ECE230 Lec#1 - 13 PDF

LCL 230 - L|ectromagnenc Waves
Ia|| 2013
rofessor koman Sobo|ewsk|
CS8 42S, phone: 27S 1SS1, e-ma||:
roman.sobo|ewsk|Qrochester.edu

Cmce hours: Wed. 1:00 - 2:00 M or by appo|ntment.
1 LCL230, lecLure#1
Course Descr|pnon
1LM waves |n transm|ss|on ||ne structures, trans|ent and
steady-state so|unons. App||canons |n d|g|ta| c|rcu|ts and |n
commun|canon networks. Maxwe||'s equanons and wave
equanon |n homogeneous med|a. |ane waves |n
homogenous |oss-|ess and |ow-|oss med|a. L|near and
c|rcu|ar po|ar|zanon. Wave propaganon |n |ossy]conducnng
med|a and sk|n eect. D|po|e rad|anon, transce|ver and
rece|ver antennas, and antenna arrays. Sate|||te
commun|canons and hber opnca| commun|canons.
uantum commun|canons and quantum cryptography.
Laboratory and kI equ|pment.
rerequ|s|tes: M1n163, M1n164, n122, LCL113.
4-cred|t course: 4 eng|neer|ng sc|ence cred|ts, 0 des|gn
cred|ts.
2 LCL230, lecLure#1
1extbook
Ma|n 1extbook (requ|red):
l. 1. ulaby, L. Mlchlelssen, and u. 8avaloll:
lundamenLals of Applled LlecLromagneucs
6/L, renuce Pall, 2010.

Supp|ementary 1extbooks:
C. 8. aul, LlecLromagneucs for Lnglneers (WlLh Appllcauons Lo
ulglLal SysLems and LlecLromagneuc lnLerference), Wllley, 2004.
S. M. WenLworLh, Applled LlecLromagneucs, Wllley, 2007.
W. P. PayL !r and !.A. 8uck, Lnglneerlng LlecLromagneucs,
McCraw-Plll, 2012.
3 LCL230, lecLure#1
Lectures
1uesday and 1hursday - 9:40 AM - 10:SS AM,
GAV310.
Lecture notes are to be posted on the LCL230
8|ackboard s|te.
4 LCL230, lecLure#1
Laborator|es
Monday: 11 AM-1:40 M and Monday: 4:S0 M-7:30 M
GAV306 |aboratory.
1hree pre|abs and three |ab sess|ons per student team.
Lab. reports must be |ndependent|y wr|uen by each
student and are due before the next re|ab.
Lab ass|gnments are |ntegra| to the course, so you shou|d
annc|pate quesnons based upon them, e.g., on the exam.
Lab and re|ab parnc|panon |s mandatory (auendance
w||| be taken). Ia||ure to comp|ete the LCL230 |ab resu|ts
|n the automanc "I" grade.
3 LCL230, lecLure#1
kec|tanons
1uesday - 6:0S M - 7:30 M, CS8S23.

kec|tanons w||| be devoted to numer|ca|
prob|ems, |||ustranng the course ma|n concepts
d|scussed |n c|ass, and to the extens|ve rev|ew
of homework prob|ems. 1hey a|so cover |n
depth aux|||ary mater|a|, such, e.g., phasors,
vector ca|cu|us, etc.
arnc|panon |s not mandatory, but nIGnL
recommended (w||| cut your work on homework
rough|y |n ha|f :-)).
6 LCL230, lecLure#1
nomework
Approx|mate|y every week, due on 1hursday
|n c|ass (tota| of 10 ass|gnments, |owest
grade w||| be dropped).
nomework prob|ems, as we|| as so|unons
(aher the due date) w||| be posted on the
LCL230 8|ackboard S|te.
Late homework w||| not be graded.
7 LCL230, lecLure#1
ro[ect
Cne |ndependent computer]web-based
pro[ect. 1he ro[ect deta||s w||| be d|str|buted
|n ear|y Cctober.
1he pro[ect w||| be due before the end on the
semester.
Lab 1As w||| superv|se the pro[ect and w||| be
ava||ab|e for he|p.
8 LCL230, lecLure#1
Lxams
1here w||| be one |n-c|ass m|dterm,
schedu|ed for Cctober 22.
1he hna| exam w||| be on December 19(?) at
4 pm |n GAV310.
9 LCL230, lecLure#1
I|na| Grade
W||| be computed on the fo||ow|ng bas|s:

