )eca$se of )$dget shortfalls These spending c$ts co$ld cr$sh the reco!ery and send the economy )ac* into a tailspin
Starter Pack
WELCOME
Welcome to Deb te!
AND
HOT TIPS
%e)ate is an opport$nity for yo$ to )$ild yo$r !oice and )e heard 2hen yo$ de)ate, yo$ will ha!e the chance to spea* yo$r mind on topics from Ira, to po!erty in the inner city, and to pro!e yo$r s*ills against yo$ng people from all o!er the )ay %e)ate is a sport" it calls on yo$ to 0oin a team, represent yo$r school, and win trophies, championships, and pri4es If yo$ commit yo$rself to this sport yo$ will ha!e m$ch f$n5 most importantly, yo$ will gain the tools to )etter yo$rself, to earn college scholarships, and to spea* $p for yo$r entire comm$nity W" t #$ Deb te% %e)ate is a competition )etween two teams, each with two de)aters 6ne team is assigned to )e Affirmati!e, who proposes a plan to change the world and e#plains why it is a good idea The other team is the Negati!e, who attac*s the plan and tries to pro!e that it will do more harm than good In the de)ate, e!ery person will gi!e two of their own speeches" one 7/min$te speech called a constructive and one 1/min$te long speech called a rebuttal After each constr$cti!e, the opposing side gets 8 min$tes to cross-examine the spea*er There are eight speeches total in the ro$nd W" t&$ #n t"e St rter P c'% The 3tarter 9ac* is designed to gi!e yo$ a head start on spea*ing yo$r mind in de)ate 2e recommend yo$ read thro$gh the e!idence, try to $nderstand all the arg$ments, and come )ac* to yo$r coaches with ,$estions a)o$t how to $se this e!idence to wrec* yo$r opponents 9ractice reading the e!idence with speed, style, and !ol$me )e ,$ic*, )e e#pressi!e, )e loud: In this pac*et, yo$ will find e!idence and arg$ments for many of the core positions tal*ed a)o$t at +A;%< To$rnaments
There were 18 8 million &17@' children $nder the age of 17 in po!erty, and 8 6 million &9 ?@' seniors 61 and older in po!erty The po!erty rate among white people was 7 =@, compared to 1> =@ for
1
This is )ased on an old way of meas$ring po!erty that many )elie!e lea!es o$t millions of people in se!ere economic hardship 3ee Ca$then, Nancy A =>>? Testimony on Beas$ring 9o!erty in America Testimony )efore the Co$se 3$)committee on Income 3ec$rity and Family 3$pport, Committee on 2ays and Beans A$g 1, =>>?
Starter Pack
asians, =D 1@ for )lac*s, and =1 1@ for <atinos F$lly =7 8 percent of all female/headed families &D 1 million families' were poor, compared to D 9 percent of married/co$ple families &= 7 million families' =
; 3 Cens$s +$rea$ Carmen %eNa!as/2alt, + 9roctor, C <ee Income, 9o!erty, and Ceath Ins$rance Co!erage in the ;nited 3tates" =>>?
Starter Pack
POVERT(
AND
E**ect$ o* Wel* re Re*orm +efore TANF, more than +, -ercent of families eligi)le for welfare recei!ed assistance thro$gh the federal go!ernment +y =>>=, 0$st .+ -ercent of families eligi)le for assistance recei!ed help thro$gh TANF or separate state programs 8 The former AF%C program lifted /. -ercent of deeply poor children children with incomes )elow half the po!erty line o$t of deep po!erty In =>>1, the TANF program lifted 0$st 01 -ercent of deeply poor children o$t of deep po!erty # S#n2le Mot"er$ n3 Wel* re
+etween 1996 and =>>D, the n$m)er of single mothers who were wor*ing increased )y a)o$t 4 m#ll#on From 1996 to =>>8, the n$m)er of single mothers who didnEt ha!e either welfare or a 0o) gro$p in an a!erage month increased )y more t" n .,,5,,, There are now ro$ghly 4 m#ll#on poor single mothers with 0 m#ll#on children in an a!erage month who neither ha!e a 0o) nor recei!e welfare D +etween 1998 and =>>>, the percentage of low/income, single mothers with a 0o) grew from 17 percent to nearly 67 -ercent!7 The federal go!ernment spends 84/!7 b#ll#on on TANF e!ery year, matched )y a)o$t F1= )illion in state B6G f$nds The chart shows how the TANF money is spent"
; 3 %epartment of Cealth and C$man 3er!ices, Indicators of 2elfare %ependence =>>1, http"HHaspe hhs go!HhspHindicators>1Hch= htmIch=JD D Center on +$dget and 9olicy 9riorities, -TANF at 1>" 9rogram (es$lts are Bore Bi#ed Than 6ften ;nderstood . =>>6 http"HHwww c)pp orgHcmsHinde# cfmKfaL!iewMidL6>> 1 (on Cas*ins and Bar* Nreen)erg, =>>6 -2elfare reform, s$ccess or fail$reK. Policy & Practice
Starter Pack
EVIDENCE
FOR THE AFFIRMATIVE
Starter Pack
4AC
O)SERVATION 4: INHERENC( For -eo-le l#v#n2 #n -overty5 t"e US 9el* re $y$tem #$ t"e mo$t "o$t#le #n t"e 9orl3! Cl#nton&$ re*orm$ #n 4::/ " ve re$;lte3 #n 3r m t#c 3ecre $e #n 9el* re bene*#t$ *or Amer#c &$ -oor! Tony Pl tt5 Gmerit$s 9rofessor of 3ocial 2or* at California 3tate ;ni!ersity 5 0,,1 O-3ocial Insec$rity., Monthly Review 6ctP The United States has the most regressive system of welfare for poor people among developed nations in the twenty-first century, and in recent years it has become even more punitive. The world's
self-professed leading democracy lacks a national health care policy, a universal right to health care, and a comprehensive family policy. Welfare applicants are sub ected to personal intrusions, arcane regulations, and constant
surveillance, all designed to humiliate recipients and deter potential applicants. !n recent
years there has been a significant decrease in cash grants to the unemployed and underemployed who do not "ualify for unemployment insurance.
