Ch05 Transistor Bias Circuits (37 PP)

Chapter 5
Basic Electronic Devices and Circuits

EE 111
Electrical Engineering
Majmaah University
2
nd
Semester 1432/1433 H
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Thomas L. Floyd
1
Transistor Bias Circuits
Introduction
As you learned in Chapter 4, a transistor must be properly biased in
order to operate as an ampliIier.
DC biasing is used to establish Iixed dc values Ior the transistor currents
and voltages called the dc operating point or quiescent point (Q-point).
Thomas L. Floyd
2
In this chapter, several types oI bias circuits are discussed.
This material lays the groundwork Ior the study oI ampliIiers, and other
circuits that require proper biasing.
The DC Operating Point
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1.2 3.4 5.6
The DC Operating Point
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Linear Operation
Bias establishes the operating point (Q-point) oI a transistor
ampliIier; the ac signal
moves above and below
I
C
(mA)
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moves above and below
this point.
For this example, the dc
base current is 300 A.
When the input causes the
base current to vary between
200 A and 400 A, the
collector current varies
between 20 mA and 40 mA.
0
J
CE
(V)
400 A
300 A I
BQ
200 A
A
B
Q
1.2 3.4 5.6
J
CEQ
I
CQ
J
ce
I
b
I
c
20
30
40

Load line
WaveIorm Distortion
A signal that swings
outside the active
region will be clipped.
I
B
Q
I
C
Input
signal
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region will be clipped.
For example, the bias
has established a low Q-
point.
As a result, the signal
will be clipped because
it is too close to cutoII.
J
CC
J
CE
CutoII
Q
I
CQ
CutoII
0
J
ce
J
CEQ
WaveIorm Distortion
Thomas L. Floyd
9
High Q- point. The signal will be
clipped because it is too close to
saturation.
Input signal too large. The signal
will be clipped Irom both sides.
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. A signal that swings outside the active area will be
a. clamped
b. clipped
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10
c. unstable
d. all oI the above
Voltage-Divider Bias
A practical way to establish a Q-point is to Iorm a voltage-
divider Irom J
CC
.
R
1
and R
2
are selected to establish J
B
. II the
di id i tiII I i ll d t I Th
J
CC
Thomas L. Floyd
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divider is stiII, I
B
is small compared to I
2
. Then,
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
2
B CC
1 2
R
J J
R R
| |
~
|
+
\
I
2
I
B
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. A stiII voltage divider is one in which
a. there is no load current
b. divider current is small compared to load current
Thomas L. Floyd
12
c. the load is connected directly to the source voltage
d. loading eIIects can be ignored
J
CC
15 V
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R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
27 kO
12 kO 680 O
1.2 kO
Determine the base voltage Ior the circuit.
( )
2
B CC
1 2
12 k
15 V
27 k 12 k
R
J J
R R
| |
=
|
+
\
O | |
= + =
|
O + O
\
4.62 V
J
CC
15 V
What is the emitter voltage, J
E
, and current, I
E
?
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R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
27 kO
12 kO 680 O
1.2 kO
4.62 V
J
E
is one diode drop less than J
B
:
J
E
4.62 V 0.7 V 3.92 V
3.92 V
Applying Ohm`s law:
E
E
E
3.92 V
680
J
I
R
= = =
O
5.76 mA
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. Assuming a stiII voltage-divider Ior the circuit shown,
the emitter voltage is
a. 4.3 V
J
CC
15 V
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b. 5.7 V
c. 6.8 V
d. 9.3 V
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
20 kO
10 kO 1.2 kO
1.8 kO
J
B
10 / (10 20) * 15 5 V
J
E
5 0.7 4.3 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. For the circuit shown, the dc load line will intersect the
v-axis at (neglecting I
B
)
a. 5.0 mA
J
CC
15 V
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b. 10.0 mA
c. 15.0 mA
d. none oI the above
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
20 kO
10 kO 1.2 kO
1.8 kO
J
CE
0:
I
C
(15 0) / (1.8k 1.2k) 15 / 3k 5 mA
The unloaded voltage divider approximation Ior J
B
gives
reasonable results. A more exact solution is to Thevenize
the input circuit.
Looking Irom the base to the leIt:
J
CC
15 V
J
CC
15 V
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R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
27 kO
12 kO
15 V
680 O
1.2 kO
J
TH
J
B(no load)
4.62 V
R
TH
R
1
,,R
2

