GSM BTS S2000H or S2000L Fundamentals (411-9001-035 - 18.03)

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
Nortel GSM BTS S2000H/S2000L Fundamentals

Release: V18.0 PC2 Document Revision: 18.03
www.nortel.com
411-9001-035 .
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Release: V18.0 PC2 Publication: 411-9001-035 Document release date: 13 January 2010 Copyright 1999-2009 Nortel Networks. All Rights Reserved. While the information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable, except as otherwise expressly agreed to in writing NORTEL PROVIDES THIS DOCUMENT "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. The information and/or products described in this document are subject to change without notice.
Nortel, Nortel Networks, the Nortel logo, and the Globemark are trademarks of Nortel Networks. _ 17+ 18+
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Contents
New in this release
Features 5
5 7 9
Introduction Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction

1.1 S2000H BTS introduction 9 1.2 S2000L BTS introduction 9
Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

2.1 Physical characteristics 11 2.1.1 Dimensions, weights and power supplies 11 2.1.2 Mounting plate 12 2.1.3 Sunshield and cosmetic front panel 12 2.1.4 Cover 12 2.1.5 Heatsinks 13 2.1.6 Internal antennas (S2000L EP BTS only) 15 2.1.7 DRX heater 16 2.1.8 Lightning protection 16 2.1.9 Cooling 17 2.1.10 Humidity control 17 2.1.11 Consumption 18 2.2 Physical architecture 18 2.2.1 S2000H FP BTS 18 2.2.2 S2000H EP BTS 23 2.2.3 S2000L FP BTS 28 2.2.4 S2000L EP BTS 32 2.2.5 Configurations 40 2.3 Power supply distribution 41 2.3.1 Power source 41 2.3.2 Power Supply Units 41 2.3.3 Battery and Interface Module 42 2.4 BTS cabling 44 2.4.1 Internal cabling 44 2.4.2 External cabling 51
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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Nortel GSM BTS S2000H/S2000L Fundamentals 411-9001-035 18.03 13 January 2010
Copyright 1999-2009 Nortel Networks. All Rights Reserved.
4 2.4.3 HPRF cabling (S2000H BTS only) 2.4.4 Inter-unit cabling 59 56
Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description

3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 SBCF unit 62 3.2.1 Control and Switching management functions 63 3.2.2 Data Signaling Concentration unit (DSC) function 66 3.2.3 PCM management function 67 3.2.4 Synchronization (SYNC) function 69 3.2.5 Alarm collecting (ALCO) function 69 3.3 SALCO board 70 3.4 DRX board 71 3.4.1 DRX logical part 71 3.4.2 DRX radio part 84 3.4.3 DRX shutting down 85 3.5 RF module 86 3.5.1 Common parts 86 3.5.2 S2000H specific parts 86 3.5.3 S2000L EP specific part 96 3.6 Internal buses 98 3.6.1 FH bus 98 3.6.2 Private PCM bus 98
61
Chapter 4 S2000H and S2000L BTS software description

4.1 Software presentation 101 4.1.1 Downloadable files 101 4.1.2 Flash EPROMs 101 4.2 Software functions 102 4.2.1 DRX software functions 103 4.2.2 SBCF software functions 106 4.2.3 TIL software functions 107
101
New in this release

The following section describe what is new in this release for Nortel GSM BTS S8006 Troubleshooting (411-9001-035) for V18.0 P&C 2 release.
Features
Features (page 5)
This document contains no feature updates in this release.
6 New in this release
Introduction
This technical document describes the S2000H and S2000L base transceiver stations (BTS), one of the Nortel portfolio BTSs.
Prerequisites
The readers must be familiar with the following technical documents:
Navigation
Nortel GSM BSS Documentation Roadmap (411-9001-000) Nortel GSM BSS Overview (411-9001-001)
Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction (page 9) introduces the S2000H and S2000L BTSs. Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description (page 61) examines BTS functional architecture and describes the physical structure focusing on the functional architecture of the subsystems. Chapter 4 S2000H and S2000L BTS software description (page 101) names the software entities in the BTS and shows how they are installed on the hardware units.
8 Introduction
Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction

1.1 S2000H BTS introduction
The S2000H BTS is a fully featured BTS (Base Transceiver Station) ideally suited for coverage of terrain such as highways and rural environments. Its small packaging simplifies the site acquisition process thereby improving the operators time to market and reducing the number of sites required by up to 50% as compared to the industry standard. There are two types of S2000H:
S2000H FP (First Packaging) S2000H EP (Enhanced Packaging)
In the S2000H FP, the main module and the RF supply module are delivered separately and associated during installation procedure to form the base module. In the S2000H EP, the devices of the main modules and the RF supply module are mounted in the same enclosure, in factory, to form a monopackaging base module.
1.2 S2000L BTS introduction

The enhanced S2000L offers about three times the capacity of a single transceiver micro BTS. Its small size allows for swift deployment as part of a microcellular underlay, providing a solution for traffic hot spots as well as in-building or campus coverage. There are two types of S2000L:
S2000L FP (First Packaging) S2000L EP (Enhanced Packaging)
The S2000L is made of a main module comprising the DRXs and the SBCF, and a LPRF module which contains the RF components. The S2000L offers two connectors for external antennas (diversity is possible).
10 Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction
The S2000L Single Feeder (SF) offers only one connector, the two transmission paths are combined (diversity is not possible). In the S2000L First Packaging (FP) the main module and the LPRF module are delivered separately and associated during installation procedure to form the base module. In the S2000L Enhanced Packaging (EP), the devices of the main modules and the LPRF module are mounted in the same enclosure, in factory, to form a mono packaging base module. S2000L Enhanced Packaging is fully compliant with S2000L first packaging.
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Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

2.1 Physical characteristics
The S2000H and S2000L BTSs can be installed indoor or outdoor on poles, antenna mastheads or walls. For more information, see Figure 1 "Wall-, pole-, and antenna mast-mounted BTS" (page 13).
2.1.1 Dimensions, weights and power supplies

The dimensions and weight of the battery and interface module are:
height : 408 mm (16.1 in.) depth : 238 mm (9.4 in.)
Table 1 S2000H/L BTS: Dimensions and weight S2000H FP S2000L FP Height Width Depth Max wt. of unit Max wt. of cosmetic part 740 mm (29.1) 542 mm (21.3) 197 mm (7.6) 4 kg (75) 4 kg (31) S2000H EP HPRF S2000H FP 900/ 1800 740 mm (29.1) 273 mm (10.7) 329 mm (13) 20 kg (44.1) 9 kg (20 lb) 1900 HPRF EP S2000L FP ST* ST* S2000L EP
740 mm (29.1) 542 mm (21.3) 197 mm (7.6) 32 kg (71) 12 kg (26)
790 mm (31.1) 273 mm (10.7) 329 mm (13) 20 kg (44.1) 10 kg (22)
740 mm (29.1) 273 mm (10.7) 329 mm (13) 20 kg (44.1) 7 kg (15)
650 mm (25.6) 540 mm (21.3) 200 mm (7.9) 31.4 kg (69.2) 10 kg (22.1)
740 mm (29.1) 540 mm (21.3) 200 mm (7.9) 31.4 kg (69.2) 14 kg (30.9)
650 mm (25.6) 540 mm (21.3) 200 mm (7.9) 31 kg (68.4) 8 kg (18)
12 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description
Total
48 kg (106)
44 kg (97)
29 kg (64.1)
30 kg (66.1)
27 kg (59.1)
41.4 kg (91.3)
45.4 kg (100.1)
39 kg (86.4)
*ST = Standard, PR= Protected Note: Weight (wt.) in pounds (lb.) follows in parenthesis after kg value. Size in inches (in.) follows in parenthesis after mm value.
S2000H "FP" and " EP" can have two inputs voltage:
Single phase 220-240 VAC Split phase 240 VAC
S2000L "FP" and " EP" can have three inputs voltage: Single phase 120 VAC Single phase 220-240 VAC Split phase 240 VAC
2.1.2 Mounting plate

The BTSs are mounted onto a pre-installed mounting plate which serves as a sunshield for the rear of the package. For more information, see Figure 2 "Example of BTS part assembly" (page 14). If the wall surface is not flat enough, a mounting interface is required; it allows to adjust the flatness of the mounting plate. The mounting plate of the S2000H BTS and the protected S2000L BTS is equipped with ground bar ("FP" type) or ground plate ("EP" type). This provides grounding and strain relief for cables entering the BTS, and termination for the conduit to the Battery and Interface Module.
2.1.3 Sunshield and cosmetic front panel

A cosmetic panel covering the top unit acts as a sunshield and security barrier limiting access to the cables behind. For more information, see Figure 2 "Example of BTS part assembly" (page 14).
2.1.4 Cover
A lockable access cover, located across the bottom part of the BTS is secured in place by a high security lock. For more information, see Figure 2 "Example of BTS part assembly" (page 14). The cover provides a security barrier for the protection of the in/out connectors located across the base of the BTS and an access cover to the S2000L internal battery. The HPRF Module also has a lockable access cover, located across the bottom of the unit. The purpose of this cover is to restrict access to the cables and RF lightning protectors. For more information, see Figure 3 "HPRF module types" (page 15).
13
2.1.5 Heatsinks
The top unit contains all of the environmentally sensitive electronics in an EMC/environmentally sealed enclosure. The heatsinks attached to the enclosure remove heat from the internal modules. For more information, see Figure 2 "Example of BTS part assembly" (page 14).
Figure 1 Wall-, pole-, and antenna mast-mounted BTS
Figure 2 Example of BTS part assembly
15
Figure 3 HPRF module types
2.1.6 Internal antennas (S2000L EP BTS only)