The reorgani#ation of the welfare state began under the $linton administration with the devolution of federal policies to the states and massive cutting of welfare rolls. The %ush administration, while distracted by September && and imperial ambitions, has deepened the cuts and introduced important new policies facilitating access of private organi#ations to federal grants. The "uickly changing economic and geopolitical climate has also generated a profound crisis in the ability of state and local agencies to provide ade"uate human services to the unemployed and growing ranks of impoverished citi#ens and immigrants. 'eanwhile, the middle and upper classes en oy one of the most privileged systems of welfare in the West( a regressive system of ta)ation* generous government subsidies to business* and employer- and state- subsidi#ed pension and health plans. + The welfare system draws upon raciali#ed and gendered criteria to make distinctions between ,worthy, recipients of aid and compassion and ,unworthy, e)ploiters of the public trust.
9latt contin$es"
!n -ugust &../, 0resident $linton signed into law the 0ersonal 1pportunity and Work 2esponsibility -ct, which replaced -id to 3amilies with 4ependent $hildren 5-34$6 with Temporary -ssistance for 7eedy 3amilies 5T-736. This legislation limited aid to si)ty months in a lifetime* re"uired work activities* prohibited legal immigrants from receiving 3ood Stamps and Social Security !nsurance 5SS!6* re"uired teen parents to live at home or with adult supervision* and limited food stamps for ,able bodied,, single, unemployed adults to three months every thirtysi) months. 586 The passage of T-73 in &../ demonstrated a bipartisan commitment to attacking the meager gains achieved by poor and working families by the &.9:s. %etween &..8 and ;::&, the nation's welfare caseload was reduced from < million to ;.& million families. 5<6 !n addition to cutting welfare rolls, e)panding work re"uirements, and imposing time limits, the legislation provides block grants to the states, which can determine how the funds are to be used and who is eligible for various benefits and services. 'oreover, T-73 provides economic incentives for state welfare systems to
promote marriage and heterose)ual two-parent families, and reduce pregnancies in single women
Starter Pack
4AC
T";$ 9e o**er t"e *ollo9#n2 -l n: The United States federal government should amend T em-or ry A$$#$t nce *or Nee3y F m#l#e$ to 2; r ntee $;--ort *or el#2#ble 9el* re rec#-#ent$5 to el#m#n te 9or' re<;#rement$5 n3 to remove t"e $#=ty mont" l#*et#me c - on bene*#t$!
O)SERVATION 0: Poverty Even 3;r#n2 t"e be$t o* t#me$5 m#ll#on$ o* 9or'#n2 Amer#c n$ rem #n tr --e3 #n -overty5 n3 c;t$ #n 9el* re " ve ";rt t"e one$ 9"o nee3 "elt"e mo$t: -oor mot"er$ n3 t"e#r c"#l3ren! >o"n H n3ler, 9rofessor of <aw at ;C<A, 0,,6 Owith Qehes*el Casenfeld Blame Welfare, Ignore Poverty and Ine uality p 6/?P Poverty and near poverty are widespread and diverse. Poverty is not just a problem of the "other." It affects different people (race, ethnicity, immigrant status) in different ways. Most of the people who are poor and near poor are working. They are "playing by the rules," but because of the characteristics of the low-wage labor market, they cannot make it. Jobs pay little, usually lack benefits, and are uncertain. Hours often change, if not disappear, and wages usually remain low. The instability of the low-wage labor market plays havoc with child care. The adverse consequences to the millions of children living in poverty can not be exaggerated. They are affected from before birth to adulthood by poor child care, poor health, poor education, poor nutrition, food insecurity, overcrowded housing, and unsafe neighborhoods. For example, one- and
two-year-old children from professional families are exposed to approximately one hundred fifty thousand more words per week than children in families on welfare, and the inequalities for learning and development persist when these children enter school.
Social consequences for the children are not only unjust but also contrary to our national interest. We are not producing an educated, trained, competent workforce. We are not "growing our way out of it." Despite the booming economy of the 1990s, wages in the low-wage labor market have stagnated. There a small drop in the official poverty line, but millions remain poor and near poor. The rising tide did not lift all boats. Although the U.S. welfare state - public, private, and not-for-profit--is extensive, most benefits go to the better off and do not reach the poor and near poor. With the exception of Medicaid and the EITC, the targeted programs are relatively small and do little to relieve poverty and near poverty. Rather than redistribution, the U.S. welfare state reinforces social stratification. Instead of addressing poverty and inequality, we have demonized welfare, the program for poor single mothers and their families, and we continue our incredibly long history of blaming the victim. Now, with the sharp decline in the welfare rolls, we believe that we have solved the problem and that we can ignore the serious, widespread adverse effects of poverty. However, practically all other developed countries do a far better job
Poor children are ill-prepared for adult life, and, as is discussed, most do not rise above their social class.
Starter Pack
Starter Pack
4AC
T"e 4::/ re*orm$ " ve t;rne3 9el* re #nto t"e mo3ern ?-oor "o;$e5@ $";**l#n2 9el* re rec#-#ent$ #nto bor#n2 n3 -oorly - #3 l bor! Alon2 9#t" t"e cr#m#n l A;$t#ce $y$tem5 mo3ern 9el* re re2;l te$ t"e l#ve$ o* t"e -oor5 tr --#n2 -eo-le #n cycle$ o* -overty! Tony Pl tt, Gmerit$s 9rofessor of 3ocial 2or* at California 3tate ;ni!ersity, 0,,1 O-3ocial Insec$rity., Monthly Review 6ctP 2e"uiring welfare participants to work in return for cash grants--a central feature of T-73--is not a new policy. Welfare grants were linked with work re"uirements in the federal Work !ncentive 0rogram
5W!76 in &./9. ,Workfare, was also promoted in the 3amily Support -ct of &.== under which, according to >ileen %oris, ,motivational and ob, some ;::,::: people were processed through the city's workfare
program. ?ess than one-third have been able to find full-time or part-time work since leaving the program. 'uch of the work in the program is ,so menial,, notes the 7ew @ork Times, ,that it offers few, if any, skills that employers demand., 'any programs that previously allowed welfare clients to undergo training and education while on welfare have been either eliminated or drastically cut. 5.6 $ontemporary welfare policies largely ignore the needs of unemployed men for education and ob training. Workfare today serves primarily as a labor market regulator for hundreds of thousands of poor women, who are pushed into an already saturated low-wage labor market, thus decreasing the earning power of this whole sector of the labor force. The &./; $ommunity Work and Training 0rogram 5associated with the
War on 0overty6 was one of few welfare programs aimed at the needs of unemployed fathers. !n the last three decades, policymakers have abandoned this kind of program. !ronically, one of the few places that poor men can now find work--albeit e)ploitative and grossly underpaid--and mental health counseling is in prison. With a daily count of over fifteen hundred people suffering from severe psychological illnesses, ?os -ngeles $ounty Aail may be the country's largest mental institution. 5&:6 !mprisonment and welfare are not so much polari#ed
opposites, as they are constitutive elements of an interrelated policy. Similar to the poor houses of the past, which combined work with imprisonment, today's welfare and criminal ustice policies represent a division of labor between different managerial agencies, with ails and prisons primarily containing unemployed men, and welfare agencies primarily regulating unemployed women and their children. %oth sets of institutions disproportionately target the most e)ploited sectors of -frican--merican, ?atino, -merican !ndian, immigrant and poor -nglo communities. Some &; percent of -frican--merican men ages twenty to thirty-four are currently in ail or prison, while -frican--merican women are disproportionately on welfare.