8.31 kO
The Thevenin input
circuit can be drawn
R
C
R
TH
R
E
J
TH

I
B
I
E
J
BE
8.31 kO
680 O
1.2 kO
4.62 V
15 V
DC
200
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. II you Thevenize the input voltage divider, the Thevenin
resistance is
a. 5.0 kO
J
CC
15 V
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b. 6.67 kO
c. 10 kO
d. 30 kO
R
C
R
1
R
E R
2
DC
200
20 kO
10 kO 1.2 kO
1.8 kO
R
TH
R
1
R
2
/ (R
1
R
2
)
20 * 10 / (20 10) 200 / 30 6.67 kO
Now write KVL around the base emitter circuit and solve
Ior I
E
.
J
CC
15 V
TH B TH BE E E
J I R J I R = + +
I
E
I
B
I
C
I
B

DC
I
B
(
DC
1) I
B
-
DC
I
B
J
TH
J
BE
I
E
R
E
I
B
R
TH
- I
E
R
E
I
E
R
TH
/
DC
I
E
( R
E
R
TH
/
DC
)
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R
C
R
TH
R
E
J
TH

I
B
I
E
J
BE
8.31 kO
680 O
1.2 kO
4.62 V
15 V
DC
200
TH BE
E
TH
E
DC
J J
I
R
R
=
+
Substituting and solving,
E
4.62 V 0.7 V
8.31 k
680
200
I

= =
O
O
5.43 mA
and J
E
I
E
R
E
(5.43 mA)(0.68 kO)
3.69 V
A pnp transistor can be biased Irom either a positive or negative supply.
Notice that (b) and (c) are the same circuit; both with a positive supply.
J
J
EE

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J
J
EE
EE
R
R
R
2
2
2
1
1
1
R
R
R
R
R
R
C
C
C
R
R
R
E
E
E
(a) (b) (c)
Determine I
E
Ior the pnp circuit. Assume a stiII
voltage divider (no loading eIIect).
J
Thomas L. Floyd
21
J
EE
R
2
1
R
R
C
1.2 kO
R
E
680 O
27 kO
12 kO
15 V
( )
1
B EE
1 2
27 k
15.0 V 10.4 V
27 k 12 k
R
J J
R R
| |
=
|
+
\
O | |
= + =
|
O + O
\
E B BE
10.4 V 0.7 V 11.1 V J J J = + = +
EE E
E
E
15.0 V 11.1 V
680
J J
I
R

= = =
O
5.74 mA
10.4 V
11.1 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. For the circuit shown, the emitter voltage is
a. less than the base voltage
b. less than the collector voltage
J
EE
15 V
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c. both oI the above
d. none oI the above
R
2
1
R
R
C
1.2 kO
R
E
680 O
27 kO
12 kO
pnp circuit
higher than the base voltage by 0.7 V
Emitter Bias
Emitter bias has excellent stability but requires both a
positive and a negative source.
J
CC
15 V
For troubleshooting analysis, assume that J
E
Ior an npn transistor is about 1 V.
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23
Assuming that J
E
is 1 V, what is I
E
?
J
EE
R
C
R
E
R
B
68 kO
15 V
15 V
7.5 kO
3.9 kO
1 V
EE
E
E
1 V 15 V ( 1 V)
7.5 k
J
I
R

= = =
O
1.87 mA
The minus sign means the
current is directed downwards
(opposite to initial assumption).
Emitter Bias
The approximation that J
E
- 1 V and the neglect oI
DC
may not be accurate
enough Ior design work or detailed analysis.
In this case, KVL can be applied to develop a more detailed Iormula Ior I
E
.
KVL applied around the base-emitter circuit in Figure 517(a), which has
been redrawn in part (b) Ior analysis, gives the Iollowing equation:
Thomas L. Floyd
24
Emitter Bias
(J
EE
is a negative value)
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25
(J
EE
is a negative value)
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. Emitter bias
a. is not good Ior linear circuits
b. uses a voltage-divider on the input
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c. requires dual power supplies
d. all oI the above
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. With the emitter bias shown, a reasonable assumption
Ior troubleshooting work is that the
a. base voltage 1 V
J
CC
15 V
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b. emitter voltage 5 V
c. emitter voltage 1 V
d. collector voltage J
CC
J
EE
R
C
R
E
R
B
68 kO
15 V
7.5 kO
3.9 kO
Base Bias
Base bias is used in switching circuits because oI its
simplicity, but not widely used in linear applications
because the Q-point is | dependent.
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28
R
C
R
B
J
CC
Base current is derived Irom the collector supply
through a large base resistor.
What is I
B
?
CC
B
B
0.7 V 15 V 0.7 V
560 k
J
I
R