Internal antennas are available as an option. They are attached to the inner surface of the sunshield located at the cosmetic front panel. Cables exiting the base of the antennas connect with the N type connectors located at the base of the LPRF Module. The antenna cables and connectors are concealed and secured behind the lockable access cover located across the bottom of the unit. The system consists of two antennas arranged in an orthogonal cross-polarized arrangement. Each of the two polarizations are inclined at 45 degrees to vertical.
In the downlink direction each polarization is used for transmitting a single carrier. This takes advantage of "on air" combining and maximizes the transmit power by avoiding the normal 3 dB loss of a combiner. In the uplink direction the orthogonal polarizations provide diversity reception. In a high multipath environment such as those found in urban indoor and outdoor microcells there is generally a high level of polarization conversion. As a result the internal antenna system using polarization diversity can provide very good diversity performance.
2.1.7 DRX heater

Each DRX is equipped with one silicone rubber heater. This generates heat to keep the DRX within the operating temperature range in the BTS. This is a resistor connected in series to two thermostats which control the on/off characteristics of the heater. The heater-thermostat is connected to the AC power supply of the BTS. The silicone rubber heater has an electrical characteristics of 325 W 5%. Heaters are ON at start up when the external temperature is below 5C (+41F). When the BTS is operating and the external temperature decreases, the heaters are switched ON at 0C (+32F). When the BTS is operating with the heaters ON and the external temperature increases, the heaters are switched OFF at 5C (+41 F). In case of -48V DC external power supply option, the heater is not supplied.
2.1.7.1 Heater operation
2.1.8 Lightning protection

There are three levels of protection:
The top level of protection is provided by the grounding network, including air terminals and the screening of cables. The mounting plate has a grounding bar to which conduits can be firmly attached. This grounding bar is connected to the electrical ground. Conduits are deployed between the Battery and Interface Module and the Base unit while the DC/data cable includes a substantial shield for excellent grounding. The second level of protection diverts unwanted energies on sensitive circuits to the grounding network or prevents their transmission by use of isolation. It is provided by optional RF lightning protection kits in the Base unit and by lightning protection devices in the Battery and Interface Module. The protection devices protects the BTS from EMP
17
induced on the incoming lines and also on long alarm lines leaving the BTS.
The third level of protection is the on-board or intrinsic protection designed to meet IEC950 and related specifications. This minimum of protection permits the BTS to be deployed without any second level protection in certain deployments. The PRF Supply Module houses a PCP that contains the lightning protection components for the DC/data cable. The -48V DC lines are protected on the HPRF PSU itself. Additional lightning protection for AC power as well as Abis and alarm lines is provided in the Battery and Interface Module. In case of -48V DC power supply option, every BTS electrical inlet must be protected by the TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors). The TVSS is in accordance with the European and American requirements.
2.1.9 Cooling 2.1.9.1 Natural convection cooling

The primary path for the removal of heat from the unit is through the vertical flow of natural convection cooling air over the fins of the external heatsinks on the front and rear surfaces. More precisely, the heat path between the PAs and the fins is via heat pipes. Heat pipes are employed in order to reduce the weight of the product relative to a conventional aluminum heatsink.
2.1.9.2 Sunshielding
To reduce the effect of sun loading at extreme high ambient temperatures the mounting plate is designed to act as a sunshield for the rear and sides of the housing. The cosmetic panel and cable cover provide sunshielding for the front of the housing.
2.1.10 Humidity control

All BTSs are RHCM BTSs (Relative Humidity Controlled Modules). The features of this system are as follows:
Relative humidity is controlled through maintaining a predetermined temperature differential between the internal Modules and circuit packs and the ambient temperature. The weather resistant enclosure prevents the ingress of liquid or solid moisture while a diffusion plug (Goretex patch) prevents water entrapment.
2.1.11 Consumption
The nominal power consumption of the S2000L BTS equipped with two DRXs and no heater is 250 VA. At low temperatures (typically below 0 C (+32F) additional AC power is used for internal heating. The internal heater consumes up to 650 Watts at the low temperature limit of -40C (-40F). Thus, the nominal power consumption of the S2000L BTS is in the worst case. For more information, see Table 2 "S2000L BTS: Power consumption" (page 18).
Table 2 S2000L BTS: Power consumption S2000L 102 102 and heaters on 101 101 and heater on Maximum power (VA) 250 900 150 475
The nominal power consumption of the S2000H BTS equipped with two DRXs is 750 VA (at 70 meters or 230 inches). At low temperatures, typically below 0C, the S2000H uses additional AC power for internal heating. The internal heater consumes up to 650 Watts at the low temperature limit of -40 C (-40F). Thus, the nominal power consumption of the S2000H BTS is 1400 VA in the worst case. For more information, see Table 3 "S2000H BTS: Power consumption" (page 18).
Table 3 S2000H BTS: Power consumption S2000H 102/1S11 102/1S11 and heaters on 101 101 and heater on Maximum power (VA) 750 1400 400 725
2.2 Physical architecture

2.2.1 S2000H FP BTS
For more information about the S2000H "FP" BTS and its logical architecture, see Figure 4 "S2000H BTS: Line HPRF configuration" (page 20) and Figure 5 "S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration" (page 21).
19
2.2.1.1 Base unit

The base unit contains two parts. For more information, see Figure 6 "S2000H FP BTS: Base unit" (page 22) and Figure 7 "S2000H FP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit" (page 23).
The first part houses the SBCF (Small Base Common Functions), the DRXs, and the I&C interface and the main PSU (Power Supply Unit). This powers the base unit. The second part houses a secondary Power Supply Unit, called HPRF PSU, that powers the remotable HPRF Modules as well as the VGA/splitters that compensate for RF cable loss and BIM if any.
The I/O field is shared by the two parts.
2.2.1.2 HPRF module

This additional package for high RF output power capability houses the RF Power amplifier, LNA, filter (for Dual-RX channel only) and duplexer coupling. There are two types of HPRF modules:
The HPRF-S is a Single-RX channel HPRF module. This is used in BTS configurations with two transceivers per cell. The HPRF-D is a Dual-RX channel HPRF module. This is used in BTS configurations with one transceiver per cell such as O1 and S11. The second RX channel provides diversity reception.
For more information about the HPRF modules, see Figure 7 "S2000H FP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit" (page 23).
2.2.1.3 Battery and Interface Module

This additional package is available as an option. Additional functionality provided by this module includes primary lightning protection and bare wire termination for the AC and PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) alarms inputs.
20 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description Figure 4 S2000H BTS: Line HPRF configuration
21
Figure 5 S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration
Figure 6 S2000H FP BTS: Base unit
23
Figure 7 S2000H FP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit
2.2.2 S2000H EP BTS

The S2000H "EP" BTS and its logical architecture are shown in Figure 4 "S2000H BTS: Line HPRF configuration" (page 20) and Figure 5 "S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration" (page 21).
2.2.2.1 Base unit

Contrary to the S2000H "FP" BTS, all elements of S2000H "EP" BTS are fitted in one part. For more information, see Figure 8 "S2000H EP BTS: Base unit" (page 25) and Figure 9 "S2000H EP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit" (page 26). The base unit houses the same logical parts as base unit of S2000H "FP" BTS except the I/O field. It also contains a configuration field which provides different configurations by selecting the right cabling.
2.2.2.2 Extension unit

The logical architecture of the extension unit is identical to the base unit except:
The SBCF and I&C interface are removed. The SALCO board is added.
For more information about the logical architecture of the extension unit, see Figure 10 "S2000H EP BTS: Extension unit" (page 27) and Figure 11 "S2000H EP BTS: Logical architecture of the extension unit" (page 28).
2.2.2.3 Other modules

All types of S2000H BTS use the HPRF module and Battery and Interface module.
2.2 Physical architecture Figure 8 S2000H EP BTS: Base unit
25
Figure 9 S2000H EP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit
27
Figure 10 S2000H EP BTS: Extension unit
Figure 11 S2000H EP BTS: Logical architecture of the extension unit
2.2.3 S2000L FP BTS

The S2000L "FP" BTS and its logical architecture are shown in Figure 12 "S2000L BTS: Configuration" (page 30).
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2.2.3.1 Base unit

The base unit contains the Base Module that can be split up into two parts:
The first part houses the SBCF, the DRXs, the I&C interface, and the main PSU (Power Supply Unit). This PSU powers the Base Unit and the BIM if any. The second part is the LPRF Module that consists in the coupling system (Duplexers, LNAs, and LPAs).
For more information about the Base Module, see Figure 13 "S2000L FP BTS: Base unit" (page 31) and Figure 14 "S2000L FP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit" (page 32). The I/O field is shared by the two parts. However there are two types:
The "protected S2000L "FP" BTS" which has a ground bar to connect the external antennas with lightning protectors and/or the conduits used to link the BTS to the "Battery and Interface" module. The "Standard S2000L "FP" BTS" when external antennas are used without lightning protectors (antennas are mounted indoors).
2.2.3.2 Battery and Interface Module