4uring the last twenty years, poor women have suffered the double indignity of declining welfare services and increased imprisonment rates. The number of incarcerated women in the United States tripled between &.=< and &..9, representing ten times the number of women imprisoned in Spain, >ngland, 3rance, Scotland, Bermany, and !taly combined. 5&&6
Starter Pack
4AC
T"e $tr;ct;r l v#olence o* -overty #$ t"e b#22e$t #m- ct yo; 9#ll "e r #n t"#$ 3eb te ro;n3! It #$ t"e mo$t 3e 3ly n3 $#lent '#ll#n2 *orce #n Amer#c n3 t"e 9orl3!
B#ll#2 n,0,,, C0ames,%epartment of 9sychiatry Car!ard Bedical 3chool, Riolence" (eflections on 6$r %eadliest Gpidemic, =>>>, p 191/196 P
The 1D to 17 million deaths a year ca$sed )y str$ct$ral !iolence compare with a)o$t 1>>,>>> deaths per year from armed conflict Comparing this fre,$ency of deaths from str$ct$ral !iolence to the fre,$ency of those ca$sed )y ma0or military and political !iolence, s$ch as 2orld 2ar II &an estimated D9 million military and ci!ilian deaths, incl$ding those ca$sed )y genocide//or a)o$t eight million per year, 1981/19D1', the Indonesian massacre of 1961/1966 &perhaps 1?1,>>> deaths', the Rietnam war &possi)ly two million, 191D/19?8', and e!en a hypothetical n$clear e#change )etween the ; 3 and the ; 3 3 ( &=8= million', it was clear that e!en war cannot )egin to compare with str$ct$ral !iolence, which contin$es year after year In other words, e!ery fifteen years, on the a!erage, as many people die )eca$se of relati!e po!erty as wo$ld )e *illed in a n$clear war that ca$sed =8= million deaths5 and e!ery single year, two to three times as many people die from po!erty thro$gho$t the world as were *illed )y the Na4i genocide of the Sews o!er a si#/year period T"#$ #$5 #n e**ect5 t"e e<;#v lent o* n on2o#n25 ;nen3#n25 #n * ct cceler t#n25 t"ermon;cle r 9 r5 or 2enoc#3e5 -er-etr te3 on t"e 9e ' n3 -oor every ye r o* every 3ec 3e5 t"ro;2"o;t t"e 9orl3! 3tr$ct$ral !iolence is also the main ca$se of )eha!ioral !iolence on a socially and epidemiologically significant scale &from homicide and s$icide to war and genocide' The ,$estion as to which of the two forms of !iolencestr$ct$ral or )eha!ioralis more important, dangero$s, or lethal is moot, for they are ine#trica)ly related to each other, as ca$se to effect
1>
Starter Pack
4AC
O)SERVATION 1: T"e economy C l#*orn# &$ b;32et cr#$#$ #$ -;$"#n2 3r $t#c c;t$ #n 9el* re! T"e$e c;t$ to t"e $oc# l $ *ety net re re l t"re t to Amer#c &$ econom#c recovery! L#n 0,,: &S$dy is a staff writer for the associated press, T9oc*ets empty, Calif considers deep c$ts in spending for the stateUs most !$lnera)le residentsE, S$ne ? th, =>>9' With empty pockets and ma)ed-out credit, $alifornia is debating whether it can continue honoring all parts of its social contract with the state's most vulnerable residents. The state faces an unprecedented drop in ta) revenue and a widening budget deficit amid the deepest recession in decades, prompting Bov. -rnold Schwar#enegger to propose cost-cutting steps that once seemed unthinkable. -t stake are programs for the poor, elderly and frail, placing millions of people in the nation's most populous state at risk of falling through a decades-old social safety net. $alifornia spent <.8 percent of all its state and federal funding on public assistance in ;::9, compared to a national average of &.9 percent. That doesn't include 'edicaid and other social service spending. !ronically, while many of the programs to assist the frail and needy have their roots in the Breat 4epression, they may be undone by another great economic downturn. The elimination or significant reduction of social service programs also cuts against 0resident %arack 1bama's economic recovery efforts and attempts to overhaul the nation's health care market. ,The movement is to e)pand coverage, not contract,, said 2achel Clein, deputy director of health policy for 3amilies US-, a consumer advocacy group based in Washington. ,!f $alifornia were to do it, it would certainly be an enormous step behind for the country., $alifornia stands to lose billions in federal matching dollars if Schwar#enegger's proposals pass.
+
While the federal recovery act contains roughly D&8: billion for state budget shortfalls, the temporary boost has not been enough to prevent other states from cutting public services. T"e recent b;32et com-rom#$e m 3e 3r m t#c c;t$ to 9el* re $-en3#n2 cro$$ t"e bo r35 t"re ten#n2 t"e l#ve$ o* C l#*orn# &$ mo$t v;lner ble re$#3ent$! L#n5 0,,: &S$dy is a staff writer for the associated press, California )$dget" 3chwar4enegger signs )$dget with more welfare c$ts, S$ly =7 th, =>>9' Bov. -rnold Schwar#enegger made additional cuts to child welfare programs, medical care for the poor and -!4S prevention efforts Tuesday as he signed an D=< billion compromise spending plan that he called ,the good, the bad and the ugly., Schwar#enegger used his line-item veto authority to save an additional D/</ million that will let the state restore a reserve fund he says is needed for tough times. The vetoes include D=: million from child welfare programs* D/& million in county funding to administer 'edi-$al, $alifornia's version of government sponsored health care for the poor* D<; million from -!4S prevention and treatment* D<: million to Eealthy 3amilies, the low-cost 11
Starter Pack
health insurance program for poor children* and D/.; million more from state parks.