nomework 1S
Labs 20
ro[ect 10
M|dterm Lxam 2S
I|na| Lxam 30
10 LCL230, lecLure#1
Cther
Class web slLe: u8 8|ackboard SysLem

Ior the kecord:
lf serlous lllness prevenLs you from handlng ln an
asslgnmenL on ume, Laklng an exam, or dolng a laboraLory,
please conLacL rof. Sobolewskl as soon as posslble Lo
arrange a makeup.

All work handed ln for gradlng ls accepLed wlLh Lhe |mp||ed
representanon LhaL lL has been performed and wrluen up
by Lhe person whose name appears on Lhe paper. All
appllcable unlverslLy pollcles concernlng academlc honesLy
wlll be sLrlcLly observed ln Lhls course. lor deLalls, see Lhe
u8 ACADLMIC nCNLS1 CLIC (posted on our
8|ackboard s|te).

Cther (II)
Ior the kecord:
Copylng homework elLher from a frlend or
exlsung on-llne soluuon manuals ls a clear
case of p|ag|ar|sm and wlll nC1 be LoleraLed.
Lven for Lhe rsL-ume oense, Lhe score of
Lhe submlued LalnLed" soluuons wlll be
auLomaucally ZL8C and Lhe case forwarded
dlrecLly Lo Lhe u8 Academlc PonesLy 8oard.
LCL230 |ecture schedu|e
# Date Topic in Ulaby HW due Labs
1. Sept. 3 Intro. to ECE230 & EM Preface/1.1 1.3
2. Sept. 5/Thur. EM Waves 1.3 1.5 HW#1 out
3. Sept. 10 Transmission Lines 2.1 2.3
4. Sept. 12/Thur. Waves and T-Lines 2.4, 2.5 HW#1 due
5. Sept. 17 Lossless T-lines 2.5, 2.6 ------
6. Sept. 19/Thur. Impedance and Power 2.7, 2.8 HW#2 due
7. Sept. 24 Transients on T-Lines 2.11
8. Sept. 26/Thur. Real of T-Lines & Interconnects Chap. 2/seminar HW#3 due Lab#1
9. Oct. 1 Electrostatics & Electr. Materials 4.1 4.6
10. Oct. 3/Thur. Electronic Materials, R & C 4.6 4.8 HW#4 due
11. Oct. 8 Fall BREAK ------
12. Oct. 10/Thur. Magnetic Forces & Fields 5.1, 5.3, 5.4 ------
13. Oct. 15 Mag. Prop. of Materials 5.6 5.9
14. Oct. 17/Thur. Chap. 1- 5 Review HW#5 due
15. Oct. 22 In-class midterm Ch. 1 5
LCL230 |ecture schedu|e (II)
16. Oct. 24/Thur. Maxwell Equations Chap.6 elements Lab#2
17. Oct. 29 Plane Waves 7.1, 7.2
18. Oct. 31/Thur. Plane Waves&Polarization 7.3 HW#6 due
19. Nov. 5 Lossy Media & Power 7.4 7.6 ------
20. Nov. 7/Thur. Reflection of Plane Waves 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5 HW#7 due ------
21. Nov. 12 Fibers&Optical Comm. 8.3/seminar
22. Nov. 14/Thur. Quantum Communications seminar HW#8 due
23. Nov. 19 Short Dipole Antenna 9.1, 9.2
24. Nov. 21/Thur. Half-Wave Dipole 9.3, 9.4 HW#9 due
25. Nov. 26 Large Aperture Antennas 9.5, 9.7, 9.8 Lab#3
26. Nov. 28/Thur. Thanksgiving BREAK
27. Dec. 3 Smart Antennas seminar
28. Dec. 5/Thur. Antenna Systems 9.6, 9.9 HW#10 due
29. Dec. 10 Global Communication Ch. 10 elements ------
30. Dec. 12/Thur. Global Communication (II) Ch. 10 elements ------