This additional package is available as an option. Additional functionality provided by this module includes primary lightning protection and bare wire termination for the AC and PCM alarm inputs.
30 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description Figure 12 S2000L BTS: Configuration
31
Figure 13 S2000L FP BTS: Base unit
Figure 14 S2000L FP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit
2.2.4 S2000L EP BTS

For more information about the S2000L "EP" BTS and its logical architecture, see Figure 12 "S2000L BTS: Configuration" (page 30).
33
2.2.4.1 Base unit

Contrary to the S2000L "FP" BTS, all elements of S2000L "EP" BTS are fitted in one part. For more information, see Figure 15 "S2000L EP BTS: Base unit" (page 34) to Figure 17 "S2000L EP BTS single feeder: Logical architecture of the base unit" (page 36). The base unit houses the same logical parts as base module of S2000L "FP" BTS except the I/O field.
2.2.4.2 Extension unit

The extension unit is identical to the base unit except:
The SBCF and I&C interface are removed. The SALCO board is added. In case of single feeder configuration, an 3 dB hybrid combiner is added.
For more information about the extension unit, see Figure 18 "S2000L EP BTS: Extension unit" (page 37) and Figure 20 "S2000L EP BTS single feeder: Logical architecture of the extension unit" (page 39).
2.2.4.3 Battery and Interface module

All types of S2000L BTS use the same optional Battery and Interface module.
34 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description Figure 15 S2000L EP BTS: Base unit
35
Figure 16 S2000L EP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit
Figure 17 S2000L EP BTS single feeder: Logical architecture of the base unit
37
Figure 18 S2000L EP BTS: Extension unit
Figure 19 S2000L EP BTS: Logical architecture of the extension unit
39
Figure 20 S2000L EP BTS single feeder: Logical architecture of the extension unit
2.2.5 Congurations
There are two types of sites:
Single-cell sites are made up of one SBCF and up to four DRXs. Multi-cell sites divide space into sectors where each sector corresponds to one cell. They are made up of an SBCF and one or two DRXs dedicated to each cell.
For more information about cell sites, see Figure 21 "Single-cell and multi-cell sites" (page 41). Configurations for each product are the following. They take into account the diversity reception. Note that the submodules quantities are given only for interest and should be considered as FRUs (Field Replaceable Unit) on no account.
Table 4 Configurations for S2000 H/L BTS S2000H "FP" and "EP" BTS Base unit Extension unit DRX (base / extension) SBCF / SALCO VGA/Splitter (base / extension) HPRF module PA LNA Duplexer Filter Battery and Interface module * O1 1 0 1/0 1/0 2/0 1 1 2 1 1 1 O2 1 0 2/0 1/0 2/0 2 2*1 2*1 2*1 0 1 S11 1 0 2/0 1/0 2/0 2 2*1 2*2 2*1 2*1 1 O4 1 1 2/2 1/1 2/2 4 4*1 4*1 4*1 0 2 S22 1 1 2/2 1/1 2/2 4 4*1 4*1 4*1 4*1 2
(*) The Battery and Interface module is available as an option.
2.3 Power supply distribution Table 5 Configurations for S2000 BTS S2000L "FP" and "EP" BTS Base unit Extension unit DRX (base / extension) SBCF / SALCO LPA (base / extension) LNA (base / extension) Duplexer (base / extension) Battery and Interface module * Figure 21 Single-cell and multi-cell sites O1 1 0 1/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 1 O2/O2 Singlefe eder 1 0 2/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 2/0 1 O4 1 1 2/2 1/1 2/2 2/2 2/2 2 S22 1 1 2/2 1/1 2/2 2/2 2/2 2
41
(*) The Battery and Interface module is available as an option.
2.3 Power supply distribution

2.3.1 Power source
The BTSs are powered by AC main voltage.
2.3.2 Power Supply Units

The S2000H BTS houses a main PSU and a secondary PSU that powers up to two HPRF Modules and BIM if any.
The S2000L BTS houses only a main PSU that powers the BIM if any. The main PSU converts the AC mains voltage into four DC outputs: -48V DC, +5V DC, + 8V DC and +26V DC. The HPRF PSU converts the AC main voltage into -48V DC output only.
2.3.3 Battery and Interface Module

The Battery and Interface Module is an optional box. Located at a short distance from the BTS, it provides three main functions to the BTS.
Termination of utility supply (AC power and Abis connection). Location of batteries for backup of BTS. Lightning protection circuitry for AC, Abis, and alarm relay lines.
For more information, see Figure 22 "Battery and Interface Module" (page 43). The AC power supply and Abis connection are terminated in the Battery and Interface Module that provides a demarcation point between the BTS and the site facilities. The Battery and Interface Module is delivered with cables for connection to the BTS; connected cables exit the Battery and Interface Module to interface with the Base Unit. The cable distribution is made through the Battery and Interface Module. Without this option, the distribution has to be allowed in another way. A battery backup pack is located in the Battery and Interface Module. This provides -48V DC voltage to the Base Unit in case of mains power cut. Additional lightning protection for AC power as well as Abis connection and alarm lines is provided in the Battery and Interface Module. The separation between the Battery and Interface Module and the unit must be between and 9.2 meters (between 3.28 and 30.2 ft) due to cable specifications. For more information about the Battery and Interface Module dimensions, see Nortel GSM BSS Overview (411-9001-001).
2.3 Power supply distribution Figure 22 Battery and Interface Module
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2.4 BTS cabling

2.4.1 Internal cabling 2.4.1.1 S2000 H/L FP BTS
The connectors of the I/O field carry RF Tx from a DRX, RF Rx (main and diversity), AC/DC voltage, DC/data interface, VGA control lines, and VGA/LNA alarm lines. For more information, see Figure 23 "S2000H FP BTS: Base unit connectors" (page 45) and Figure 24 "S2000L FP BTS: Base unit connectors" (page 46).
2.4.1.2 S2000 H/L EP BTS

They are designed in one enclosure and do not need I/O field to connect both modules. For more information, see Figure 25 "S2000H EP BTS: Base unit connectors" (page 47) and Figure 26 "S2000H EP BTS: Extension unit connectors" (page 48). Only the S2000H "EP" BTS has a cross-configuration area and depending on the cabling, it provides different configurations. For more information, see Figure 27 "S2000L EP BTS: Base unit connectors" (page 49).
2.4.1.3 Test and Maintenance interface

The [Test] is for Test and Maintenance interface which consists of:
10Base-T Ethernet connections to each DRX and to the SBCF RS232 ports to each DRX and to the SBCF frame synchronization pulse outputs from each DRX
The main purpose of the Test and Maintenance interface is for factory and radio tests. It can be used to troubleshoot BTS problems in the field, although this procedure is expected to be rare. The Base Unit is shipped with the Test and Maintenance connector sealed by an environmental and EMC cap. The SBCF Ethernet interface conforms to the TIL interface specification. From this interface it is possible to commission the BTS prior to installation, to perform full functional tests and interrogate every entity within the BTS for maintenance or trial purposes.
2.4 BTS cabling 45 Figure 23 S2000H FP BTS: Base unit connectors
Figure 24 S2000L FP BTS: Base unit connectors
2.4 BTS cabling 47
Figure 25 S2000H EP BTS: Base unit connectors
Figure 26 S2000H EP BTS: Extension unit connectors
2.4 BTS cabling 49
Figure 27 S2000L EP BTS: Base unit connectors
Figure 28 S2000L EP BTS: Extension unit connectors
2.4 BTS cabling 51
Figure 29 S2000L EP BTS: Cross-configuration field
2.4.2 External cabling

The incoming cables are distributed by the user interfaces (via the Battery and Interface Module). They carry the AC/DC power supply, as well as the Abis connection and the alarms.
The AC cable is connected to the customers AC panel or to the Battery and Interface Module. The DC cable is connected to the battery located in the Battery and Interface Module. For more information on the wiring, see 2.2 Physical architecture (page 18). The Abis and alarms lines are combined into the Abis cable. This is connected to the Battery and Interface Module or the customers interfaces. It carries external PCMs, six alarms and two relays.
For more information, see Figure 30 "S2000H FP BTS: Connector cabling in S11 configuration" (page 52) to Figure 32 "S2000L FP and EP BTS: Connector cabling in O2 configuration" (page 54).
52 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description Figure 30 S2000H FP BTS: Connector cabling in S11 configuration
2.4 BTS cabling 53
Figure 31 S2000H EP BTS: Connector cabling in S11 configuration
Figure 32 S2000L FP and EP BTS: Connector cabling in O2 configuration
2.4.2.1 Abis link