1=
Starter Pack
4AC
C l#*orn# 9el* re c;t$ 9#ll cr;$" t"e emer2#n2 econom#c recovery Cer)st =>>9, &Boira, TCaliforniaUs Gconomy" Too +ig to FailK %espite a F=D )illion )$dget deficit and a legislat$re in stalemate, California lawma*ers ha!enUt pers$aded the 6)ama Administration to )ail o$t the stateE S$ne 16th' -t the same time, the state could institute massive cuts in public services such as its welfare program, which serves &.F million people. The worry is that these efforts to balance $alifornia's state budget would work in a direct cross-purpose with the D9=9 billion U.S. stimulus package 1bama signed + a default by $alifornia or any other stateGor even severe spending cuts to balance their budgetsG would take considerable stimulus out of the U.S. economy when it can least afford it. Ee says that state and local economies are pro-cyclical, meaning they are e)acerbating the downturn even as the federal government pumps money into the economy. ,States are raising ta)es and cutting spending, while the feds are trying to achieve e)actly the opposite., Says 4hawan( ,The fiscal landscape at the state and local level is more brutal than at the federal level, where you hear talk of 'green shoots' emerging. The e)terior paint may look 1.C., but the inside of the house is crumbling.,
18
Starter Pack
4AC
US econom#c coll -$e 9#ll c ;$e n;cle r 9 r Fried)erg and 3choenfeld =>>7, &Aaron is a professor of politics and international relations at 9rinceton ;ni!ersityUs 2oodrow 2ilson 3chool , Na)irel is senior editor of Commentary, is a !isiting scholar at the 2itherspoon Instit$te in 9rinceton, N S -The %angers of %iminished America. 2all 3treet So$rnal, 1>H=1' The worldwide use of the dollar, and the stability of our economy, among other things, made it easier for us to run huge budget deficits, as we counted on foreigners to pick up the tab by buying dollardenominated assets as a safe haven. Will this be possible in the futureH 'eanwhile, traditional foreign-policy challenges are multiplying. The threat from al Iaeda and !slamic terrorist affiliates has not been e)tinguished. !ran and 7orth Corea are continuing on their bellicose paths, while 0akistan and -fghanistan are progressing smartly down the road to chaos. 2ussia's new militancy and $hina's seemingly relentless rise also give cause for concern. !f -merica now tries to pull back from the world stage, it will leave a dangerous power vacuum. The stabili#ing effects of our presence in -sia, our continuing commitment to >urope, and our position as defender of last resort for 'iddle >ast energy sources and supply lines could all be placed at risk. !n such a scenario there are shades of the &.F:s, when global trade and finance ground nearly to a halt, the peaceful democracies failed to cooperate, and aggressive powers led by the remorseless fanatics who rose up on the crest of economic disaster e)ploited their divisions. Today we run the risk that rogue states may choose to become ever more reckless with their nuclear toys, ust at our moment of ma)imum vulnerability. The aftershocks of the financial crisis will almost certainly rock our principal strategic competitors even harder than they will rock us. The dramatic free fall of the 2ussian stock market has demonstrated the fragility of a state whose economic performance hinges on high oil prices, now driven down by the global slowdown. $hina is perhaps even more fragile, its economic growth depending heavily on foreign investment and access to foreign markets. %oth will now be constricted, inflicting economic pain and perhaps even sparking unrest in a country where political legitimacy rests on progress in the long march to prosperity. 7one of this is good news if the authoritarian leaders of these countries seek to divert attention from internal travails with e)ternal adventures.
1D
Starter Pack
0AC: POVERT(
Wel* re re*orm 3#3 not re3;ce -overty C$i L#, Gastern Illinois ;ni!ersity, 0,,+ Owith B$*ti ;padhyay http"HHeconomics)$lletin !ander)ilt ed$H=>>7H!ol$me9HG+/ >?I8>>>8A pdf P +y imposing strict wor* re,$irements, 9(26(A ended the si# decades long Aid to Families with %ependent Children &AF%C' that had not re,$ired the aid recipients to wor* for pay The new legislation replaced it rate $p and draw more wor*ers into the la)or pool &N$ndersen and Vilia* =>>D, Aang et al =>>D' Qet, the entry of poor low/s*ill wor*ers in the la)or mar*et does not g$arantee an increase in their real income as higher wages might red$ce welfare )enefits and ne$trali4e earned income increases &+lan* =>>=' Tho$gh 9(26(A does not
directly target po!erty red$ction since the new welfare is a program of temporary assistance, a policy that see*s to enco$rage wor* is e#pected to ha!e relati!ely strong implications for po!erty alle!iation 2e find, howe!er, that despite significant red$ction in the TANF caseloads
the welfare reform implemented in 1996 has not red$ced po!erty significantly in the ; 3 2e apply a two/ stage estimation proced$re with the fi#ed/ and random/effects model $sing panel data from 1991 thro$gh =>>8 6$r res$lts do s$ggest that a decrease in TANF or in $nemployment rate leads to a lower po!erty le!el, )$t that the welfare reform started in 1996 has failed to contri)$te significantly to po!erty red$ction
Wel* re to 9or' -ro2r m$ 3on&t br#n2 -eo-le o;t o* -overty D t"ey tr t"em #n -oorly - #3 Aob$! Sohn H n3ler, 9rofessor of <aw at ;C<A, 0,,6 Owith Qehes*el Casenfeld +lame 2elfare, Ignore 9o!erty and Ine,$ality p 6D/61 P Similar results seem to be true even for the programs that emphasize education and training. A
national evaluation of welfare-to-work strategies in eleven locations where education and employment-based programs targeted employment and earning potentials, over the stndy's two-year follow-up period, 81 percent of the participants showed a marked increase in employment and earning rates that equaled or exceeded the results of work-first programs. A recent analysis of the effect of vocational training and education com, pared with job readiness and job search in Missouri and North Carolina does show that although training leads to the largest initial earning loss, it has the largest earning gains in the long run.,-51 Intensive training results in an average increase of about $3oo per quarter over quarters n-15 following entry into the program.'-5,- Still,