Dec. 19(?) Final Examination Ch. 1 10 GAV310 4 7 pm
LCL230 Course Laboratory Schedu|e
Monday: 11 AM - 1:40 M and Monday: 4:S0 M - 7:30 M, GAV306

Monday Group (Labs Number)
11:00 am 1:40 pm
Group (Labs Number)
4:50 pm 7:30 pm
September
16
A, C PreLab #1 B, D PreLab #1
September
23
A Lab #1 B Lab #1
September
30
C Lab #1 D Lab #1
October
7
FREE
Fall break
FREE
Fall break
October
14
A, C PreLab #2
Lab #1 Report due
B, D PreLab #2
Lab #1 Report due
October
21
FREE
Midterm week
FREE
Midterm week
October
28
A Lab #2 B Lab #2
November
4
C Lab #2 D Lab #2
November
11
A, C PreLab #3
Lab #2 Report due
B, D PreLab #3
Lab #2 Report due
November
18
A Lab #3 B Lab #3
November
25
C Lab #3 D Lab #3
December
2
A, C Lab #3 Report due
Project consultations
B, D Lab #3 Report due
Project consultations
December
9
Project due
Lab make-up slot
Project due
Lab make-up slot
LCL 230 Laboratory S|gn-up (examp|e)
Monday: 11 AM - 1:40 M and Monday: 4:S0 M - 7:30 M, GAV306
1LAM A Monday 11 am (4 groups)

1. (three students)

2. (three students)

3. (two students)

4. (two students)

1LAM 8 Monday 4:S0 pm (4 groups)

1. (three students)

2. (three students)

3. (two students)

4. (two students)

LCL 230 - L|ectromagnenc Waves
Ia|| 2013
rofessor koman Sobo|ewsk|

Lecture #1
Introducnon to L|ectromagnencs and Waves
Iour fundamenta| forces of nature
Nuc|ear force: subm|croscop|c systems, strong |nteracnon
(the |arger the d|stance, the stronger the force).
Weak-|nteracnon force: |nteracnons |n certa|n rad|oacnve
e|ementary parnc|e, 10
14
nmes weaker than nuc|ear.

Grav|tanona| force: macroscop|c systems, e.g., the so|ar
system, 10
41
L|ectromagnenc force: |nteracnons of a|| charged
parnc|es, m|croscop|c nature-macroscop|c resu|ts, 100
L|ectromagnencs
L|ectrostancs: stanonary charges ( ),
e|ectr|c he|d |ntens|ty (V]m)
e|ectr|c ux dens|ty (C]cm
2
)
Magnetostancs: steady currents ( ),
magnenc he|d |ntens|ty (A]m)
magnenc ux dens|ty (1)

L|ectromagnencs: nme vary|ng currents ( ),
( ) coup|ed to ( ) v|a Maxwe||'s equanons.
Waves w|th ve|oc|ty

!q / !t = 0

!
E

!
D

!
B

!
H

!I / !t = 0

!I / !t " 0

!
E

!
D
!
H

!
B

u =1 ! = c !
r
r
; c =1 !
0
0
= 3"10
8
(m s)

!
D = !
0
!
r
!
E
! = !
0
!
r
permittivity

!
B =
0
r
!
H
=
0
r
permeability
speed of ||ght
L|ectr|c he|d
+q
1
+q
2
F
e
12
F
e
21
R
12
^
R
12
+q
E
R
^
!
e|ectron
= -1.6 10
-19
C

!
D = !
!
E ; ! = !
0
!
r
!
r ,vacuum
=1.0
!
r , air
=1.00006
Co|||near he|ds
Cou|omb |aw