The external PCM link conforms to the Abis protocol.
2.4 BTS cabling 55
The BTSs are in star or in line configuration. The external PCM link can be connected through the "Battery and Interface" Module.
2.4.2.2 Alarms
The BTS has six external alarm inputs entering the Base Unit. All the alarm inputs have a secondary lightning protection. These inputs enable the BTS to take external contacts state changes into account. All alarms from the HPRF Unit will be multiplexed onto the control interface to the Base Unit. The signaling protocol on the RS485 control interface is a bidirectional four-byte DRX to PA protocol. The pins on the TELCO connector concerning the alarms are the following:
Table 6 Alarm connector and wiring Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Signal name Ground PCM1 TXT 1 (TX1 Tip) PCM1 TXR 1 (TX1 Ring) PCM1 RXT 1 (RX1 Tip) PCM1 RXR 1 (RX1 Ring) PCM2 TXT 2 (TX2 Tip) PCM2 TXR 2 (TX2 Ring) PCM2 RXT 2 (RX2 Tip) PCM2 RXR 2 (RX2 Ring) Alarm 1 GND Alarm 1 Alarm 2 GND Alarm 2 Alarm 3 GND Alarm 3 Alarm 4 GND Alarm 4 Alarm 5 GND Alarm 5 Alarm 6 GND Alarm 6 Reception PCM 2 Transmission PCM2 Reception PCM 1 Function Ground Transmission PCM1
Table 6 Alarm connector and wiring (contd.) Pin 23 24 25 Signal name Function
2.4.3 HPRF cabling (S2000H BTS only)

For more information about the HPFR module connectors, see Figure 33 "HPRF module-single connectors location (FP type)" (page 57) to Figure 35 "HPRF module connectors location (EP type)" (page 58). The HPRF Module may be deployed either close to the BTS or remotely from it up to 70 meters (230 feet) in line configuration or 100 meters (328 feet) cable length in a star configuration. For more information on the configurations, see Figure 4 "S2000H BTS: Line HPRF configuration" (page 20) and Figure 5 "S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration" (page 21)). Interconnection between the BTS and the HPRF Modules uses two types of cables:
The RF cables. For more information, see 2.4.3.1 RF cables (page 56) The DC/DATA interface. For more information, see 2.4.3.2 DC/data cable (page 59) .
2.4.3.1 RF cables
The RF cables carry the transmit and receive signals as well as the synchronization. Each HPRF Module uses its own set of RF cables to connect to the Base Unit following a star configuration with "N" type connectors. An HPRF-S Module uses two RF cables. An HPRF-D Module uses three RF cables. The RF cable consists of the following:
one Tx port two Rx ports including diversity
2.4 BTS cabling 57 Figure 33 HPRF module-single connectors location (FP type)
Figure 34 HPRF module-dual connectors location (FP type)
Figure 35 HPRF module connectors location (EP type)
2.4 BTS cabling 59
2.4.3.2 DC/data cable

The power and data cable assembly, called DC/DATA cable, interfaces the BTS and the remote or collocated HPRF Modules. For more information, see Figure 4 "S2000H BTS: Line HPRF configuration" (page 20) and Figure 5 "S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration" (page 21). The DC/DATA cable is specially designed for the S2000H BTS to provide the required electrical protection. The RS485 standard specifies that the voltage levels of a RS485 signal must not exceed 9 Volts. Thus during a lightning strike, the induced voltage levels on the cable must be limited to 9 Volts by a protection circuitry (MEU (Masthead Electronics Unit) protection PCB) at each end of the interface in the HPRF Unit and the Base Unit. Configurations The two configurations are the following:
Line HPRF configuration: The first HPRF Module is connected directly to the unit, whereas the second module is chained to the first module. For more information, see Figure 4 "S2000H BTS: Line HPRF configuration" (page 20).
Star HPRF configuration: The two HPRF Modules are connected to the unit via a splice box. For more information, see Figure 5 "S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration" (page 21). It allows a parallel DC line cabling which permits to reduce the DC line impedance and consequently to decrease the voltage loss on the line.
MEU Protection PCB The MEU Protection PCB is a circuitry required to provide protection for three pairs of RS485 differential signals (TX+, TX-, RX+, RX-, SYN+, and SYN-) and one pair of -48 V DC signals. The MEUHP board located in the HPRF Unit is protection circuitry against lightning surges and overvoltage on lines and power lines. The MEURF board located in the RF Supply Module of the Base Unit protects the RF lines while the protection circuitry required for the DC/DATA lines is located on the secondary PSU of the Base Unit.
2.4.4 Inter-unit cabling

According to the base unit type, the connection between the base unit ("FP" or "EP" type) and the extension unit ("EP" type only) is different. For more information, see 2.4.1.1 S2000 H/L FP BTS (page 44) and 2.4.1.2 S2000 H/L EP BTS (page 44).
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3.1 Introduction
This chapter gives a brief description of the functional architecture of the S2000H and S2000L BTSs, but does not detail individual modules. It should help the reader to understand the BTS functions discussed in the following chapters. The S2000H/S2000L BTS contains the following subsystems:
3.2 SBCF unit (page 62) 3.3 SALCO board (page 70) 3.4 DRX board (page 71) 3.5 RF module (page 86) 3.6 Internal buses (page 98)
According to the BTS type, the structure of each subsystem is different. For more information, see Figure 36 "Different S2000H and S2000L BTS structures" (page 62). The functional architecture of these subsystems and the internal buses are described in this chapter. For more information, see Figure 37 "Base cabinet functional architecture" (page 64).
62 Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description Figure 36 Different S2000H and S2000L BTS structures
3.2 SBCF unit

The SBCF unit is located in the base unit. It enables communication with the BSC, organizes, stores and broadcasts all the data it receives from the BSC, supervises and uses defense actions on the equipment it controls.
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For more information, see Figure 38 "Organization of SBCF functions" (page 65). Two boards make up the SBCF module:
the SMCF board (small main common functions) does the following:
Control and Switching Management Data Signaling Concentration Synchronization Alarm collecting
the SPCMI board (small PCM interface) does the following:
PCM management electrical fail safe requirements

The SPCMI boards provide an electrical fail safe relay control that guarantees that if the SBCF is not functioning properly, the two external PCM connections are electrically cross connected. This fail safe ensures that failure of one BTS in a daisy chain does not cause the failure of the remaining BTSs in the chain.
3.2.1 Control and Switching management functions 3.2.1.1 Setting up communication with the BSC
When the SBCF is activated, it must be connected to the BSC to work. A link is set up on an external PCM. Since a number of PCM links unite the BTS and BSC, individual PCM links are frequently polled. If connection attempts fail on all the available PCMs, the SBCF resets.
3.2.1.2 Downloading
When communications have been set up with the BSC, the SBCF reports its status. The BSC downloads the software to the BTS for each new system release. The SBCF downloadable files are formed by two catalogue files (BOOT and DLU), containing the list of the files, a configuration file and a file containing BCF code.
3.2.1.3 Synchronization management

At start-up, the SBCF selects the clock from incoming PCM. During LAPD connection, the BTS forces the clock onto the PCM carrying the LAPD.
64 Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description Figure 37 Base cabinet functional architecture
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3.2.1.4 Switching matrix management

The switching matrix management includes the following:
initialization configuration monitoring/defense
Figure 38 Organization of SBCF functions
Each PCM link managed by the switching matrix has the following:
transmission test interface reception test interface idle interface
All PCM 0 time slots are connected to PCM 1 time slots to allow PCM links to be routed when the BTS are chained together (drop and insert technique). Configuration The switching matrix is configured when the BSC requests the SBCF to set up or release a signaling or traffic channel. Signaling channels are set up (or broken off) between a DRX signaling time slot and a non-concentrated link on the SBCF (It is the SBCF that activates the signaling concentration). This may entail (dis)connection between a concentrated link coming from the SBCF and a PCM link time slot on a PCM interface.
66 Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description
Traffic channels are set up (or broken off) between a DRX traffic time slot and a PCM link time slot on a PCM interface.
3.2.1.5 Transmitter-oriented SBCF defense actions

The SBCF undertakes defense actions when it receives alarm messages or when the scanner no longer detects transmitter activity. If the fault involves a change in DRX state, an event report, with impact, is sent to the BSC. If the fault does not involve any DRX state change, an event report without impact is sent to the BSC.
3.2.2 Data Signaling Concentration unit (DSC) function 3.2.2.1 Multiplexing and demultiplexing
The SBCF uses the DSC function to set up communications between the BSC and the other entities that make up the BTS. The LAPD protocol ignores the DSC function that serves concentrator and routing functions. The DSC function reads level 2 addresses (TEI) contained in LAPD frames and, using a routing table, sends the information to another time slot. The time slot may be concentrated (a number of TEI arrive) or not (single TEI).
3.2.2.2 Operation and Maintenance functions

Configuration The SBCF sends the following to the DSC function:
overall configuration connect and disconnect configurations
Overall configuration data includes the following: the size of message queues two queue overflow thresholds The period defining the moment observation messages are sent.
A connection configuration connects a TEI in a single time slot to a second concentrated time slot. Disconnecting may affect a TEI in a single time slot or in a concentrated time slot. Disconnecting a concentrated time slot automatically triggers disconnection of the concentrated TEI it contained.
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3.2.2.2.2 Monitoring The DSC function supervises the following events:
queue overload receipt of unexpected frames PCM link hardware malfunction
3.2.2.2.3 Fault detection The DSC function receives two threshold values from the SBCF that give the overload situation in message transmission queues. When queue thresholds are reached, the DSC function issues start and end-of-alarm messages to the SBCF.
3.2.3 PCM management function