these programs are not able to lift the participants out of poverty. Even though most of the programs helped families rely on their own earnings rather than welfare cheeks, reductions in welfare, food stamps, and other benefits outweighed this positive finding. In other words, the family net incomes were roughly the same as before. The researchers find that the education-focused
program does not produce added economic benefits relative to the job search-focused program. Moreover, the job search-focused approach is cheaper to operate and moves welfare recipients into jobs more quickly than the education-focused approaeh. However, neither job search-focused nor adult education-focused
programs has succeeded in helping welfare recipients and other low-income parents work
11
Starter Pack
16
Starter Pack
0AC: ECONOM(
T"e#r r2;ment$ bo;t 2overnment #ntervent#on " ve #t b c'9 r3$ EE T"e US economy #$ #n l#<;#3#ty tr -Ft"e only 9 y to e$c -e 3e-re$$#on #$ more *e3er l $-en3#n2 9a$l Gr;2m n, No)el 9ri4e Gconomics, S$ne 1Dth ONew Qor* Times 0,,:P For this is the third time in history that a ma0or economy has fo$nd itself in a li,$idity trap, a sit$ation in which interest/rate c$ts, the con!entional way to per* $p the economy, ha!e reached their limit 2hen this happens, $ncon!entional meas$res are the only way to fight recession Qet s$ch $ncon!entional meas$res ma*e the con!entionally minded $ncomforta)le, and they *eep p$shing for a ret$rn to normalcy In pre!io$s li,$idity/trap episodes, policy ma*ers ga!e in to these press$res far too soon, pl$nging the economy )ac* into crisis And if the critics ha!e their way, weEll do the same thing this time The first e#ample of policy in a li,$idity trap comes from the 198>s The ; 3 economy grew rapidly from 1988 to 198?, helped along )y New %eal policies America, howe!er, remained well short of f$ll employment Qet policy ma*ers stopped worrying a)o$t depression and started worrying a)o$t inflation The Federal (eser!e tightened monetary policy, while F % ( tried
to )alance the federal )$dget 3$re eno$gh, the economy sl$mped again, and f$ll reco!ery had to wait for 2orld 2ar II The second e#ample is Sapan in the 199>s After sl$mping early in the
decade, Sapan e#perienced a partial reco!ery, with the economy growing almost 8 percent in 1996 9olicy ma*ers responded )y shifting their foc$s to the )$dget deficit, raising ta#es and c$tting spending Sapan proceeded to slide )ac* into recession And here we go again Ar$gman contin$es" A few months ago the ; 3 economy was in danger of falling into depression Aggressi!e monetary policy and deficit spending ha!e, for the time )eing, a!erted that danger And s$ddenly critics are demanding that we call the whole thing off, and re!ert to )$siness as $s$al Those demands sho$ld )e ignored ItEs m$ch too soon to gi!e $p on policies that ha!e, at most, p$lled $s a few inches )ac* from the edge of the a)yss Wel* re #$ t"e be$t '#n3 o* econom#c $t#m;l;$F#t$ rec#-#ent$ 9#ll $-en3 #t #mme3# tely Bichael A Fletcher, 2ashington 9ost 3taff 2riter, Bonday, Fe)r$ary 16, =>>9 OFor 3ocial 9rograms, <ong/Awaited +oost U9aradigm 3hiftU 3een in 3tim$l$s 9lan, Washington Post 3ebruary &/th ;::.J -dvocates for low-income people agree. Sharon 0arrott, director of the welfare reform and income support division of the $enter on %udget and 0olicy 0riorities, said aid to people who are struggling ,is the best stimulus, because they are all but certain to spend it "uickly. Still, she
said, it would be impossible for the level of funding for the broad range of social programs in the stimulus to continue beyond the two-year timeline in the legislation. ,>ven if something would be overall good policy, it needs to be in the budget, and you need to pay for it,, she said. ,There are real budget constraints that prevent that going forward., 4anielle >wen, director
1?
Starter Pack
of child care and early education policy at the $enter for ?aw and Social 0olicy, called the stimulus's social spending essential to helping lower-income -mericans regain their economic bearings. ,!t is about getting people to work and making sure they can afford basic things to keep their families safe and secure,, she said.
17
Starter Pack
19
Starter Pack
0AC: A0 RECRUITMENT DA D NO UH
W r$ re t"e re $on *or recr;#tment $"ort* ll$ H r3#n2 0,,+ &Thomas, %efence Correspondent, 3hortage of 6fficer (ecr$its Cits Army, The %aily Telegraph &<ondon', A$g$st 19, page 1, Chen' T"e Army #$ * c#n2 $"ort 2e o* o**#cer$ $ o-er t#on$ #n Ir < n3 A*2" n#$t n t 'e t"e#r toll on recr;#tment! For the past three years, the (oyal Bilitary Academy 3andh$rst has )een a)o$t 6> recr$its short of the ?1> needed to maintain n$m)ers each year Abo;t 057,, more -er$onnel le ve t"e Arme3 Force$ e c" ye r t" n re recr;#te3 n3 more t" n 4,5,,, $ol3#er$ n3 o**#cer$ re ;n*#t *or *rontEl#ne 3;ty bec ;$e o* Jto;r * t#2;eKK! Ba0or Nen %a!id ($therford/Sones, the commandant of 3andh$rst, said politicians needed to XsellUU the wars in Afghanistan and Ira, to help ma*e $p for the shortfall in yo$ng leaders XS$st )eca$se we are o$t on operations is a factor to o$r strength, not a negati!e,UU said Nen ($therford/Sones XI thin* my 0o) is to sell not necessarily what we are doing in Afghanistan and Ira, as a reason why yo$ want to 0oin the Army, )$t to sell the !al$e of )eing in a world/class organisation UU M#l#t ry comm n3er$ re 3eb t#n2 9"et"er to boo$t n;mber$ #n A*2" n#$t n ne=t ye r to bo;t 405,,, *ollo9#n2 t"e l#'ely 9#t"3r 9 l o* troo-$ *rom Ir < ne=t $;mmer! It #$ *e re3 t" t e**ort$ to recr;#t more o**#cer$ n3 $ol3#er$ re be#n2 " m-ere3 by t"e " r3$"#-$ t" t troo-$ * ce5 9#t" cr#t#c$ $ y#n2 t" t t"e Army #$ 3 n2ero;$ly over$tretc"e3 n3 t" t $ol3#er$ on t"e *ront l#ne$ l c' v#t l e<;#-ment n3 re -oorly tre te3 9"en t"ey ret;rn "ome!
