Geomaterial Behavior and Testing (SOAPresentation) - Mayne Et Al 2009

10/21/2009
SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour andTesting

Mayne,Coop Mayne Coop,Springman, Springman Huang Huang, andZornberg(2009)
SOA1:17thICSMGE2009 Alexandria
SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

PaulW.Mayne GeorgiaTech,Atlanta,GA,USA MatthewCoop ImperialCollege,London,UK SarahSpringman ISSMGE ETHSwissFederalInstituteTech,Zurich Pres. Pedro Sco e Pinto AnBinHuang and NationalChiao TungUniversity,Taiwan Master JorgeZornberg Orchestrator UniversityofTexasatAustin,USA
SOA1:17th ICSMGE2009 Alexandria
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Copyright - Mayne (2009) SOA-1 Geomaterial Behaviour & Testing 17th ICSMGE, Alexandria, Egypt
10/21/2009

JorgeG.Zornberg
20yearsingeotechnicalengineering AssociateProfessor TheUniversity ofTexasatAustin,USA Expertise:geosynthetics,soil reinforcement,environmental geotechnics,unsaturatedsoils VicePresidentoftheInternational GeosyntheticsSociety(IGS) ChairoftheInternationalActivities Council(IAC)ofGeoInstitute,ASCE

AnBinHuang
30yearsingeotechnicalengineering Professor NationalChiaoTung University,Taiwan Expertise:sitecharacterization,insitu testing,physicalmodeling,field instrumentation,liquefaction CoreCommitteeMemberofTC16 Groundpropertycharacterizationby insitutests Member:ISSMGE,TGS,SEAGS,ASCE, TRB
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SarahM.Springman
Activeingeotechnicalengineering i 1974 since Professor Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule,Zrich, Switzerland Expertise:SoilStructureInteraction, Geohazards, G h d Modelling M d lli ChairofTC2 PhysicalModelling in Geotechnics FREng,FICE,CEng,MInstRE,SIA

MatthewCoop 28yearsingeotechnicalengineering Professor, Professor ImperialCollege, College UK Expertise:experimentalsoilmechanics, mechanicsofsands,structuredsoils, weakrocksandtransitionalsoils 2003Gotechnique lecture. British B iti hG Geotechnical t h i lS Society i t P Prize i 1999 ICEGeotechnicalResearchMedal1990 TelfordPrize2002 GeorgeStephensonMedal2005.
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PaulW.Mayne
33yearsingeotechnicalengineering Professor GeorgiaInstituteof Technology,Atlanta,USA Expertise:sitecharacterization,soil propertyevaluation,insitutesting, foundationsystems ChairofTC16 Groundproperty characterizationbyinsitutests Member:ISSMGE,ASCE,ADSC,ASTM, CGS,DFI,MAEC,TRB,USUCGER

SOA1is100pages Total76,776words 749references+43equations

SOA Record - Singapore 2003 225 pages + 110 p. = 335 pages
5tables+228figures,photos,andgraphs Define145differentparametersandsymbols
Need8+hoursforthispresentation
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SixSections: Introduction SoilBehaviour PhysicalModelling g InSituTesting

Geosynthetic-reinforced soil in a centrifuge. (Zornberg 1998)
CyclicResponseandLiquefaction SoilGeosyntheticInterfaces
SOA1TOPICS:GeomaterialBehaviour&Testing
Experimentationsites Methodsoftesting Interpretativeframework Testmodes Sampledisturbance Localstrainmeasurements Smallstrainstiffness Criticalstatesoilmechanics Laboratorytestingmethods Yieldsurfaces Soilbehaviour Particlebehaviour Influenceoffabric Intermediategrading Transitionalgeomaterials Rateeffects
Shaftfrictiondataforfieldpiletests (Coop,2005 ISLyon)
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ConstitutiveModeling PhysicalTesting Numericalsimulation 1gtests Smallscalemodeltesting Shaketables Dimensionalanalysis Largescaletesting Centrifugemodeling Mechatronics androbotics Installationdevices Serviceabilitylimitstates Chamberboundaryeffects Beamsanddrums Environmentalchambers Imaging
Contact stress measurements under an axisymmetric footing (Springman et al. 2002).
Cyclicsoilbehaviour Liquefactionpotential Undisturbedsamplingofsands Stressbasedprocedures Cyclicresistanceratios(CRR) Evaluationsfrominsituresults: SPT(N1)60,CPTqt1,DMTKD,and stressnormalizedshearwave velocity,Vs1 Criticalstatelinesforsands Effectsoffinescontents Porewaterpressureinfluences Susceptibilitytoliquefaction Stateparameterapproach Probabilisticliquefaction boundary
CSR or CRR
qt1N
SoilLiquefactionPotentialofsandswith finesfromCPT(Huang&Huang,2007)