The PCM function interfaces and synchronizes incoming and outgoing PCM links. It converts the external PCM coming from the BSC into internal PCM used by the BTS and also the internal PCM. Each PCMI handles two external PCM links. The PCM function does the following:
converts external PCM links into internal PCM for BTS use verifies link quality using error detection codes matches impedance on the type of PCM link used by the operator
3.2.3.1 Configuration
The PCM function operates independently without SBCF involvement. If the PCM function evolves, any SBCF modification is required. Nevertheless, the SBCF sends a configuration message that contains the following:
the number of erroneous seconds, which defines a window used to evaluate PCM alarms threshold M1 for the frame alignment error counters threshold M2 for the CRC error counter threshold M3 for the coding type error counters
3.2.3.2 Monitoring
The PCM function monitors PCM links and issues fault messages concerning PCM alarms.
3.2.3.3 PCM alarm management

Managing PCM alarms involves frame, multiframe, submultiframe, zero time slot, and frame alignment; CRC is not managed yet.
The TS0 is set aside for the frame alignment signal, multiframe alignment bits, CRC bits, and alarm sending. 3.2.3.3.1 Frame alignment Frame alignment is operated by the frame alignment byte occupying TS0 in every other frame. Upon loss of frame alignment the alarm bit is set to 1 and the frame alignment counter is incremented. PCM alarms Each PCM alarm corresponds to the detection of one anomaly type on the PCM reception. A seriously erroneous second is a second in which an NOS, SIA, RRA, or LOS alarm condition occurred or an FE or CRC counter was overrun. These alarms are indicated by I&C MMI (Man Machine Interface):
LOS: frame lock loss signal Frame lock is considered lost when three consecutive lock signals are received with errors. This is also the case when bit 2 of TS 0 in frames that contain no locking signal is received three times in a row with errors.
SIA: signal indication alarm Not used in GSM 1900 frequency bands. RRA: remote receive signal alarm NOS: no frame signal Upon detecting the beginning of a NOS fault signal, a 64 kbit/s SIA is generated on each TS of the associated internal PCM link, an RRA is sent on the external PCM link, and the application associates a NOS error to the errored second.
FE: error rate fault signal Used in case of 2 Mbit/s external PCM link. Error detection is effected only in operation without CRC. The application counts the incorrect frame lock words received and compares them with the upper and lower thresholds (programmable).
CRC: CRC error signal Not used in GSM 1900 frequency bands. The quest for CRC multiframe lock is associated with frame lock to ensure that the frame lock word found does indeed correspond to a single lock word to which one can lock permanently.
SKP: hop indication reception Not used.
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One cause is associated with each seriously erroneous second. The alarm cause is defined in the following descending order of severity: NOS, SIA, LOS, RRA, BER, and CRC. When the number of seriously erroneous consecutive seconds reaches the number of erroneous seconds (NBSEC) defined in the configuration message, the PCM is designated in a fault condition and a message is sent to the SBCF. The end-of-fault condition is the number NBSEC of consecutive seconds without errors and the end-of-fault message is sent to the SBCF.
3.2.4 Synchronization (SYNC) function

The synchronization function must synchronize the DRXs on a single reference time, GSM time. It supervises the different defense stages.
3.2.4.1 GSM time

The network supplies the reference time via two PCM links. The SBCF selects one of the two clocks and sends it to the synchronization unit. The clock selected has good long-term accuracy that is why it is used by the synchronization module that generates reference time for the radio interface. If the external reference signal is absent, the SBCF generates the GSM Time. It sends the GSM Time to the DRXs by using the GSM TIME channel.
3.2.4.2 Monitoring
The synchronization function is monitored by its own control and monitoring mechanisms, which check that the unit is operating correctly and GSM time is available on the GSM TIME bus. The corresponding alarm is a reference clock failure.
3.2.5 Alarm collecting (ALCO) function

The alarm function collects internal and external BTS alarms. Internal alarms concern equipment parts on which the SBCF does not use any particular detection action, while external alarms are site-dependent. These alarms are sent via the ALCO board to the SBCF, which redirects them to the BSC and displays them on the I&C user interface.
3.3 SALCO board

The SALCO board is located in the extension unit. This board collects alarms that are sent to the base unit via the PCM link which redirects them to the BSC. It replaces SBCF for management of:
DRX power supply (according to temperature) internal alarms heaters VGA gain
It provides the following interfaces: two DRX FH-PCM interfaces two DRX CONFIG interfaces PSU fails alarms: DC fail and AC fail the ground one interface for FH/V11 with the base unit one alarm interface for 6 external alarm pairs two MEU&RF Alarm/Control/Power interfaces to the HPRF modules
The SALCO board is based on RECAL design: microcontroller HDLC controller static RAM
For more information, see S8000/S8002 BTS Reference Manual, Chapter RECAL board.
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3.4 DRX board

The DRX board has a logical part and a radio part. For more information, see Figure 39 "DRX architecture" (page 72).
3.4.1 DRX logical part

The DRX logical part is made up of four units:
AMNU DCU8 BDT TX logic
3.4.1.1 AMNU unit

The AMNU unit manages the DRXs. It manages the eight time slots of a TDMA frame, and the radio signaling functions. These functions can be broken down into operating and maintenance functions (O&M) and into radiosignaling function (RSL). For more information, see Figure 40 "AMNU functions" (page 72). The following Operation and Maintenance functions are processed by the Frame management unit (AMNU):
start-up, downloading, and initialization configuration monitoring/defense
Start-up/Downloading/Initialization The AMNU is started by a hardware reset or a reinitialization message sent by the SBCF. The DRX subsystem can be downloaded only after that the SBCF is downloaded and that the units of site management, cell management, and Abis signaling of the DRXs have been configured.
72 Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description Figure 39 DRX architecture
Figure 40 AMNU functions
The SBCF systematically initiates a downloading phase of the catalogue files and of the following software units:
AMNU SPU
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DLU BOOT TX BDT BIST of the SPUs
Follow by a re-flashing of the units for which the software versions are different. Configuration The DRX is configured by the SBCF by means of an SBCF/DRX link on private PCMs. Configuration can be broken down into:
a general configuration:
configuration of the TDMA frame

time slot configurations:
configuration of radio time slots configuration of the frequency hop

Configuration of the TDMA frame provides the DRX with parameters shared by the whole cell such as:
cell identity (BSIC) BCCH frequency indication of frequency hop implementation cell type (normal or extended)
and with parameters specific to the DRX: the frequency of the TDMA frame if there is no frequency hopping indication of implementation of diversity in reception
The TDMA frame cannot be dynamically configured. A change of configuration requires a re-start of the downloaded software. The configuration of the radio time slot specifies the type of logical channel to use for a time slot. The configuration of the frequency hop specifies, for a time slot, the list of frequencies to use as well as sequencing. This configuration is optional and only appears if the frequency hop was requested in the TDMA frame configuration.
Monitoring The SBCF regularly sends status requests to the DRX to detect any problems on the OML link. LAPD break The LAPD, OML and RSL links are monitored by a timer. If level 2 loss is detected, the BSC and the AMNU try to reconnect. If connection has not been made by the end of the time-out, the AMNU is reinitialized. Event reports The AMNU collects all events detected by the DRX equipment. It carries out filtration, and reports errors to the BSC. Transmission error reports and fault management on RX-splitters alarms are sent through the SBCF. The AMNU filters to prevent repetition of non-transient events, which means it can send the BSC a single indication. The AMNU sends errors to the BSC by sending "event report" messages through the SBCF. There are two types of these messages:
transient messages which are not acknowledged by the BSC non-transient messages which must be acknowledged by the BSC and which are repeated by AMNU until they are acknowledged.
The radio signaling function supports two Signal Processing Units (SPU). Each SPU manages one time slot. Two versions of the SPU software are available. One corresponds to propagation conditions in rural area and the other to propagation conditions in urban area. For the rural areas the algorithm parameter equals zero where as it is set at the value 0.5 for urban areas in this later case, the interferer cancellation algorithm is active. The radio signaling functions can be broken down into four groups of functions:
level 1 radio access level 2 radio management of LAPDm signaling level 3 radio management, which is made up of two functions:
radio resources management radio measurements management
operation and maintenance
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Level 1 radio access Level 1 radio access makes it possible to manage dialogue between the AMNU signaling function and the SPU processors which are connected to the AMNU. It offers the following:
configuration of operating modes for each SPU SPU control transmission and reception of data on the radio channel, respecting methods for slaving to the radio frequency.
Level 2 radio management Level 2 radio management manages the LAPDm level 2 signaling on the radio channels. Radio resources management (radio level 3) Radio level 3 provides the following functions:
level 2 management on the common channels control of level 2 functions on dedicated channels activation of the common channels organization of the Common Control CHannel (CCCH) including chaining and repetition of paging messages and transmission of dedicated channel allocation messages activation or deactivation of dedicated channels, implementation of ciphering and channel mode changes providing SPU processors with system information on the SAACH and BCCH channels detection of "random access" and "hand over access" detection of radio link attenuation (monitoring of the upstream SACCH channel) verifiable by the OMC sending the mobile transmission power change
Radio measurements management (level 3 radio) This provides the following functions:
return of interference measurements carried out by the SPU processors on the inactive dedicated channels and transmission of these measurements to the AMNU concatenation of measurements made by the SPUs on the active dedicated channels and those transferred by the mobile over the same period
Operation and maintenance functions These functions provide configuration and de-configuration of the time slots and frequency hopping functions.
3.4.1.2 DCU8 unit