!
F
e21
= !
!
F
21
;
"
R
12
=
!
R
12
!
R
12
!
F
e21
= R
"
21
1
4!"
q
1
q
2
R
12
2

!
E = R
"
q
4!"R
2
!
E
total
=
!
E
i
i
#

! = !
0
!
r
Magnenc he|d
S
N
B
B
B
B
B
!!!!!!!!!
^
z
y
x
r
B
B
B
B
I

!
B =
!
H ; =
0
r , nonmag materials
=1.0
Magnenc d|po|e
W|re w|th current
Co|||near he|ds

!
B = !
"
I
2"r
(T)
!
H = !
"
I
2"r
(A m)
L|ectr|c and magnenc d|po|es
+
-
S
N
(a) Electric dipole (b) Magnetic dipole (c) Bar magnet
E
H
H
I
Figure 5-13
1here are no magnenc monopo|es
(s|ng|e, e.g., "N-on|y," magnenc parnc|es).
Irequency ranges and the|r pr|mary
app||canons

Radar, advanced communication systems,
remote sensing, radio astronomy
Extremely High Frequency
EHF (30 - 300 GHz)
Radar, satellite communication systems, aircraft
navigation, radio astronomy, remote sensing
Super High Frequency
SHF (3 - 30 GHz)
TV broadcasting, radar, radio astronomy,
microwave ovens, cellular telephone
Ultra High Frequency
UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz)
TV and FM broadcasting, mobile radio
communication, air traffic control
Very High Frequency
VHF (30 - 300 MHz)
Short wave broadcasting
High Frequency
HF (3 - 30 MHz)
AM broadcasting Medium Frequency
MF (300 kHz - 3 MHz)
Radio beacons, weather broadcast stations
for air navigation
Low Frequency
LF (30 - 300 kHz)
Navigation and position location Very Low Frequency
VLF (3 - 30 kHz)
Audio signals on telephone Ultra Low Frequency
ULF (300 Hz - 3 kHz)
Ionospheric sensing, electric power
distribution, submarine communication
Super Low Frequency
SLF (30 - 300 Hz)
Detection of buried metal objects Extremely Low Frequency
ELF (3 - 30 Hz)
f < 3 Hz
Magnetotelluric sensing of the
earths structure
10
12
10
9
10
6
10
3
300 GHz
1 GHz
1 MHz
1 kHz
1 Hz
Microwave
Frequency (Hz)
Band Applications
Figure 1-16
V|s|b|e ||ght opncs
1 1nz
Radar, advanced communication systems,
remote sensing, radio astronomy
Extremely High Frequency
EHF (30 - 300 GHz)
Radar, satellite communication systems, aircraft
navigation, radio astronomy, remote sensing
Super High Frequency
SHF (3 - 30 GHz)
TV broadcasting, radar, radio astronomy,
microwave ovens, cellular telephone
Ultra High Frequency
UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz)
TV and FM broadcasting, mobile radio
communication, air traffic control
Very High Frequency
VHF (30 - 300 MHz)
Short wave broadcasting
High Frequency
HF (3 - 30 MHz)
AM broadcasting Medium Frequency
MF (300 kHz - 3 MHz)
Radio beacons, weather broadcast stations
for air navigation
Low Frequency
LF (30 - 300 kHz)
Navigation and position location Very Low Frequency
VLF (3 - 30 kHz)
Audio signals on telephone Ultra Low Frequency
ULF (300 Hz - 3 kHz)
Ionospheric sensing, electric power
distribution, submarine communication
Super Low Frequency
SLF (30 - 300 Hz)
Detection of buried metal objects Extremely Low Frequency
ELF (3 - 30 Hz)
f < 3 Hz
Magnetotelluric sensing of the
earths structure
10
12
10
9
10
6
10
3
300 GHz
1 GHz
1 MHz
1 kHz
1 Hz
Microwave
Frequency (Hz)
Band Applications
Figure 1-16
300 - 400 1nz
1he e|ectromagnenc spectrum