=>
Starter Pack
W#t" U!S! m#l#t ry member$ $erv#n2 #n more t" n 40, co;ntr#e$ t"ro;2"o;t t"e 9orl3 $ 9ell $ meet#n2 re<;#rement$ *or troo-$ #n Ir < n3 A*2" n#$t n5 2ro;n3 *orce$ re $tretc"e3 t"#n , senior military officials told Congress here yesterday The Army Rice Chief of 3taff Nen 9eter 2 Chiarelli told the 3enate Armed 3er!ices CommitteeEs s$)committee on readiness and management that $nless -to$gh decisions. are made5 t"e Army c nnot cont#n;e to meet c;rrent 3em n3$ *or 3e-loye3 *orce$ 9"#le m #nt #n#n2 t"e mo;nt o* t#me troo-$ nee3 to reEtr #n n3 re$t t t"e#r "ome $t t#on! ?W" t " $ to c" n2e *or ;$ #$ t"e 3em n3 *or *orce$5@ C"# rell# $ #3! ?An3 r#2"t no95 t"e 3em n3 *or *orce$ #$ $ "#2" $ #t&$ ever been 9#t" o;r cont#n;e3 comm#tment to Ir < n3 t"e #ncre $e #n A*2" n#$t n!@ C$rrently, the Army is rotating troops in Ira, and Afghanistan on one/year rotations with one year of time at home The Barine Corps deploys $nder a se!en month cycle The past se!en years ha!e )een e#tremely )$sy for military mem)ers and their families 3ome soldiers ha!e as many as fi!e yearlong deployments )etween Ira, and Afghanistan $nder their )elt And 3e$-#te con$#$tently meet#n2 t"e#r retent#on n3 recr;#tment 2o l$5 t"e 3em n3 *or 2ro;n3 *orce$ $t#ll $;r- $$e$ t"e $;--ly, he said ?We re con$;m#n2 o;r re 3#ne$$ $ * $t $ 9e re b;#l3#n2 #t5@ t"e 2ener l $ #3!
=1
Starter Pack
==
Starter Pack
r$ling class to e#pand the American Gmpire cannot possi)ly s$cceed in the long r$n, and will pro!e to )e its own//we hope not the worldUs$ndoing
=8
Starter Pack
EVIDENCE
FOR THE NEGATIVE
=D
Starter Pack
Child po!erty has fallen Altho$gh opponents of reform predicted it wo$ld increase child po!erty, some 1 6 million fewer children li!e in po!erty today than in 1991 %ecreases in po!erty ha!e )een greatest among )lac* children In the ,$arter cent$ry prior to welfare reform, the old welfare system failed to red$ce po!erty among )lac* children 3ince welfare reform, the po!erty rate among )lac* children has fallen at an $nprecedented rate from D1 1 percent in 1991 to 8= 9 percent in =>>D ;nprecedented declines in po!erty also occ$rred among children of single mothers For a ,$arter/cent$ry )efore welfare reform, there was little net decline in po!erty in this gro$p 9o!ertywas only slightly lower in 1991 &1> 8 percent' than it had )een in 19?1 &18 1 percent' After the enactment of welfare reform, the po!erty rate for children of single mothers fell at a dramatic rate, from 1> 8 percent in 1991 to D1 9 percent in =>>D 2elfare caseloads were c$t in half The AF%CHTANF caseload dropped from D 8 million families at the time 9(26(A was enacted to 1 79 million today Gmployment of single mothers has s$rged The employment rate of the most disad!antaged single mothers increased from 1> percent to 1>> percent
=1
Starter Pack
=6
Starter Pack
temporary set)ac*
If one ta*es a longer !iew, it is clear that the economic policies that ha!e come to dominate world economic thin*ing o!er the last 6> years, and especially since the fall of the 3o!iet ;nion, are prod$cing strong )road/)ased growth, growth that is
increasing prosperity and red$cing po!erty aro$nd the world The n$m)ers are not am)ig$o$s 6!er the last decade, per capita income in all co$ntries of the world com)ined has increased )y an a!erage of a)o$t three percent per year 6!er the 1> years, that adds $p to an increase of o!er one/third in a!erage world incomes The
growth in incomes is remar*a)ly )road/)ased, not concentrated in 0$st a few co$ntries or regions 6f the 116 co$ntries for which we ha!e relia)le data, only 1= failed to participate in this positi!e growth o!er the decade The economic system that has )een prod$cing these remar*a)le res$lts is *nown )y !ario$s names Bost economists wo$ld call it the free mar*et system or capitalism 3ome identify it with glo)ali4ation 3ome call it the 2ashington Consens$s, )eca$se it represents the consens$s of !iews and policies espo$sed )y the 2orld +an*, the International Bonetary F$nd and, at least $ntil recently, the go!ernment of the ;nited 3tates At The Ceritage Fo$ndation, we call it economic freedom, and we meas$re it each year in the Index of !conomic "reedom, which we
The *ey principles of economic freedom are indi!id$al empowerment, non/discrimination, and the dispersion of power"
p$)lish 0ointly with #he Wall $treet %ournal
Indi!id$al empowerment means that indi!id$als retain control of where they li!e and how m$ch they wor* They ha!e the right to own property and decide when and how to spend their wealth and income Non/discrimination means that there sho$ld )e no preferences )ased on race, gender, religion, class, family connections or any other s$ch trait Gach indi!id$al deser!es an e,$al opport$nity to prosper to the f$ll e#tent of their a)ility and effort Transparency in decision/ma*ing is a *ey aspect in ens$ring s$ch fairness5 it is )ehind walls of secrecy that discrimination most often flo$rishes %ispersion of power means p$rs$ing policies and practices that foster competition in la)or mar*ets, in capital mar*ets, )etween firms and e!en among co$ntries The separation of political and economic power is a *ey aspect in the dispersion of power Co$ntries that respect these principles of economic freedom do far )etter on a!erage economically than co$ntries in which go!ernments play a more intr$si!e role The co$ntries ran*ed as most free in the =>>9 Index of !conomic "reedom had a!erage per capita incomes of o!er FD>,>>>, more than 1> times the income le!els in co$ntries where economic freedoms are repressed 3ome critici4e the free mar*et system as good for the rich )$t not for the poor The data show otherwise
2hen we compare economic freedom scores with po!erty le!els as meas$red in the ;nited Nations C$man 9o!erty Inde#, we find that co$ntries that gained at least 1 points of economic freedom in the decade )etween 199? and =>>? mo!ed almost 6 percent of their pop$lations o$t of po!erty on a!erage Co$ntries that lost at least 1 points of economic freedom, )y contrast, saw po!erty
le!els increase The same positi!e trends are e!ident in connection with social de!elopment in areas li*e ed$cation, health, child or maternal mortality, and o!erall life e#pectancy, as well as in protection of the en!ironment, where co$ntries that are more economically free do a far )etter 0o) than their less free co$nterparts Ni!en these positi!e long term trends, and the pro!en good
economic res$lts in co$ntries aro$nd the world that respect principles of economic freedom and mar*et/)ased decision/ma*ing, I wo$ld s$)mit that the first responsi)ility of policy ma*ers in leading economies, especially in a time of downt$rn or crisis, is to preser!e the capitalist system and to do no harm Bar*ets are )y and large self/correcting No!ernment inter!entions, which are almost always designed to restore or protect the stat$s ,$o ante, impede the correcti!e action of the mar*et and th$s slow reco!ery
=?