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Insitutesting Directpushsitecharacterization Interpretationofsoilparameters Soilbehavioural type Identificationofcementedsoils Geostaticstressstate Intracorrelative trends Preconsolidation stresses Effectivestressfrictionangle Stiffnessofgeomaterials Initialtangentshearmodulus Modulusreductioncurves Newandadvancedmethods Twitchtesting Fullflowpenetrometers ContinuousVs profiling
Schnaid(2009)
500 450 400
Deviator stress (kPa)
w=0. 4%
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Axial strain (%)
w=0. 2%
w=0%
Stressstrainbehaviorof fiberreinforcedsand (ZornbergandLi,2003)

Geosynthetic materials Behaviour ofinterfaces Soilgeosynthetic interaction Geogrids g andg geotextiles Geonets Geomembranes Geocomposites Geopipes Geocells Fiberreinforcements Clay ylinerinterfaces Roughness Sheardisplacementrateeffects Resistancemechanisms Stressstrainstrengthbehaviour
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1 km
1 mm 3 cm
1 m
1m
...when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, b you k know something thi about b t it it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind" kind Lord Kelvin (1883)
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EvolutionofGeotechnicalSiteCharacterization
ModifiedafterLacasse (1985)
Initial Conditions
INDICES
Origin Geologic Age, AG Zw Grain Sizes, D50 Mineralogy Plasticity, PI Shape (fractals) Sphericity, Sph Soil Roundness, Rn Element A Angularity, Ang Packing limits: emax and emin Grain strength, G i Properties: P ti t th stiffness, roughness Geosynthetics: o resin type o carbon black Unit Weight, T Relative Density, y DR Vertical Stress, vo Hydrostatic, uo Saturation, S (%) Geostatic K0 = ho/vo Stiffness, G0 = Gmax State Parameter, Cementation Fabric, Fabric void index Ivo Intact or Fissured Geosynthetics: o thickness o mass per unit area o melt index
STATE Void Ratio, e0
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Geomaterial Parameters and Properties

CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal: ke Electrical: , Chemical: Df Transmissivity, Tm Permittivity, Pm
Hydraulic: kv, kh
COMPRESSIBILITY Recompression index, Cr
Yield Stress, y' (and YSR) Preconsolidation, p (and OCR) Coefficient of Consolidation, cv Virgin g Compression p index, , Cc Swelling index, Cs
Shear Modulus, G' and Gu Elastic Modulus, E' and Eu Bulk Modulus, K Constrained Modulus, D Tensile Stiffness, KT Poissons Ratio, Effects of Anisotropy (Gvh/Ghh) Nonlinearity (G/Gmax vs s)
STIFFNESS Stiffness: G0 = Gmax
RHEOLOGICAL

Coef. secondary comp, C Strain rate, /t Age (T) Creep rate, R Time to creep rupture, tcr
Peak (su, c c, ) ) Post-peak, ' Remolded/Softened/CS, su (rem) Residual (cr, r) Cyclic Behavior (cyc/vo') Geosynthetics: tensile strength, pullout resistance, interface shear strength.
STRENGTH Drained and Undrained, max
Sieves
Hyd
Cup Oed
UC
TTx
PSC PSE
HC RCT
Fall Cone
Consolidometers
DSB DSS
BE CIUC CIDC CKoUC CKoDC CKoUE CKoDE CIUE CIDE
wn Pp
Tv Permeameters Vst RS DSC
Iso Consol
Pan
Grain size analyses Hydrometer y oven Water content by Liquid limit cup Plastic limit thread Fall cone device Pocket penetrometer Torvane Unconfined compression Miniature vane Digital image analysis
Mechanical oedometer Consolidometer (CRS) ) Constant rate of shear ( Falling-head permeameter Constant-head permeameter Flow permeameter Direct shear box Ring shear Unconsolidated undrained Tx Simple shear Directional shear cell
Triaxial apparatus (iso-consols, CIUC, CKoUC, CAUC, CIUE, CAUE, CKoUE stress path CKoUE, path, CIDC CIDC, CKoDC, CKoDC CIDE, CKoDE, constant P) Plane strain apparatus (PSC, PSE) True triaxial (cuboidal) Hollow cylinder Torsional Shear Resonant Column Test device Non-resonant column Bender elements
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Methods to Interpret Ground Behavior from Testing