The DCU8 unit consists of an interface sub-unit between the radio reception and the signal processing (ASIC BB-FILT) and the two time slot processing submodules each handing four time slots. ASIC BB-FILT The BB_FILT ASIC constitutes the interface between the signal processing unit of the DRX and the radio RX module on the one hand and the ciphering ASIC on the other. It carries out the band-pass filtering of the digital samples output by the radio RX module and generates the FH bus. A single BB_FILT ASIC processes all eight TSs of the radio frame. The functions provided by this ASIC includes the following:
GSM time reception interface providing the synchronization of the DSPs on the radio frame on transmission:
recording of the TX parameters and of the ciphering key supplied

by the EGAL DSPs
transfer of the ciphering key to the CHIF ASIC reading of the ciphering template from CHIF ciphering of the parameters and transmission on the FH bus
on reception:
recording of the RX parameters and of the ciphering key supplied

by the EGAL DSPs
programming of both synthesizers generation of channel and sampling frequency selection signals
for the analog to digital converter
base-band filtering of the digital samples output by the converter selection of the best gain for each channel (normal and diversity) transfer of these selected filtered samples to the EGAL DSP transfer of the deciphering key to the CHIF ASIC reading of the deciphering template from CHIF and transfer of the
template to the EGAL DSP
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SPU The SPU carries out processing associated with the transmission layer, and to this end, it executes a number of functions, such as:
demodulation of GMSK signal at reception ciphering/deciphering of sent and received data coding/decoding and interleaving/de-interleaving of data from the various channels coding/decoding of voice and data (from 13 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s and also from 16 kbit/s to 13 kbit/s) transfer of discontinuous transmission (DTX) signal control of transmitters and receivers
For more information, see Figure 41 "SPU reception functions" (page 78) and Figure 42 "SPU transmission functions" (page 78). Demodulation function Demodulation consists of extracting, from the GMSK signal received, the binary data transmitted, that is 144 bits for a normal burst and 36 bits for an access burst. This is done for the eight time slots of the radio channel. The demodulation principle selected takes into account the inter-symbol interference resulting from smoothing of the transmission phase transitions (limitation of the transmitted spectrum), multiple path phenomena, and distortion introduced by the channel filter upon reception. Implementation of this type of demodulator requires modification of the transmission channel concerning pulse response, frequency deviation, and reception times. Determining these parameters is part of the job of the demodulation function. The receiver has the space diversity function. Both received channels are combined in an equalizer which carries out joint equalization. For each of these channels, the pulse response as well as the C/I+N ratio are estimated. These ratios are used to weight the predictions and samples of each channel. The symbols from the equalizer are then decrypted, de-interleaved and decoded to restore the control messages and traffic sent by the mobile. Ciphering/deciphering function The fluxes of binary symbols sent and received on each time slot on the TCH or SDCCH are encrypted one bit at a time, in compliance with the ciphering/deciphering algorithm.
The ciphering or deciphering operation protects confidentiality of voice and signaling. It consists of adding binary bits, one by one, between sent and received data and a binary train (the ciphering sequence), generated from a ciphering key and the TDMA frame number of the time slot.
Figure 41 SPU reception functions
Figure 42 SPU transmission functions
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Coding/decoding and interleaving/de-interleaving functions All traffic and control logic channels are coded to protect useful information against transmission errors. Each channel has its own coding scheme usually including the following steps for each block:
protection of data bits with parity bits or a block code coding of the "data bits + check bits" unit with a convolution code; this operation gives coded bits rearrangement and interleaving of the coded bits burst formatting
For data, the coding procedure depends on the rate. The interleaving level is higher for data than for voice. Some channels do not use the coding schemes described above, in particular the RACH, FCCH and SCH channels, for which interleaving on several times slots does not exist. Mobile transmission timing advance function The BTS must measure the delay on the received signal when the mobile station makes itself known. This measurement, known as timing advance, is forwarded in the dedicated channel assignment message (immediate assignment) to the MS, which uses this parameter to anticipate its transmission timing. During the call establishment, the BTS computes the timing advance value and sends it within CHANNEL REQUIRED message to the BSC. If this value is above the threshold, then the BSC rejects the call establishment. In ongoing call conditions, the timing advance is calculated at regular intervals and sent to the MS over the downlink SACCH channel. The calculation is based on the following:
other measurements taken during demodulation the timing advance used by the mobile station that is returned in the layer 1 header of the uplink SACCH
Discontinuous transmission (DTX) Discontinuous transmission allows signals to be sent over the radio channel alone when a speech signal is present. This limits interference and MS power consumption. For each call, the MSC indicates whether the BSS "does not use" or "may use" the DTX.
The principle behind discontinuous transmission is as follows:
The base or mobile vocoder has a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) that detects if the frame constructed every 20 milliseconds contains speech. If the frame does not contain speech, the vocoder constructs a special frame called the SIlence Descriptor (SID) that contains all the background noise description elements. This frame is sent to produce a comfort noise at the far end and radio transmission stops. The vocoder periodically reassesses the ambient noise and reconstructs the SID frame. The frame produced in this way is sent in step with the SACCH (once every four 26-frame multiframes or 480 milliseconds) When the vocoder detects new speech activity, a special SID frame indicating the End Of Silence (EOS) is sent, and normal speech frame sending resumes. On the receive end, additional processing sequences interpret the incoming traffic frame types (speech, SID, and FACCH) using the related flags (BFI, SID, and TAF) and perform the appropriate operations. The DTX allows for data in a non-transparent mode.
BCCH filling The BCCH frequency must be transmitted continuously so mobile stations can perform field strength measurements in neighboring cells. Continuous transmission is accomplished in the following ways:
When frequency hopping is not used, the TRX uses the BCCH frequency as the carrier frequency for all the channels it supports. The TRX sends fillers on the BCCH frequency although it may have nothing to send in a given time slot. When frequency hopping is being used, one of the following occurs:
The hopping laws authorize permanent BCCH transmission and

all the TRXs help fill operations.
The hopping laws do not authorize permanent transmission and a

transmitter is required to enable BCCH "filling" independently and take over when the hopping laws step down.
ATTENTION
The laws that enable permanent transmission on the BCCH are effective only for cavity coupling.
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Transmitter and receiver control The SPU controls a transmitter and a receiver. It calculates the frequency hop law and determines the frequencies to synthesize. The transmitter is controlled by the FH bus. The SPU sends the following to the transmitter:
the power and frequency to use the bits to send the time synchronization signal
The SPU sends the following to the receiver: the frequency to use for the following time slot the synchronization clock signal the GSM TIME synchronization signal
The SPU receives the following from the receiver: digitized samples from the reception channel the scale factor (gain) the receiver alarms
Radio measurement processing The Radio Measurement Processing performed by the BTS ensures that the network and the mobiles can communicate with each other with minimum interference at the lowest possible transmission power and with the best transmission quality. Measurements processed by the BTS include signal strength and signal quality. The mobile takes measurements in the downlink direction (BTS ? MS), while the BTS takes them in the uplink direction (MS ? BTS). Other measurements include signal strength on the BCCH frequency of the surrounding cells and the MS_BTS distance. The BTS averages these measurements for each connection. The averaged measurements are then used as the basis for a decision-making process for the following:
power control call clearing inter-cell handover intra-cell handover
The BTS sends the interference measurements done by the inactive channels to the BSC.
3.4.1.3 BDT unit

The BDT (time base) unit regenerates GSM TIME signals. The GSM TIME is distributed to the BDT unit of each DRX by means of the GSM TIME channel of the private PCM every 60 ms. The value of the propagation delay is sent to the DRX by means of the OML link of the private PCM. From this data, each DRX makes the necessary corrections and regenerates the GSM TIME bus. If, for any reason, the GSM time is not distributed on the BDT unit, the BDT unit maintains the GSM TIME bus signals locally and continues to provide the GSM time to the DRX units. The BDT unit is made up of a logic block and a calculation block. Logic block The BDT unit receives a 26 MHz clock signal derived from the radio unit clock. This clock signal has the same stability properties as the 4Fbit clock signal provided by the BCF synchronization board and is more stable in the short term. The logic block generates the following signals:
H4Fb (clock at four times bit frequency) STRTM (recurrent pulse at 577 microseconds) TIME_DATA (containing T1, T2, T3, and TN)
Calculation block The calculation block synchronizes the H4Fb and STRTM signals with the synchronization unit signals of the BCF. In addition, it updates the values T1, T2, T3, and TN. The synchronization principle consists of forcing a divider-by-24 counter to divide by 23 (if the BDT is slow) or by 25 (if it is fast). This way, every 23 or 25 periods of 26 MHz (depending on whether the slow BDT is accelerated or the fast BDT is slowed down), the BDT corrects to 26 MHz.
3.4.1.4 TX logic unit