Starter Pack
=7
Starter Pack
*eep the all/!ol$nteer force at f$ll strength Critics of these wars $se phrases s$ch as Xo!er stretchedX and X)rea*ing pointX to descri)e the strains on the force str$ct$re Y A Fe)r$ary =>>1 st$dy for the ; 3 Army (esearch Instit$te for the +eha!ioral and 3ocial 3ciences re!eals the recr$itersU game plan The st$dy Xs$ggested that categori4ing potential recr$its )ased on their career decision/ma*ing patterns and their parentsU socioeconomic stat$s may )e $sef$l for targeting recr$iting strategies For e#ample, more financially constrained, goal/oriented yo$th may respond more positi!ely to the ed$cational or financial )enefits a!aila)le thro$gh military ser!ice X This foc$s on financially !$lnera)le yo$th in the Xlower middle classX is a *ey part of recr$iting efforts today Technology in the form of comp$ter/assisted trac*ing of teens in Xfinancially constrainedX $r)an areas, where $nemployment is high and opport$nities for ad!ancement is limited, has )ecome standard practice +$t this is 0$st the )eginning" the p$rs$it goes well )eyond
electrons and )eyond local high schools It goes into shopping malls fre,$ented )y Xfinancially restrainedX families, to wee*end e!ents, and e!en into yo$th Xhango$ts X
Traditionally, Xfinancially constrainedX translated into minority encla!es where many regard the military as a way to impro!e oneUs prospects honora)ly +$t when recr$iters conscio$sly target a neigh)orhood or school/or as the +oston Nlo)e
p$t it, Xsat$rates life at a wor*ing class p$)lic school,X/the p$)lic iss$e shifts from the opport$nities a!aila)le to f$lfill the aspirations of teens to the fairness of a system that intentionally e#ploits the economic aspirations of others (ecr$iting ind$cements incl$de money for college &$p to F?>,>>>', scholarships,
0o) training, and some !ery large/as m$ch as F11,>>>/)on$ses for enlisting
6nce they sign a few new enlistees, recr$iters *now and play on two teen propensities to p$ll in more and more recr$its" peer press$re to X0oin the herdX )y doing what their friends do, and the ina)ility to f$lly comprehend conse,$ences in form$lating long/term plans
The fact that military recr$iters are an insistent economic XpresenceX in caref$lly targeted locales gi!es credence to the charge that the 9entagonUs tactics for filling the forces amo$nts to an Xeconomic draft X =9
Starter Pack
2ith the help of the 3ecretary of %efense, we mo!ed it forward to =>1> The personnel g$ys tell me now that we will meet o$r end strength goal this year, in U>9, )eca$se of recr$iting and retention Now the str$ct$re is still going to come in at a)o$t the same pace 2e canUt accelerate that +$t weUll meet o$r end strength goal this year, and thatUs a )ig step <ast year, =9>,>>> men and women enlisted or reenlisted in the Army N$ard and (eser!es ThatUs a healthy force +$t weUre still stretched
8>
Starter Pack
33#t#on l *orce$ 9#ll be ;$e3 to en$;re t" t o;r 3e-loy#n2 ;n#t$ re -ro-erly m nne35 n3 not to cre te ne9 comb t *orm t#on$5@ the defense secretary said, adding that the decision was made after cons$lting with the
-These
ArmyEs top military and ci!ilian leadership and with the )ac*ing of 9resident +arac* 6)ama Nates, who has descri)ed the defense )$dget as -4ero s$m,. said the cost of the Army increase wo$ld )e a)sor)ed in f$nding already allocated in the )$dget for the ne#t two fiscal years
C 33#n2N more $ol3#er$ n3 t '#n2 $ome 33#t#on l $te-$ to rel#eve t"e $tre$$ on t"e *orce ,. he said -This #$ very "#2" -r#or#ty .