Interpretative Scheme In-Situ Testing fs ub qt
EmpiricalMethods Correlation Regression R i NeuralNetwork AnalyticalModels Statics/Dynamics Elasticity/Plasticity CavityExpansion NumericalMethods FiniteDifferences Finite i i Elements l DiscreteElements ExperimentalTests SmallLabSpecimens CalibrationChamber CentrifugalModels FullScaleLoadTests
Simulation Model
Full-Scale Structural Response
Empirical e.g.,tzcurves Analytical e.g.,ElasticPile Numerical FLAC,PLAXIS, ABAQUS,CRISP
StateoftheArtStateofthePractice
This SOA presentation versus SOA Technical Paper What can be implemented to improve issues of forecasting, risk economy risk, economy, reliability by geotech community ? How can our professional image be upgraded ? Directed at 18,000 members of ISSMGE who are not here
Soil Art: Sand Sculptures
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SOA1:SelectedTopicsforPresentation
BadNews

Undrained ShearStrength SampleDisturbance Reconstitutedvs Undisturbed
GoodNews

CriticalStateSoilMechanics Effective ffectiveFrictionAngle,' Preconsolidation Stress,p' InternationalGeotechnicalTestSites

Geotech profession not using Critical State Soil Mechanics Parody on "You might just be a redneck"
Comedian defines "redneck" as a person who gloriously lacks of "a sophistication" If you come home from the garbage dump with more than you went in with....... ....You Y might i ht j just tb be a redneck d k Parody: Geotech Counterpart - - - - You might just need critical-state soil mechanics
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Ifyouthinkitisokaytorun3labsheartestsandfita straightlinetogetyourstrengthparameters
shear stress
.....thenyoumightjustneed CriticalStateSoilMechanics
'=11
c' =188kPa
effectivestress,'
shear stress
StrengthRepresentation
Infinite number of paired sets of c' and ' '=33 c' =99 '=13 c' =333
'=30
Yield Surface
'=49 c' =22
Pc'
effectivestress,'
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10/21/2009
Ifyouthinkphi=0andforceahorizontallinetoget yourundrained strengthvalues....
shear stress
g j .....theny youmight justneed CriticalStateSoilMechanics
c=69kPa
" =0"
effectivestress,'
www.StrangeCosmos.com

Isayclay Yousay"undrained" Isaysand Yousay"drained"

Sand Art at the Beach
........thenyoujustmightneed CriticalStateSoilMechanics
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10/21/2009
Ifyouareusinganyofthefollowingsoftware
PLAXIS WANFE FLAC GEO5 TNO Diana OASYS ABAQUS SIGMA/W CRISP SETTLE ADINA GFAS GEOSLOPE OpenSees FLEA Soilvision3d GeoFEAS NumericalSimulations FiniteElements ZSOIL FiniteDifferences Seep3d
thenyoujustmight needCSSM
Simplified Critical State Soil Mechanics (CSSM)

CC
Void Ratio, e
VCL Cs
Void Ratio, e
CSSM = Link between CSL Consolidation, Swelling, VCL and Shear

swelling
CONSOL CSL Log v'

max'
Effective stress v' Shear stre ess

CSL
max'
Critical State Soil Mechanics for Dummies
tan'
SHEARING = effective friction angle Effective stress v'
www.webforum.com/tc16 c= 0
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Critical State Soil Mechanics