The main role of the TX logic unit is to control the radio subassembly in real time. It receives the BCF configuration commands from the AMNU. It carries out the processing and sends back reports. The TX logic unit recognizes two types of power amplifier, PA or LPA depending on the BTS type. So it knows if any LNA alarms have to be expected.
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Once configured, the TX logic unit reads, on each time slot, the data present on the FH bus. Then it calculates the frequency code and the power code to be used with the radio interface. Transmission power In general, radio power is determined by two inputs. One controls the maximum static power and the other gives the dynamic attenuation at each time slot. The static power is given by the CSWM in the CONFIG message. The TX calculates attenuation to compensate for cable loss between the TX-driver and the power amplifier. The compensation coefficient is dynamically updated when the slave loop is initialized. Adjustment sensitivity is 2 dB. The dynamic power is provided by the ASIC of the TX logical unit. Its software reads the value and commands the TX-driver accordingly. In the case of a BCCH filler, the additional attenuation introduced is always zero. The power values that the TX and the mobile have to use are fixed by the BTS according to a control algorithm using the measurements results that it makes and the thresholds stockpiled in the OMC. The mobile and the BTS power control can be inhibited by the OMC. The power control aim is to minimize the interferences, ensure good transmission quality, and save the mobiles batteries. Power slaving The setpoint value is slaved to compensate for gain variations of the transmission chain. Two slaving loops are used to compensate for attenuation in the gain chain. For more information, see Figure 43 "Power slaving diagram" (page 84). These loops may be in the following states:
Open: This state is used for calibration of the internal loop with the external loop. Initialization: This state is used for loop start-up. Error: A loop is in error when it is not longer in correspondence with the setpoint. Closed: A loop is closed when it is in slow slaved mode.
3.4.2 DRX radio part

The DRX radio part is made up of three units:
the Fref reference unit the receiver unit the transmitter unit
Figure 43 Power slaving diagram
3.4.2.1 Reference module

The reference frequency for all local oscillators is derived from the Fref frequency supplied by the VCXO, itself derived from the 4.096 MHz signal provided by the DRX logical part.
3.4.2.2 Receiver unit (RX)

The receiver unit (RX) has the following two main functions:
conversion of the radio frequency band signal to a base band signal digitalization of the base band signal
The base band signal is then sent in binary form with its scale factor to the DRX logical part.
3.4 DRX board
85
Receiver configuration The receiver configuration is done by the DRX logical part, which sends:
the reception frequency to be used for the following time slot. the synchronization clock signal. the GSM time synchronization signal.
Receiver monitoring The receiver monitors internal equipment: microprocessor and Phase Lock Loops (PLL). If there is a failure or other problem, it generates the following alarm:
microprocessor fault frequency range not respected (if the frequency to synthesize as requested by the DRX logical part is incorrect) PLL loss of alignment (if one of the receiver PLLs is not aligned)
3.4.2.3 Transmitter unit (TX)

The transmitter unit generates a low-power radio signal which will be amplified by the Power Amplifier (PA). An I/Q quadrature modulator is used to generate the GMSK signal before radio filtering and dynamic power adjustment. The radio power to be generated by the transmitter is not constant. The power peak can be adjusted by means of the BSC as a function of the size of the cells and the set of reusable frequencies. In addition, the power peak can vary from one time slot to the other without optimization of the interface report.
3.4.3 DRX shutting down

The two actions mentioned hereafter can be performed by a unique command for better efficiency in shutting down the DRX.
3.4.3.1 DRX soft blocking

The DRX soft blocking consists in setting a DRX "out of service" without stopping the calls established on this DRX. If possible, an intra-cell handover is performed for those calls to release the DRX more quickly. Otherwise, the DRX will be released after the normal completion of the calls.
3.4.3.2 DRX soft blocking coupled with a forced handover

To speed up the DRX shutting down, the DRX soft blocking can be coupled with a forced handover. The calls will be handed over a neighbor cell if the signal strength is over the handover threshold for that cell.
3.5 RF module
The RF module is the interface between the DRXs and the BTS antenna connectors. It supports transmit and receive paths. For more information about the coupling system of the base unit, see Figure 44 "S2000H FP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O1 configuration" (page 87) to Figure 51 "S2000L EP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O2 configuration" (page 94). The coupling system of the extension unit is identical.
3.5.1 Common parts

The coupling subsystem includes the following:
duplexers Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) Power Amplifiers (PA)
3.5.1.1 Duplexer
It provides the following:
simultaneous transmission and reception with a single antenna filtering for reception and transmission:
rejection of out-of-band signals on receive path attenuation of PA harmonics and spurious on the transmit path 3.5.1.2 LNA
The LNA is a reception amplifier. Its main function is to provide amplification of the weak signals from the receive antenna and set up the overall system noise figure.
3.5.1.3 PA or LPA
The PA (for S2000H) or the LPA (for S2000L) amplifies the RF transmit signal originating from the DRX to a level appropriate for transmission.
3.5.2 S2000H specic parts

The additional package for high RF output power capability includes the following:
UVGA/Splitters (Universal Variable Gain Amplifier) RX filters for one DRX/cell configuration
Through the use of UVGA/Splitters and filters, the antennas may be shared for receiver diversity.
3.5 RF module Figure 44 S2000H FP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O1 configuration
87
Figure 45 S2000H FP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O2 configuration
3.5 RF module
89
Figure 46 S2000H FP BTS: Coupling subsystem in S11 configuration
Figure 47 S2000H EP BTS: Coupling subsystem in cross-configuration
3.5 RF module
91
Figure 48 S2000L FP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O1 configuration
Figure 49 S2000L EP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O1 configuration
3.5 RF module
93
Figure 50 S2000L FP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O2 configuration
Figure 51 S2000L EP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O2 configuration
3.5 RF module
95
3.5.2.1 VGA/Splitter
The VGA/Splitter module has two objectives:
The main function of the module is maintaining a constant overall system gain (from the antenna connector to the Receiver) for a feeder of 1 dB loss down to 10 dB in all environmental conditions including connectors losses. The second function is to split the signal into two signals when requested.
3.5.2.2 Receive filter

The receive filter provides the necessary frequency band roofing filtering requirements for RX diversity paths.
3.5.3 S2000L EP specic part 3.5.3.1 3 dB hybrid combiner

The 3 dB hybrid combiner is used for the single feeder configuration to combine the two Tx signals. For more information, see Figure 52 "S2000L EP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O2 single feeder configuration" (page 97).
3.5 RF module Figure 52 S2000L EP BTS: Coupling subsystem in O2 single feeder configuration
97
3.6 Internal buses

The following buses are the internal interfaces (see Figure 53 "S2000H/L base unit architecture" (page 99)):
FH bus Private PCM bus
3.6.1 FH bus
The FH bus links together all logical DRXs. According to the coupling modes, the FH bus and the transmitters connected to it ensure frequency hopping and the filling of the BCCH frequency. The FH bus is a V11 (series) bus. It is one-way and carries the signals in RS485 standard. Each message is transmitted in synchronization with the 4Fbit clock and includes the following:
the system time on six bytes (flag included) the address of the DRX that transmits the information on one byte the code of the send frequency on 10 bits the send power commands on one byte the NRZ message of the send data on 19 bytes
Up to four transmitters can be connected to this bus. The FH bus authorizes frequency hopping regardless of the number of DRXs.
3.6.2 Private PCM bus

Up to two private PCMs support data between the SBCF and the DRXs or the SALCO board. Each private PCM can support up to four DRXs. Each private PCM has a 64 kbit/s time slot (TS) distributed to all DRXs and carrying the GSM TIME signal (TS31). Each private PCM has, for each DRX:
three TSs (64 kbit/s logical channels) of transparent data (traffic/signaling) one TS (64 kbit/s logical channel) for the O&M channel
3.6 Internal buses Figure 53 S2000H/L base unit architecture
99
A group of six TSs, three of which are used, is allocated to each DRX, as follows:
TS 0 of the private PCMs is reserved for tests and does not support a traffic channel. A 4 096 kHz clock, slaved to the 4Fbit clock of the synchronization board, is used for bit synchronization of the private PCM.
3.6.2.1 The Operating and Maintenance channel

The O&M channel is carried by an TS of the private PCM and supports O&M with the DRXs. It is a duplex two-way channel. Each DRX has its own O&M channel, present on the only private PCM which links the DRX to the SBCF. O&M data is only sent on the O&M channel of the DRX selected on the private PCM bus.
3.6.2.2 The GSM TIME channel

This one-way logical channel transports the GSM TIME signal to each DRX. It is carried by bit 7 of TS 31 of the private PCM. The transmission speed of the resulting transmission channel is 8 kbit/s.
100
A correction value is sent to each DRX over the OML link of the private PCM. This value corresponds to the delays caused by propagation. Each DRX can therefore locally regenerate a synchronous GSM TIME bus with the SBCF subsystem bus. The refresh period must be a multiple of an occurrence between the GSM TIME base (577 s) and the PCM time base (125 s). The selected refresh period is 60 ms. Such a 60-ms frame contains three parts:
Synchronization flag Useful data Filler bits
101

4.1 Software presentation
BTS software is divided into downloadable files and onboard FLASH EPROMs.
4.1.1 Downloadable les

The SBCF downloads these files via the Abis interface. There are two sets of files:
SBCF downloadable files DRX downloadable files
Each set is arranged in a file catalogue that contains the list of files and the files themselves.
4.1.2 Flash EPROMs

They are all installed on SBCF.
4.1.2.1 SBCF software

SBCF software function is described in the following table:
Function SBCF software Software product name PE_SBCF_B Software product type LOAD
4.1.2.2 DRX software