-2e will ta*e that money from someplace that isnEt as high a priority as
0! US "e2emony $to-$ 2lob l n;cle r 9 r G" l#lL 3 4::7 &Valmay, Bem)er of the 9ro0ect for the New American Cent$ry and ; 3 Am)assador to Ira,, The 2ashington [$arterly, -<osing the BomentK The ;nited 3tates and the 2orld After the Cold 2ar., 3pring, <HN'
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain gl !al lea"er#$%& and to preclude the rise of a global rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. 1n balance, this %# t$e !e#t l 'g(ter) g*%"%'g &r%'c%&le a'" +%#% '. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United States e)ercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. 3irst, the global environment would be more open and more receptive to -merican values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second, #*c$ a
, rl" , *l" $a+e a !etter c$a'ce - "eal%'g c &erat%+el. ,%t$ t$e , rl"/# )a0 r &r !le)#1 #*c$ a# '*clear &r l%-erat% '1 t$reat# - reg% 'al $ege) '. !. re'ega"e #tate#1 a'" l ,(le+el c '-l%ct#2 F%'all.1 U2S2 lea"er#$%& , *l" $el& &recl*"e t$e r%#e - a' t$er $ #t%le gl !al r%+al1 e'a!l%'g t$e United States and the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear e)change. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
81
Starter Pack
NEG3 U4 E5TENSION
M#l#t ry #$ meet#n2 #t$ recr;#tment 2o l$5 b;t A;$t b rely Carter =>>? &3ara A , 2riter of The 2ashington Times, Army hits goals, )$t recr$its drop5 %elayed entry at historic low, The 2ashington Times, No!em)er >1, Nation 3ection" A>6, Chen' A top Army official said that lt"o;2" t"e $erv#ce " $ met #t$ over ll 2o l$ *or recr;#tment t"#$ *#$c l ye r5 t"e -roce$$ " $ been 3#**#c;lt n3 t"e n;mber o* 3v nce recr;#t$ *or ne=t ye r #$ t "#$tor#c lo9$! JSeven t"o;$ n3 3el ye3 entry #$ "#$tor#c lly t"e lo9e$t 3el ye3E entry -ool t" t 9eKve " 3 since the start of the !ol$nteer Army,X Nen 2allace said XSo t" t #$ o* concern to ;$ bec ;$e t"e 3el ye3Eentry -ro2r m 2#ve$ ;$ 2; r ntee3 enl#$tee$ to meet o;r 2o l t"ro;2"o;t t"e ye r!J M#l#t ry #$ b rely meet#n2 #t$ recr;#tment nee3$ no9
Te#no9#tL 0,,: &Ira, 2riter of Ad!ertising Age, Gconomy, easing on Ira, )oosting Army recr$itment5 Gnlistments e#ceed goal )$t smarter, more digital mar*eting also credited, Ad!ertising Age, Barch >=, NG23" page 8, Chen'
T"e economy m y be b 3 ne9$ to mo$t m r'eter$5 b;t to the ; 3 Army5 #tK$ m '#n2 t"e Aob o* recr;#t#n2 l#ttle e $#er! To- o**#c# l$ who o!ersee the ArmyUs recr$itment say they, too, wo$ld li*e to see things impro!e, )$t they c'no9le32e t" t t"e economy5 to2et"er 9#t" e $#n2 9orr#e$ bo;t v#olence #n Ir < n3 even Pre$#3ent ) r c' Ob m &$ elect#on5 #$ "el-#n2 t"e#r t $'!
\\I )elie!e it is a change in administration and optimism,UU said <t Nen +en0amin Frea*ley, commanding general of the ; 3 Army Accessions Command, which heads Army recr$iting \\There is a factor of Ira, and constant reporting that we are going to downsi4e and lea!e Cow long we stay there is still )eing wor*ed o$t, )$t itUs fairly well/ $nderstood that we are going to lower the n$m)er of troops in Ira,, regardless of how long we stay there That is a factor The economy is a factor UU Ce said Br 6)amaEs arri!al as president is also a factor \\ItUs 0$st anecdotal, )$t there are parts of America that are opening $p to $s UU
T"e Army over$"ot #t$ recr;#t#n2 2o l o* +,5,,, $ol3#er$ by 746 *or #t$ *#$c l ye r t" t en3e3 #n Se-tember! T"#$ ye r5 #t " $ cont#n;e3 to c"#eve #t$ 2o l$! The Army finds recr$iting less diffic$lt d$ring )ad economic times, Army officials said, )$t recr$itment doesnUt always correlate with indicators s$ch as $nemployment, s$ggesting that other factors/most o)!io$sly war/are also at play
8=
Starter Pack
88
Starter Pack
8,=?> soldiers, 16 percent more than its goal %ecem)er, when the 0o)less rate reached ? = percent, saw similar increases in recr$itments -They are saying, TThere are no 0o)s, no one is hiring,E or if someone is hiring they are not getting eno$gh ho$rs to s$pport their families or themsel!es,. said 3gt First Class 9hillip <ee, D1, the senior recr$iter in the Army office in +ridgeport, Conn
8D
Starter Pack
81
Starter Pack
NEB: A0 HEB
US "e2 #$ on t"e br#n'5
DOOMED
E )RING
+aldor =>>9 &<olita C , Associated 9ress 2riter, 3o$rce" 3trains, threats h$rt military readiness, The Associated 9ress, Fe)r$ary 19, http"HHwww fo#news comHwiresH=>>9Fe)19H>,D6?>,Bilitary(is*,>> html, Chen'
The assessment finds that t"e U!S! cont#n;e$ to * ce -er$#$tent terror#$t t"re t$5 n3 t"e m#l#t ry #$ $t#ll $tretc"e3 n3 $tr #ne3 *rom lon2 n3 re-e te3 to;r$ to t"e 9 r*ront! 3enior military officials spo*e a)o$t the report on condition of anonymity )eca$se it is a classified doc$ment 9repared e!ery year, and ro$tinely deli!ered to Congress with the )$dget, t"e r#$' $$e$$ment - #nt$ bro 3 -#ct;re o* t"e $ec;r#ty t"re t$ n3 "ot$-ot$ ro;n3 t"e 9orl3 n3 t"e U!S! m#l#t ryK$ b#l#ty to 3e l 9#t" t"em B$llen has deli!ered it to %efense 3ecretary (o)ert Nates +eca$se the threat is rated as significant, Nates will send an accompanying report to Congress o$tlining what the military is doing to address the ris*s That report has not yet )een finished T"#$ ye rK$ $$e$$ment *#n3$ m ny o* t"e $ me 2lob l $ec;r#ty #$$;e$ $ -rev#o;$ ye r$ O r n2#n2 *rom terror#$t or2 n#L t#on$ n3 ;n$t ble 2overnment$ to t"e -otent# l *or "#2"Etec" cyber tt c'$! It l$o re*lect$ t"e Pent 2onK$ on2o#n2 $tr;22le to m #nt #n m#l#t ry t" t c n re$-on3 to t"re t$ *rom ot"er co;ntr#e$5 9"#le "on#n2 ne9er co;nter#n$;r2ency tec"n#<;e$ to b ttle more ;nconvent#on l 3 n2er$5 $;c" $ $;#c#3e bomber$ n3 let" l ro 3$#3e bomb$!
86
Starter Pack
8?