Void d Ratio, e CC Void d Ratio, e eOC eNC
www.ce.gatech.edu/~geosys
dilative
NC
-u
CS
OC
+u contractive
Log v'
p' Shear stre ess
Effective stress v'

NC: max = tan max = su NC su OC
3 2 1
'
Four Basic Stress Paths:

1 Drained NC (decrease V/Vo) 1. 2. Undrained NC (positive u) 3. Undrained OC (negative u) 4. Drained OC (increase V/Vo)
Yield Surface
CSp
OC: max = c+tan
c'
p'
Effective stress v'
PreconsolidationandYieldSurfaces
Leroueil&Hight(2003):ISSingapore
Anisotropic Yield Surface
C SL
Mc = 6 sin/(3-sin) fctn(K0NC)
q = (1 - 3)
Yield Surface
e0
OC Y
Y1
vo
K0 G0
NC
Y3 = Limit State
P = (1 + 2 + 3)/3
Fourdimensionalyieldsurface(x,y,z,t)
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UndrainedShearStrengthofClays=c=cu =su =max ClassicalinterpretationofCPTandVSTinclays:
s uCPT =
q t vo N kt
s u Mobilized = v
6T 7 d 3
Which su ? NkCPT 155
vane decreases with PI

DSS DS PSE CK0UE CIUE UU UC
HC CIUC PSC CK0UC DSC
Undrained Shear Strengths for Boston Blue Clay Test Method/Mode S = su/vo'NC
0.42 0.34 0.33 0.275 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.14
Self-boring pressuremeter (SBPMT) Plane strain compression (PSC) Triaxial compression (CK0UC) Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Factor Field vane shear test (FV) of 3 Direct simple shear (DSS) Plane strain extension (PSE) Triaxial extension (CK0UE) Unconfined compression (UC)
Ref: MIT Reports; Ladd (1991); Ladd, et al. (1980), Whittle (1993)
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Undrained Strength Profiles - Troll, North Sea

Undrained Shear Strength, su (kPa)
0 0 5 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Upper Troll y Clay
Dep pth (meters)
15 20 25 30 35 40
CPT Lab Triaxial Compression Lab Direct Simple Shear Lab Triaxial Extension Field Vane (Borehole) Field Vane (Halibut) Fall Cone Pocket Penetrometer Torvane Remoulded Lab Strength Push-in Pressuremeter Lab Vane lower bound Mean Trend Upper Bound
Factor of 3.5
Lower Troll Clay
National Geotechnical Test Site Bothkennar, UK

0 0 FV (peak) CKoUC DSS CKoUE FV remoulded su SBPMT 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Depth (meters)
10
15
20
Factor of 6
Bothkennar Clay, Scotland (Hight, et al. 1992)
25
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CPTu Profiles of su in Bothkennar Clay, UK

0 0 2 4
CKoUC DSS CKoUE TC - CPTu DSS - CPTu TE - CPTu
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Dept th (meters)
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
FamilyofUndrainedShearStrengths
Undrained ShearStrengthofClays
1. Critical-state soil mechanics for intact clays (Cambridge and Oxford Universities):
i 'OCR su/voDSS = sin

where 1 - Cs/Cc
W th (1984) Wroth
2. Experimental lab work by MIT:
su/voDSS = 0.23 OCR0.8

Ladd (1991)
3. Vane Shear Tests calibrated with failure case studies of embankments, footings, & excavations:
su Mobilized 0.22 p'
Mesri (1975)
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10/21/2009
SamplingDisturbance
Hvorslev (1949)
SamplerASamplerB
IssueofSampleDisturbance
I say "Undisturbed Sampling" You say "Shelby Tube"
SOA-1: 17th ICSMGE 2009
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Sample Disturbance Effects

(after Tanaka, 2000)
Sampler JPN J Laval Shelby NGI-54 ELE100 Sherbrooke NGI 95 NGI-95 Split-Barrel O.D. (mm) 78 8 216 75.3 80 104.4 N/A 105 6 105.6 51.1 I.D. (mm) 75 5 208 72 54 101 350 95 34.9 Length (mm) 1000 000 660 610 768 500 250 1000 600 Wall t (mm) Piston 1.5 5 4.0 1.65 13 1.7 N/A 53 5.3 8.1 Yes es No No Yes Yes No Y Yes No
Gel Sampler (Huang 2007) Mazier Tube Dames & Moore