1 fm 1 pm 1 nm 1
1 EHz 1 PHz 1 THz 1 GHz 1 MHz 1 kHz 1 Hz
1 m 1 mm 1 km 1 Mm 1 m
10
-15
10
23
10
21
10
18
10
15
10
12
10
9
10
6
10
3
1
10
-12
10
-10
10
-9
10
-6
10
-3
10
3
10
6
10
8
1
Frequency (Hz)
Wavelength (m)
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
Gamma rays
Cancer therapy
X-rays
Medical diagnosis
Ultraviolet
Sterilization
Infrared
Heating,
Night vision
Radio spectrum
Communication, radar, radio and TV broadcasting,
radio astronomy
Atmospheric opacity
100%
0
Atmosphere opaque
Optical
window
Infrared
windows
Radio window
Ionosphere opaque
Figure 1-15
Iree-space propaganon modes
of e|ectromagnenc waves
- Ground-wave propaganon
- Sky-wave propaganon
- L|ne-of-s|ght propaganon
(a) Circular waves (c) Spherical wave (b) Plane and cylindrical waves
Plane wavefront
Two-dimensional wave
Cylindrical wavefront Spherical wavefront
Figure 1-10
Cround Wave ropagauon
lollows conLour of Lhe LarLh
Can propagaLe conslderable dlsLances
lrequencles up Lo 2 MPz
Lxample: AM radlo
Sky Wave ropagauon
Slgnal reecLed from lonlzed layer of aLmosphere back
down Lo earLh
Slgnal can Lravel a number of hops, back and forLh
beLween lonosphere and earLh's surface
Lxamples: shorL-waves, amaLeur radlo, C8 radlo
Llne-of-SlghL ropagauon
1ransmlmng and recelvlng anLennas musL be wlLhln llne of
slghL (lonosphere does noL acL as a mlrror for > 30 MPz !):
Cround communlcauon - anLennas wlLhln !"!#$%! llne of slLe
due Lo refracuon (lM radlo).
SaLelllLe communlcauon - slgnals musL use 8adlo wlndow."
Sate|||te-based
commun|canon network
kk century g|oba| commun|canons
Transmitter
Receiver
f
1
= 6 GHz f
0
= 2 GHz
f
2
= 4 GHz
f
2
= 4 GHz
C
2
C
1
C
3
M
1
M
2
Mixer Oscillator
Receiver
Transmitter
Transmitter Coder Data
Multiplexer
Receiver
Frequency
translator
coax
Coder
Voice
(Telephone)
Video and
voice
coax
optical fiber
coax
coax
Terrestrial microwave
link
Uplink @ 6 GHz Downlink @ 4 GHz
Ground station 1 Ground station 2
6 GHz
Circulator
4 GHz
Satellite segment
Figure 1.1
Gu|ded propaganon modes of waves
Gu|ded waves
Sending-end
port
A
A'
B
B'
Transmission line
Load circuit Generator circuit
Receiving-end
port
+
-
V
g
R
g
R
L
i
V
AA'
l
A
A'
B
B'
+
-
V
BB'
+
-
Transmission line
A pa|r of w|res
Water p|pe
Cpnca| hber
Coax|a| cab|e
Ltc.
A||ce
8ob
Gu|ded e|ectromagnenc waves
In genera|, any e|ectr|ca| gu|ded structure can be
regarded as an LM transm|ss|on ||ne (1-||ne).
Sending-end
port
A
A'
B
B'
Transmission line
Load circuit Generator circuit
Receiving-end
port
+
-
V
g
R
g
R
L
i
V
AA'
l
A
A'
B
B'
+
-
V
BB'
+
-
Transmission line
A||ce
8ob
Gu|ded structures of e|ectromagnenc waves
1ransverse LM (1LM) 1-||ne.
2a
d
metal
dielectric spacing
w
d
metal
metal
dielectric spacing
metal
2a
2b
dielectric spacing
metal strip conductor
dielectric spacing
w
d
metal ground plane
dielectric spacing
metal ground plane
Concentric
dielectric
layers
metal
(a) Coaxial line
(d) Strip line
(f) Rectangular waveguide (g) Optical fiber (h) Coplanar waveguide
(e) Microstrip line
(b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line
TEM Transmission Lines
Higher Order Transmission Lines
V
g
R
g
R
L
Load
Cross section
Magnetic field lines
Electric field lines
Generator
Coaxial line
+
-
V
g
R
g
R
L
Load
Cross section
Magnetic field lines
Electric field lines
Generator
Coaxial line
+
-
1LM transm|ss|on ||nes
n|gher order transm|ss|on ||nes
2a
d
metal
dielectric spacing
w
d
metal
metal
dielectric spacing
metal
2a
2b
dielectric spacing
metal strip conductor
dielectric spacing
w
d
metal ground plane
dielectric spacing
metal ground plane
Concentric
dielectric
layers
metal
(a) Coaxial line
(d) Strip line
(f) Rectangular waveguide (g) Optical fiber (h) Coplanar waveguide
(e) Microstrip line
(b) Two-wire line (c) Parallel-plate line
TEM Transmission Lines
Higher Order Transmission Lines
1rave||ng waves
Mov|ng waves carry energy, or |nformanon (kkI [argon). I|n|te
ve|oc|ty of propaganon w|th " = 3x10
8
m]s |n vacuum (speed of ||ght).