= = =
O
25.5 A
R
C
R
B
J
CC
560 kO
15 V
1.8 kO
Base Bias
Compare J
CE
Ior the case where | 100 and | 300.
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29
R
C
R
B
J
CC
560 kO
15 V
1.8 kO
( )( )
C B
100 25.5 A 2.55 mA I I = = =
10.4 V
For | 100:
( )( )
CE CC C C
15 V 2.55 mA 1.8 k
J J I R =
= O =
For | 300:
( ) ( )
C B
300 25.5 A 7.65 mA I I = = =
( )( )
CE CC C C
15 V 7.65 mA 1.8 k
J J I R =
= O = 1.23 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. The circuit shown is an example oI
a. base bias
b. collector-Ieedback bias
J
CC
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c. emitter bias
d. voltage-divider bias
R
C
R
B
Emitter-Feedback Bias
An emitter resistor (R
E
) changes base bias into emitter-
Ieedback bias, which is more predictable.
The emitter resistor (R
E
) is a Iorm oI negative feedback.
II I tries to increase J increases causing an
Thomas L. Floyd
31
R
R
C
E
R
B
J
CC
II I
C
tries to increase, J
E
increases, causing an
increase in J
B
because J
B
J
E
J
BE
.
This increase in J
B
reduces the voltage across R
B
(J
R
B
J
CC
J
B
), thus reducing I
B
and keeping I
C
Irom increasing.
A similar action occurs iI I
C
tries to decrease.
Emitter-Feedback Bias
The equation Ior emitter current is Iound
by writing KVL around the base circuit.
Thomas L. Floyd
32
R
R
C
E
R
B
J
CC
The result is:
Collector-Feedback Bias
Collector Ieedback bias uses another Iorm oI negative
feedback to increase stability. (more on next slide)
Instead oI returning the base resistor (R
B
) to J
CC
, it is
returned to the collector.
Thomas L. Floyd
33
The equation Ior collector current (I
C
) is Iound
by writing KVL around the base circuit.
(details on page 247 in the book)
The result is
CC BE
C
B
C
DC
J J
I
R
R
=
+
J
CC
R
C
R
B
Collector Ieedback bias uses another Iorm oI negative
feedback to increase stability. Instead oI returning the base
resistor to J
CC
, it is returned to the collector.
The negative Ieedback creates an 'oIIsetting eIIect
that tends to keep the Q-point stable.
Thomas L. Floyd
34
J
CC
R
C
R
B
II I
C
tries to increase, it drops more voltage across
R
C
, thereby causing J
C
to decrease.
When J
C
decreases, there is a decrease in voltage
across R
B
, which decreases I
B
.
The decrease in I
B
produces less I
C
which, in turn,
drops less voltage across R
C
and thus oIIsets the
decrease in J
C
.
Compare I
C
Ior the case when | 100 with the case when | 300.
Thomas L. Floyd
35
When | 100,
CC BE
C
B
C
DC
15 V 0.7 V
330 k
1.8 k
100
J J
I
R
R

= = =
O
O +
+
J
CC
R
C
R
B
330 kO
1.8 kO
15 V
2.80 mA
When | 300,
CC BE
C
B
C
DC
15 V 0.7 V
330 k
1.8 k
300
J J
I
R
R

= = =
O
O +
+
4.93 mA
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Q. The circuit shown is an example oI
a. base bias
b. collector-Ieedback bias
J
CC
R
C
Thomas L. Floyd
36
c. emitter bias
d. voltage-divider bias
R
C
R
B
Key Terms Key Terms Key Terms
Q-point
DC load line
Li i
The dc operating (bias) point oI an ampliIier
speciIied by voltage and current values.
A straight line plot oI I
C
and J
CE
Ior a
transistor circuit.
Th i I ti l th l d li
Thomas L. Floyd
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Linear region
Stiff voltage
divider
Feedback
The region oI operation along the load line
between saturation and cutoII.
A voltage divider Ior which loading eIIects
can be ignored.
The process oI returning a portion oI a
circuit`s output back to the input in such a way
as to oppose or aid a change in the output.

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Chapter 5

Basic Electronic Devices and Circuits

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

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