SOA-1 (2009)
NGI Block Sampler Gus Sampler Osterberg Sampler
SampleDisturbanceEffectsonsu
(afterTanaka,2000)
UC Tests on Ariake Clay (Tanaka 2000)
40
(k kPa)
Shelby (2.8 inch = 72 mm)
1/2(1-3)
30
British ELE (4.0 inch = 100 mm)
Shear S Stress, s =
20 su = 18 kPa su = 15.5 kPa
10
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Axial Strain, a (%)

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SampleDisturbanceEffectsonsu
(afterTanaka,2000)
UC Tests on Ariake Clay (Tanaka 2000)
40
(k kPa)
su = 38 kPa su = 33 kPa su = 32 kPa su = 28 kPa
Sherbrooke (14 in = 350 mm) Canadian Laval (8 in = 204 mm) Japanese JPN (3 inch = 75 mm) Norwegian NGI (2.1 in = 54 mm) Shelby (2.8 inch = 72 mm)
1/2(1-3)
30
Shear S Stress, s =
20 su = 18 kPa
British ELE (4.0 inch = 100 mm)
10
su = 15.5 kPa
Bad News
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Axial Strain, a (%)

SamplingDisturbanceEffects
Lunne et al. (2006, CGJ): Lierstranda Clay 6.1 m
Good News
40
40
Shear Stre ess, q = (1-3)/2 (kPa)
Depth z = 6.1 meters vo' = 54 kPa

30
30
Block 75 mm tube 54 mm tube (q/p')f
=34.4o
20
20
Block
10
75 mm tube 54 mm tube
10
0 0 5 10 15
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Axial Strain, a (%)
p' = ( 1' + 3')/2 (kPa)
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QuantificationofLabSampleDisturbance
Lunne,etal.(2006,CanadianGeot.Journal)
RATESPECIMENQUALITY:Ratioofe/e0 toattainvo'
Excellent to Very Good < 0.04 Good to Fair 0.04 to 0.07 0.03 to 0.05 Poor 0.07 to 0.14 0.05 to 0.10 Very Poor > 0.14
OCR 1 to 2
2 to 4
< 0.03
> 0.10
Friction Angle of Sands

CIDC Triaxial Tests 6
sin ' =
5
( 1 ' / 3 ' ) 1 ( 1 ' / 3 ' ) + 1
P' = peak friction angle

41.5 41.0 38.8
Stress Ratio, 1'/3'
36.7 35.2 33.7
cv'
DR = 82.6 % DR = 74.5 % DR = 59.3 % DR = 38.5 % DR = 22.3 %
Data on Saturated Quartz Sand (Koerner, 1970)
1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Axial Strain, a (%)

Georgia Tech
23
10/21/2009
Interpreted Friction Angle: or , c , E, , G0, s, , , , K0, OCR

CLASS A METHOD Undisturbed Frozen Specimens
In-Situ e0 In-place DR Fabric OC Anisotropy Structure Age
Preparation Methods
Air Pluviation
Triaxial Testing
METHOD B Young Artificial Specimens

Estimated NC e0 DR
Moist Tamped freshwater Water salt water Sedimentation Slurry Vibration Compaction
Coolant System
SPT
SCPTu
wn
1-d Ground Freezing Liquid Nitrogen (-20)
Vs fs N60 qt ub
Coring
Estimated ? Relative Density, DR
Disturbed Soil Augering Rotary Drill Tube Sample Drive Sample
Undrained Behaviour: Undisturbed vs. Reconstituted Sands Silty Sand (Heg, Dyvik, & Sandbkken, 2000)
600
Shear r Stress, = 0.5(1 - 3)
Undisturbed
500
400
e0 (consolidated) = 0.71 vc' = 500 kPa; hc' = 250 kPa
300
Reconstituted
200
Undisturbed Pl i t d Pluviated
100
Slurried
0
10
15
20
25
Axial Strain, a (%)

SOA-1: 17 ICSMGE - Egypt 2009
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10/21/2009
Undrained Behaviour: Undisturbed vs. Reconstituted Sands Silty Sand (Heg, Dyvik, & Sandbkken, 2000)
Porewater Pressure, u (kPa)
200
CAUC Triaxial Tests