!
E
total
=
!
E
i
i
!
;
!
H
total
=
!
H
i
i
!
L|ectromagnenc waves
of our |nterest are non-
|nteracnng-they are
||near.
1rans|ent waves.
1|me-dependent
(pu|sed) s|gna|s.
Dispersionless line
Short dispersive line
Long dispersive line
Figure 2-3
Connnuous (harmon|c) s|gna|s. Waves hav|ng s|ng|e frequency-s|ng|e co|or.
narmon|c (s|mp|e s|nuso|da|) waves
LCL230, lecLure#2

y(x,t) = Acos(
2!
T
t "
2!
#
x +$
0
)

T ! period
f =
1
T
frequency
" = 2# f angular frequency

! " wavelength
# =
2$
!
propagation phase constant (wavenumber)

u
p
= ! f =
!
T
=
"
#
phase velocity; in vacuum u
p
= c speed of light

y(x,t) = Acos(!t " #x +$
0
)
narmon|c (s|mp|e s|nuso|da|) waves
LCL230, lecLure#2

y(x,t) = Acos(
2!
T
t "
2!
#
x +$
0
)

T ! period
f =
1
T
frequency
" = 2# f angular frequency

! " wavelength
# =
2$
!
propagation phase constant (wavenumber)

u
p
= ! f =
!
T
=
"
#
phase velocity; in vacuum u
p
= c speed of light

y(x,t) = Acos(!t " #x +$
0
)
Iorward and backward trave||ng waves
+ # d|recnon - # d|recnon

A cos(+!t " #x +$
0
) + cos(+!t + #x +$
0
) %
&
'
(
A cos("!t + #x +$
0
) + cos("!t " #x +$
0
) %
&
'
(
oppos|te s|gns same s|gns

A e
! j ("t !#x+$
0
)
+ e
+ j ("t +#x+$
0
)
%
&
'
(

A = A
0
= const. no attenuation
A = A
0
e
!"x
" ! attenuation constant
1rave||ng waves
+ # d|recnon
no auenuanon
Constant auenuanon
! !
2
3!
2
3!
2
3!
2
! !
2
! !
2
y(x, 0)
y(x, T/4)
y(x, T/2)
A
-A
A
-A
A
-A
(a) t = 0
(b) t = T/4
(c) t = T/2
x
x
x
P
P
P
u
p
Figure 1-12
-10 m
-5 m
0
5 m
10 m
y(x)
y(x)
10e
-0.2x
x (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 1-14

u
p
= ! f =
!
T
=
"
#
phase velocity :
velocity of travelling point P.
Lossy med|um

ECE230 Lec#1 - 13 PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ECE230 Lec#1 - 13 PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

LCL 230 - L|ectromagnenc Waves

Potrebbero piacerti anche