SIGNAL TO NOISE (S/N) RATIO

Submitted to :- DR. JAGTAR SINGH

GROUP-2 ANKIT SAXENA (PGMSE 136013) VIVEK GUPTA (PGMSE136016) ANAND PRAKASH (PGMSE136021) VAIBHAV SHARMA (PGMSE136024) SHEM DEBBARMA (PGMSE136027)

INTRODUCTION

Taguchi has proposed various performance measures known as Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio for evaluating the performance of engineering systems. The concept of signal (S) to noise (N) ratios has high visibility in design of experiment circles due to the work of Taguchi to carry out complete analysis. The signal is what you are measuring that is the result of the presence of your action. Noise is extraneous information that can interfere with or alter the signal. It can not be completely eliminated, but hopefully reduced. Noise is considered random.

Squeal

Noise

Wear

Energy Transformation

Heat

Signal

Slow Car

Fig. 1 Block diagram showing concept of S/N ratio

Since noise can not be eliminated (it is random), we are more interested in the S/N ratio than the intensity of the noise.

S/N OBJECTIVE?

Reduce as much of the noise as possible by carefully controlling conditions Temperature, power supply variations, etc.
Increase the signal to noise ratio More signal vs. noise means a lower Standard Deviation. More precise measurement Lower St. Deviation means a better LOD Lower limits of detection

TYPES OF NOISE..

Chemical Noise: Undesired chemical reactions. Reaction/technique/instrument specific. Instrumental Noise: Affects all types of instruments. Can often be controlled physically (e.g. temp) or electronically (software averaging).

Thermal (Johnson) Noise:

Thermal agitation of electrons affects their smooth flow.

Due to different velocities and movement of electrons in electrical components. Dependent upon both temperature and the range of frequencies (frequency bandwidths) being utilized. Can be reduced by reducing temperature of electrical components. Eliminated at absolute zero.

Flicker Noise:

Frequency dependent. Magnitude is inversely proportional to frequency. Significant at frequencies less than 100 Hz. Results in long-term drift in electronic components. Can be reduced by using resisters that are metallic, wire wound.

Environmental noise:

Unlimited possible sources. Can often be eliminated by eliminating the source. Other noise sources can not be eliminated. Methods of eliminating it Moving the instrument somewhere else. Isolating /conditioning the instruments power source. Controlling temperature in the room. Control expansion/contraction of components in instrument. Eliminating interferences Stray light from open windows, panels on instrument. Turning off radios, TVs, other instruments.

There are many different S/N Ratios. The important S/N ratios are: Nominal the Best Target the Best Smaller the Better Larger the Better Dynamic Classified Attribute.

NOMINAL-THE-BEST :

This case arises when a specified value is MOST desired, meaning that neither a smaller nor a larger value is desirable.

n = 10 log10(square of mean/ variance)

Examples are; (i) most parts in mechanical fittings have dimensions which are nominal-the-best type. (ii) Thickness should be uniform in deposition /growth /plating /etching.

Fig. 2 Robust Design without noise

Fig. 3 Robust Design with noise

SMALLER THE BETTER:

This is usually the chosen S/N ratio for all undesirable characteristics like " defects " etc. for which the ideal value is zero.
n = -10 Log10 [ mean of sum of squares of measured data ] Also, when an ideal value is finite and its maximum or minimum value is defined (like maximum purity is 100% or maximum Tc is 92K or minimum time for making a telephone connection is 1 sec) then the difference between measured data and ideal value is expected to be as small as possible. The generic form of S/N ratio then becomes n = -10 Log10 [ mean of sum of squares of {measured ideal} ]

The S/N ratio for smaller the better is used for the situations where the target value is zero, such as computer response time, automotive emission or corrosion.
S/N= -10 Log10(MSD)
Fig. 4 Automotive emission

The negative sign is used to ensure that the largest value gives the optimum value for the response variable and , therefore, Robust design. Mean standard deviation is given to show the relationship to the loss function. Loss function is an ideal measure for quality of products as it is shipped by the supplier to the customer. Minimizing loss function leads to quality improvement.

Larger the Better : It is used where the largest value is desired such as weld strength, gasoline mileage or yield. Mathematically the largest value is 00 like the lost function. It is the reciprocal of smaller the better .
n = -10 Log10 [mean of sum squares of reciprocal of measured data]

S/N RATIOS FOR DYNAMIC PROBLEMS

Types of Dynamic Problems: Continuous - Continuous type ( C - C ) Continuous - Digital type ( C - D ) Digital - Continuous type ( D - C ) Digital - Digital type ( D - D )

CONTINUOUS - CONTINUOUS TYPE PROBLEM

Both signal factor and quality characteristics take positive or negative values.
When signal m = 0, Quality characteristic = 0,

Ideal function y = m
Scaling factor exists to adjust slope (proportionality constant) between y and m.

CONTINUOUS

- DIGITAL TYPE ( C - D )

temperature controller input temperature setting - continuous output of heating unit - ' on ' or ' off divide into two separate problems one for ' on ' function other for ' off ' function each one continuous - continuous type or nominal - the - best type problem

DIGITAL - CONTINUOUS TYPE ( D - C )

digital to analog converter conversion to ' 0 ' and ' 1 divide into two separate problems one for ' 0 ' function other for ' 1 ' function each one continuous - continuous type or nominal - the - best type problem

CONCLUSION
Signal-to-Noise ratio is also one more contribution of Taguchi. We came across different types of noise which affect the performance of the system. Thermal noise can only be eliminated if temperature is absolute zero. Environmental noise can be eliminated by certain methods as explained. Nominal-the-best is used when a specified value is MOST desired.

Smaller-the-better is used for undesirable values such as defects, automotive emission, corrosion etc. Larger the better is used where the largest value is desired such as weld strength, gasoline mileage or yield. Taguchi strongly recommended this approach for multiple runs.