100
Bad News
0
Undisturbed Pluviated
-100
Slurried
-200 0 5 10 15 20 25
Axial Strain, a (%)

Undrained Behaviour: Undisturbed vs. Reconstituted Sands Silty Sand (Heg, Dyvik, & Sandkken, 2000)
1000
Good News
Shear r Stress, = 0.5(1 - 3)
800
Undisturbed Pluviated Slurried
' = 36.5 36 5 c' = 0 kPa
600
(q/p')f
400
200
0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Average Stress, s' = 0.5(1' + 3')

25
10/21/2009
Undisturbedvs ReconstitutedSand
DrainedTriaxial CompressionTests(Mimura2003)
400 Devia ator Stress = (1 - 3) kPa a Edo River Sand (Mimura 2003) (Mimura, CIDC Triaxial Tests Depth = 3.7 to 4.0 m c ' = 49 kPa D 50 = 0.29 mm UC = 2 2.2 2 e 0 = 1.04 G s = 2.68 e max = 1.227 e min = 0.812 D R = 45%
300
200
100
Reconstituted (air pluviation) Undisturbed (1-d freezing)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Axial Strain, a (%)

Undisturbedvs ReconstitutedSand
DrainedTriaxial CompressionTests(Mimura2003)
150
Shear St tress, s = 0.5(1 - 3) (kP Pa)
Edo River Sand

Undisturbed 100 Pluviated (q/p')f
sin' = 0.661
Good News
50
' = 41.4 41 4 c' = 0 kPa

0 0 50 100 150 200
Ave Stress, p' = 0.5(1' + 3') (kPa)

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Friction Angle of Undisturbed Sands

50
Tria axial Friction Angle, ' (deg.)
(q / ) t atm ' (deg)= 17 .6 + 11 log ( ' / ) vo atm

45
Sands with mica, mica smectite, smectite illite illite, and other minerals
Hibernia
40
Yodo River Tone River Mildred Lake Kidd LL-Dam Holmen Gioia Tauro Natori River Edo River Massey J-Pit Highmont W. Kowloon K&M'90
35
Duncan D Dam
30 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Normalized Tip Resistance, qt1 = (qt/atm)/(vo'/atm)0.5

SOA-1 (2009) ICSMGE
Geomaterial ' from CPTU by NTNU Method

Senneset, Sandven, & Janbu (1989) TRR 1235
Robertson & Campanella (1983) for Sands
Bq = 0
Notes for NTNU Method:
100
Bq
Resista ance Number, Nm
Qt
10
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1. Define Cone Resistance Number: Nm = (qt-vo)/(vo'+a') 2. Attraction: a' = c'cot' where ' = effective friction angle and c' = effective cohesion intercept. 3. For case where a' = c' = 0: NM = Q = (qt-vo)/vo' 4. Define Porewater Pressure Parameter: Bq = u2/(qt-vo)
'
1 20 25 30
0.121
(degrees)
40 45
35
5. Approximate Expression Given for Ranges: 0.1<Bq < 1.0 and 20 < ' < 45
Approx: ' 29.5 Bq
[0.256 + 0.336Bq + logQ ]
6. Plastification angle, p = 0
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ProfilingPc'inClaysbyConePenetrometer
10000
Yield Stress, p' (kP Y Pa)
22 Additional Clays by Demers & Leroueil (2002) Pisa clay by Jamiolkowski and Pepe (2001) Calcareous
1000
Fissured
Intact
100
Intact Clays: p' = 0.33 (qt - vo)

10 100
qt
10000
Net Cone Resistance, qt - vo (kPa)

1000
GeneralizedPc'ProfilingbyCPT
forclays,silts,sands,andmixtures
10000
Apparen nt Yield Stress, p' (kPa)
1000
Intact clays: m = 1.00 Organic clays: m = 0.90 Silts: m = 0.85 0 85 Silty Sands: m = 0.80 Clean Sands: m = 0.72
100
General Trend: p' = 0.33(qt-vo)m

