Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Signal analysis

For electric networks, excitation and response are given in terms of voltages and currents. These signals are a function of time and frequency. We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to transform from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa.

 Example: s(t ) Ao Sin(wot o )

1.2 Network Analysis

Characterization of the excitation response is only half of the problem. The other half is describing the network. and

Basic definations
Linear system
A network is linear if and only if

i.e. if it satisfies the principle of super postion and proportionality

Passive
A linear network is passive if
a) The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation. b) No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals before excitation is applied.

Reciprocal
A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of excitation and response are interchanged, the relation between excitation and response remains the same.

Causal
A network is causal if the response is zero before any excitation.
e(t ) 0 for t T then r (t ) 0 for t T

Time invariant A network is time invariant if

e(t ) r (t ) then e(t T ) r (t T )

i.e. a network that doesnt contain time variant components.

Ideal models
The following ideal models are useful in signal processing
Amplifier
Differentiator

r (t ) ke(t )
d r (t ) e(t ) dt

Integrator Time Delay

r (t ) e(t )dt

r (t ) e(t T )

Ideal elements
The elements encountered most are resistor, capacitor and inductor. When the currents and voltages are given as a function of time
v(t ) Ri (t ) di (t ) v(t ) L dt t 1 v(t ) i ( x)dx v(0) C0 Resistor Inductor Capacitor

 In frequency domain, using Laplace transform

 The end points of elements are called terminals. A port is defined as any pair of two terminals into which energy is supplied, drawn or variables measrued.

1.3 Network Synthesis

In network synthesis, we are given the excitation and response and we are required to synthesize the network from the system function.

R( s) H ( s) E (s)

Driving point synthesis

Deriving point immittance: the excitation and response are taken from the same port.

A driving point impedance is thus given as

V ( s) Z ( s) I ( s)

Two Port Network

Transfer function: excitation and response are taken from different ports.

The transfer function can take different forms.

Z 21( s ) V2 ( s ) I1 ( s ) V2 ( s ) H (s) V1 ( s )

Filter Design
One of the most important aspect of transfer function synthesis. A filter is defined as a network that passes a certain portion of a frequency and blocks the remainder of the spectrum.
Ideal Low pass filter

 Two aspects of filter design 1. Obtaining a suitable and realizable transmittance H(s) given the specification. 2. Realizing the transmittance H(S).

 The first step is an approximation step. Because there are no ideal filters.

End!