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1
= (1/m). (1/a). (
1
/ P
a
)
a
(1)
where, m is modulus number, a is the modulus of exponent,
P
a
is the atmospheric pressure and o
1
is the major principal
stress.
M = m P
a
(
1
/ P
a
)
(1-a)
(2)
E =
( )( ) { }
( )
M
+
1
2 1 1
(3)
( )
)
`
+
=
0
0
1 K
K
(4)
Fig. 2: Relation between Axial Strain and Major
Principal Stress
Fig. 3: Relation between Major (o
1
) and Minor (o
3
)
Principal stress for 25 mm d
max
where,
= Poissons Ratio
K
o
= Co-efficient of earth pressure at
rest, (o
3
/o
1
)
Plots were drawn between major principal stress and
elastic modulus (E) (Fig.4). From the plots, it is observed
that the elastic modulus increases with increase in o
1
and
d
max
.
Modeled 80 mm
Modeled 50 mm
Modeled 25 mm
Prototype 600 mm
130 N. P. Honkanadavar, S. L. Gupta, Sanjeev Bajaj
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 128-131
Fig.4: Relation between Major Principal Stress v/s Elastic
Modulus, E
Analyses were carried out for variation of voids ratio, e
and major principal stress, o
1
with the d
max
. From the
analyses, it is observed that the void ratio increases with
decrease in d
max
and it decreases with increase in major
principal stress (Fig. 5).
The permeability of each d
max
is determined at the end of
each vertical stress using constant head permeability setup
fitted to the Oedometer equipment. Effect of voids ratio
and d
max
with the coefficient of permeability has also been
studied (Fig. 6). From the figure it is observed that the
coefficient of permeability increases with increase in void
ratio and decrease in d
max
.
Fig.5: Variation between Major Principal Stress,
Voids Ratio and d
max
Fig.6: Variation between Coefficients of
Permeability, Voids Ratio and d
max
From the one dimensional compression tests, it has been
observed that the particles break under load. Pre-and post-
tests grain size distribution curves are plotted for
quantifying the breakage. The breakage is quantitatively
expressed as breakage factor, B
g
as proposed by Marshal
(1965). The variation of breakage factor v/s maximum
particle size is plotted for all the d
max
(Fig. 7). From the
analysis it is observed that the B
g
increases with increases
in d
max
. The B
g
varies from 7.6% to 12.2 % for d
max
from
25 to 80 mm d
max
.
Fig. 7: Variation Between Maximum Particle Size (d
max
)
and Breakage Factor (B
g
)
CONCLUSIONS
The quarried modeled rockfill material from Pakal Dul
dam site, Jammu & Kashmir has been considered in the
present laboratory investigations. Field investigations were
carried out and derived that average prototype gradation
curve. Based on the average prototype gradation curve,
modeled gradation curves were derived using parallel
gradation curves with d
max
of 25, 50 and 80 mm. These
modeled materials were collected and tested in the
laboratory under one dimensional compression
(Oedometer) test for different vertical pressures varying
from 0.637 to 3.82 MPa and 87% RD.
Relative density tests were carried out to determine the
minimum and maximum dry densities. The specimen
packing density is determined for all the d
max
using
maximum and minimum densities for 87% relative
density. The specific gravity tests were also conducted and
determined the specific gravity as 2.67. Laboratory tests
are carried out for saturated specimen of size 1000 mm
diameter and 600 mm under one dimensional compression
test and determined the coefficient of earth pressure,
elastic modulus, voids ratio, coefficient of permeability
and breakage factor for the modeled rockfill materials.
Based on the material parameters of laboratory test results,
material parameters for prototype rockfill materials were
predicted using power law extrapolation technique. From
the test results, it is observed that the coefficient of earth
pressure increases with decrease in d
max
. The elastic
modulus increases with increase in s
1
and d
max
. The voids
ratio and coefficient of permeability increases with
decrease in d
max
. From the breakage factor analysis, it is
observed that it increases with increase in d
max
.
131
Deformability characteristics of quarried rockfill material
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 128-131
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Shri Murari Ratnam, Director,
CSMRS, New Delhi for his support and encouragement
during the testing work. Thanks are also to the staff of
rockfill division, CSMRS for their help in conducting the
laboratory tests.
REFERENCES
[1] CSMRS (2005), Report on Large size
Oedometer test on Khan-E-Majnu Shoal Area
Rockfill Material of Salma Dam Project,
Afghanistan.
[2] CSMRS (2006), Report on Large size
Oedometer test on blasted Limestone quarry
rockfill Material of Kol Dam Project, Himachal
Pradesh.
[3] CSMRS (2009a), Report on Large size
Oedometer test on blasted quartzite quarry
rockfill Material of Pakal Dul Dam Project,
Jammu & Kashmir.
[4] CSMRS (2010), Report on Large size
Oedometer test on Rockfill Material of Renukaji
Dam Project, Himachal Pradesh.
[5] Honkanadavar, N.P. (2010), Testing and
Modeling the Behaviour of Modeled and
Prototype Rockfill Materials, Ph.D. Thesis,
I.I.T.Delhi.
[6] Marachi, N.D., Chan, C.K., Seed, H.B. and
Duncan, J.M. (1969), Strength and Deformation
Characteristics of Rockfill Materials. Report No.
TE. 69(5), Civil Engineering Department,
University of California, Berkeley, USA.
[7] Marsal, R.J. (1965), Discussion, Proc., 6th Int.
Conf. On Soil Mech. and Foundation
Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 310-316.
[8] Marsal, R.J. (1967), Large Scale Testing of
Rockfill Materials, J. of Soil Mech. And
Foundations Division, ASCE, 93(2), pp. 27-43.
[9] Venkatachalam, K. (1993), Prediction of
Mechanical Behaviour of Rockfill Materials,
Ph.D. Thesis, I.I.T. Delhi.