10 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Net SOA Cone Resistance, q - vo (kPa) 1:17thICSMGE2009 Alexandria t
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10/21/2009
GeneralizedPc'ProfilingbyCPT
p ' = 0.33 (q t vo )
Sands Sandy Mix Silty Mix
mp
( atm / 100)
Organic
1 m p
Clays
11 1.1
Pc' Exponent, mp
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 06 0.6 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
m p = 0 .65 +
1 800 10 I C + 2 .5
Hibernia Sand Pentre Silt Euripides Sand Holmen Sand Upper Troll Clay Lower Troll Clay Burswood Clay Piedmont SM Bothkennar Clay Piedmont ML Trend
CPT Material Index, Ic
Ic
= {3 log[QSOA (1 Bq ) + 1]}2 + {1.5 + 1.3 log F}2 t 1: 17thICSMGE 2009 Alexandria
Is One Number Enough???

cu = undrained strength T = unit weight IR = rigidity index ' = friction f i ti angle l OCR = overconsolidation K0 = lateral stress state eo = void ratio Vs = shear wave E' = Young's modulus Cc = compression i index i d qb = pile end bearing fs = pile skin friction k = permeability qa = bearing stress CLAY DR = relative density T = unit weight LI = liquefaction index ' = friction angle c' = cohesion intercept eo = void ratio qa = bearing capacity p' = preconsolidation Vs = shear wave E' = Young's modulus = dilatancy angle qb = pile end bearing fs = pile skin friction
qc N
SAND
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Geotechnical Site Characterization
What is Our Image to the Public ? Every Soil Parameter from SPT N-value ?
European Foundations - Most Recent 2009 Issue

What the Public Sees and Our Image to Structural Engineers & Architects
View of Geotech Site Investigation
View of Construction Operations
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10/21/2009
Geotechnical Site Characterization
Need a Variety of Different Methods and Technologies to Ascertain Soil Parameters
HolmenIslandinDrammenRiver(Lunne,etal.2003)
NGI testing: 1956 to 2009 = 53 years
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10/21/2009
GeotechnicalExperimentationSites
Todate: 65 International Test Sites
(2000)
(2002)
(2006)
TexasA&MSandSite
US National Geotechnical Test Site
(Briaud & Gibbens, 1999; Briaud, 2007, ASCE JGGE)
SPTNvalue,N60(bpf)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TipResistance,qt(MPa)
0 10 20
LimitPressure,PL(kPa)
0 500 1000 1500 0
DMTPressures(bars)
10 20 30 40 50 0
Velocity,Vs(m/s)
100 200 300 400
Upper PleistoceneClean Sands(SP)
0 1 2 3 4
CHT DMT
Dep pth(meters)
siltySands(SPSM)
5 6 7 8 9 10
CPT
SiltytoClayey Sands(SCSM)
SPT PMT
HardEoceneClay Shale
p0 p1
11 12
Crosshole21
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10/21/2009
InternationalGeotechnicalTestSites

Each site required decades of study Years worth of laboratory tests Many types of field testing Considerable amount of funds needed
Backfigured soil engineering parameters from full full-scale scale load tests

Not have enough time ! Conclusion: Need multiple measurements

Lab UD tube
CONVENTIONAL DRILLING & SAMPLING

Oscilloscope Drop Hammer
DIRECT-PUSH TECHNOLOGY
Cased Boreholes
CHT: Vs, Vp SPT: N60 VST: su, St PMT: E Packer: kvh
FIRM SAND SOFT CLAY

old
SCPT qt fs u2 t50 Vs SDMT p0 p1 P2 tflex Vs
new
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10/21/2009
SCPTUinBurswoodClay,Perth
(datafromSchneider,2007,Univ.WesternAustralia)
Cone Resistance, qt (MPa)
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0
Sleeve Friction, fs (kPa) Porewater, ub (kPa) Shear Wave, VS (m/s)
10
20
30
200
400
600
100
200
300
400
u2 uo
Vs fs u2
Fctn (qt, fs) Meas DHT
Depth (meters) D
qt
SCPTU at Golden Ears Bridge

ConeTec, Vancouver, BC
Sleeve fs (MPa)
25 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 20 1
Tip qt (MPa)
0 0 10 20 30 40 5 10 15
Porewater u2 (MPa)
2 3 4 0
Shear Wave Vs (m/s)