The DRX software includes several software products:
BOOT AMNU SPU BIST BDT
102
TX TOOLS
Software product BOOT SPU Software product name PE_AMNU_B PE_SPU2G_EGAL1_L or PE_SPU2G_EGAL2_L PE_TX_L PE_BDT_L PE_AMNU_L PE_SPU2G_BIST PE_TOOLS Software product type BOOT APPLI
TX BDT AMNU SPU_BIST TOOLS
TX APPLI BDT APPLI AMNU APPLI BIST APPLI
4.2 Software functions

BTS software is distributed among three major units:
The Small Base Common Functions unit (SBCF) is designed to manage the following functions and interfaces:
ALCO, DSC, and SYNC functions DRX and PCM interfaces
The DRX unit is designed to transmit and receive (modulate and demodulate) and manage TDMA frames on the radio channel. The TIL unit is used for in-factory testing of the BTS. It is also used to configure, control, and supervise the BTS on site.
For more information about the BTS software, see Figure 54 "Software functions" (page 104) This chapter uses the following terms:
BIST: Built In Self-Test programs of a BTS subsystem subassembly. These tests validate a subassembly intrinsically, without disturbing the other subassemblies. An example is the AMNU BIST, which tests the components (such as memory) of the AMNU unit on the DRX logical board. Self-tests: Global, functional test programs, which use several subassemblies in order to validate an assembly (such as the DRX). These tests can be broken down into tests of more or less elementary functions. This may require external equipment (so the term may be misleading).
103
Downloading: A process which consists of installing, in the DRX (logical part), software from an external entity (terminal, Ethernet network, and BSC). Loading: A process used to load, into the subassemblies of the DRX (logical part), the software it requires for its nominal operation.
4.2.1 DRX software functions

The DRX is located in the cabinet. It is downloaded by the BSC, configured by the BSC and the SBCF, and supervised by the SBCF through SBCF/DRX protocol. The DRX serves as a gateway between the radio channel and the BSC. It handles both signaling and voice for all the logical channels carried by a given TDMA frame. The DRX has four functions:
The AMNU (LAPDm, L3 RSL, and L3 O&M) is the DRXs management unit. The SPU is a gateway between the radio network and the BSC. TX and RX manage radio transmission and reception. The BDT manages the GSM TIME.
104
Figure 54 Software functions
105
L3 O&M AMNU
This software unit centralizes the operating and maintenance functions as follows:
initialization and monitoring of BISTs connection with Abis downloading and software marking configuration defense and alarms tool functions transmission of O&M to TX
L3 RSL
This software unit represents the Radio Resource (RR) and the radio measurements function (L1M) in the BTS, as follows:
radio link layer management dedicated channel management common channel management DRX management error handling measurement collecting measurement pre-processing (for power control by the BTS, and for call clearing and handover decision for the BSC)
LAPDm
This software unit provides the LAPDm radio level 2 protocol with the mobile.
SPU
This software unit enables the level 1 radio communication with the mobile to transmit and receive the following:
gateway between radio and terrestrial network (Abis) for the traffic channel multiplexing and demultiplexing of the logical channels on physical channels
106
RX
This software unit provides the radioelectrical reception function.
L3 TX
This software unit manages and monitors radio transmission. It is installed in each DRX board. It sets the transmitter operation mode, defines the FH bus input from which the TX should read data, and defines the transmission power to be used. It also forwards TX alarms to the SBCF and controls the Power Amplifier (PA).
L1 BDT
This software unit extracts the GSM TIME carried on the PCMs (GSM TIME TS) for the BDT unit.
LAPD
This software unit manages the LAPD link level 2 protocol on PCM between DRX and BSC.
4.2.2 SBCF software functions

The Small Base Common Functions unit (SBCF) is located in the cabinet. It is downloaded by the BSC. The SBCF provides the interface between the BTS and its Base Station Controller (BSC). It also handles the following functions:
It sets the signaling channel and physical path concentration. It generates and distributes the GSM time to the DRXs. It monitors and detects all BTS alarms. It correlates some BTS alarms in order to provide the BSC a logical state of the BTS, by using the event reporting procedure. The DRX is monitored by the SBCF. It provides local protection of some BTS modules, by implementing redundant equipment units.
Synchronization function level 3 layer

This software unit monitors synchronization switching function and sends a message to the SBCF whenever switching occurs.
Alarm function level 3 layer

This software unit makes it possible to set alarm loops under SBCF control. It sends all alarm and control loop states to the SBCF.
Dual PCM link function level 3 layer

This software unit makes it possible to monitors the two associated PCM link operations. It also carries out signaling to the SBCF when a failure occurs.
107
Concentrator function level 3 layer

This software unit concentrates the signaling of several DRX units onto the BSC signaling channel and conversely separates BSC signaling and routes it towards the DRX units.
RACE
This level formats into frames the character flow coming from RACE, and routes these frames towards the OMC.
LAPD management
This software unit manages a LAPD link between the SBCF and the BSC and between the SBCF and the DRXs, through the use of the Data Signaling Concentration function.
L3 O&M SBCF
The main functions of this layer are the following:
conversion between GSM entities and hardware entities configuration of the internal PCM links configuration of the FH bus
4.2.3 TIL software functions

TIL is an application running on a PC in the WINDOWS environment. The TIL application is connected via Ethernet to the SBCF. The TIL is designed to do the following:
validate the BTS in the factory install the BTS site perform diagnostics of hardware problems check equipment substitution check the equipment extension within a cabinet
Ethernet
This unit is installed in the PC. It provides the level 1 and 2 communication layer. Level 1 is a hardware driver. The level 2 protocol is an LAPD UI frame. TCP-IP Protocol is used.
L3 TIL
This software unit manages BTS equipment and integrates the factory and installation test environment.
108
The TIL takes the following testing into consideration:
the conformity of the cabinet configuration the validity of the data links the external BTS PCMs the connectors in the cabinet for cabinet extensions
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
Nortel GSM BTS S2000H/S2000L Fundamentals

Release: V18.0 PC2 Publication: 411-9001-035 Document revision: 18.03 Document release date: 13 January 2010 Copyright 1999-2009 Nortel Networks. All Rights Reserved. While the information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable, except as otherwise expressly agreed to in writing NORTEL PROVIDES THIS DOCUMENT "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. The information and/or products described in this document are subject to change without notice.
Nortel, Nortel Networks, the Nortel logo, and the Globemark are trademarks of Nortel Networks. _ 17+ 18+ All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
To provide feedback or to report a problem in this document, go to www.nortel.com/documentfeedback. www.nortel.com

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Nortel GSM BTS S2000H/S2000L Fundamentals

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Introduction Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction

Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

4 2.4.3 HPRF cabling (S2000H BTS only) 2.4.4 Inter-unit cabling 59 56

Chapter 3 S2000H and S2000L BTS functional description

Chapter 4 S2000H and S2000L BTS software description

New in this release

This document contains no feature updates in this release.

6 New in this release

Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction

S2000H FP (First Packaging) S2000H EP (Enhanced Packaging)

1.2 S2000L BTS introduction

S2000L FP (First Packaging) S2000L EP (Enhanced Packaging)

10 Chapter 1 BTS S2000H and S2000L introduction

Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

2.1.1 Dimensions, weights and power supplies

height : 408 mm (16.1 in.) depth : 238 mm (9.4 in.)

740 mm (29.1) 542 mm (21.3) 197 mm (7.6) 32 kg (71) 12 kg (26)

790 mm (31.1) 273 mm (10.7) 329 mm (13) 20 kg (44.1) 10 kg (22)

740 mm (29.1) 273 mm (10.7) 329 mm (13) 20 kg (44.1) 7 kg (15)

650 mm (25.6) 540 mm (21.3) 200 mm (7.9) 31.4 kg (69.2) 10 kg (22.1)

740 mm (29.1) 540 mm (21.3) 200 mm (7.9) 31.4 kg (69.2) 14 kg (30.9)

650 mm (25.6) 540 mm (21.3) 200 mm (7.9) 31 kg (68.4) 8 kg (18)

12 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

Single phase 220-240 VAC Split phase 240 VAC

2.1.2 Mounting plate

2.1.3 Sunshield and cosmetic front panel

2.1 Physical characteristics

14 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

Figure 2 Example of BTS part assembly

2.1 Physical characteristics

Figure 3 HPRF module types

2.1.6 Internal antennas (S2000L EP BTS only)

16 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

2.1.7 DRX heater

2.1.7.1 Heater operation

2.1.8 Lightning protection

2.1 Physical characteristics

2.1.9 Cooling 2.1.9.1 Natural convection cooling

2.1.10 Humidity control

18 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

2.2 Physical architecture

2.2 Physical architecture

2.2.1.1 Base unit

The I/O field is shared by the two parts.

2.2.1.2 HPRF module

2.2.1.3 Battery and Interface Module

2.2 Physical architecture

Figure 5 S2000H BTS: Star HPRF configuration

22 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

Figure 6 S2000H FP BTS: Base unit

2.2 Physical architecture

Figure 7 S2000H FP BTS: Logical architecture of the base unit

2.2.2 S2000H EP BTS

24 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description

2.2.2.1 Base unit

2.2.2.2 Extension unit

2.2.2.3 Other modules

2.2 Physical architecture Figure 8 S2000H EP BTS: Base unit

26 Chapter 2 S2000H and S2000L BTS hardware description