100 200 300 400 500
Depth (m)
50 60 70 80 90 100
34
10/21/2009
SCPT at Atlanta Airport Runway 5
FiveIndependentReadingsof SoilBehavior:qt,fs,ub,t50,andVs.
qT (MPa)
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 10 15 20 0
fs (kPa)
200 400 600 -100 0
ub (kPa)
100 200 300 1
t50 (seconds)
10 100 1000 0 100
Vs (m/s)
200 300 400
Depth (m) D
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
SDMT near Venice, Italy Treporti Test Embankment

Contact Pressure Expansion Pressure Closing Pressure Dissipation Shear Wave Velocity
P0 (kPa)
0 0 1 2 0 1
P1 (kPa)
2 3 4 0
P2 (kPa)
1 2 0
TFlex (min)
1 10 100 0 100
Vs (m/s)
200 300 400 500
10
15
Dep pth (m)
20
25
30
35
SDMT Pseudo Interval
40
SDMT True interval SCPT Pseudo Interval
45
35
10/21/2009
Missouri Piezocone Sounding

Tip Resistance Sleeve Friction Porewater Pressure
qT (MPa)
0 0 10 20 30 40 0
fs (kPa)
200 400 600 -500
u2 (kPa)
0 500 1000
?
5
Depth (m)
10
fs u2
15
20
Pc' and OCR Qt + Bq
qT
'
25
EstimationofUnitWeightbyCPTu
(Mayne,Peuchen,&Bouwmeester,2010a)
26
Clay Till
Total Unit Weight, T (kN/m )
24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 10
Multiple Regression
[without Diatomaceous Soils]
Soft Clays Stiff Cl Clays
44 Onshore Sites
Boulder clay Fissured Clays Silts Stratified Deposits Sands
y = 1.004 x 2 r = 0.718 n = 207 S.E.Y. = 1.08 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Regression Calcareous Soil Mexico City Diatom Mudstone
Estimated t = 1.81 w (vo'/atm)0.05 (qtnet/atm)0.017 (fs/atm)0.073(Bq+1)0.16

36
10/21/2009
26
Total Unit Weight, T (kN N/m3)
Multiple Regression
24 22
[without Diatomaceous Soils]
Clay Till Soft Clays Stiff Clays
44 Test Sites
20 18 16 14 12 10 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 y = 1.002 x r2 = 0.737 0 737 n = 207 S.E.Y. = 1.08
Boulder clay Fissured Clays Silts Stratified Deposits Sands Regression Calcareous Soil Mexico City Diatom Mudstone
Estimated t = 1.95 w (vo'/atm)0.06 (fs/atm)0.06

26 24 22 20 18
Measu ured Unit Wt, t (kN/m m3)
44 44Onshore Onshore Soils Soils 12 Offshore Offshore O ss o oe eDeposits Desposits epos espos ts ts 12O
PI = 10%
16 14 12 10 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
PI = 100%
Onshore Soils Offshore Australia Offshore Africa Offshore North America Offshore Mediterranean Offshore South America Offshore South America Offshore North America Offshore North Sea Offshore North America Offshore Persian Gulf Offshore Indian Ocean Offshore Australia Offshore Baltic 1:1 Line
Est t = 1.95 w (fs /atm)0.06(vo'/atm)0.06

37
10/21/2009
Seismic Piezocone Tests (SCPTu)

Vs

Fast Economical Continuous Immediateresults Multiplereadings t50
fs u2 qt
t Gmax E } OCR Pc' kvh
su
K0
Digitaldataloggedtocomputer Postprocessinformationinrealtime
(Chung,2005;Schneider,2007,Univ.WesternAustralia)
Unit Weight T (kN/m )
10 0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 20
3
Effective
25 30
'
35
(degree)
40 45 50 0
Preconsolidation, p' (kPa)

100 200 300 0
DSS su (kPa)
10 20 30 40 50
Lab CRSC
2
0.33 qtnet
4 6
Laboratory CAU SS Tests
fctn(fs, svo') fctn(Vs, z) Meas Lab CPTu CAUC
svo'
Depth (meters)
CPTU
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
38
10/21/2009
(Chung,2005UWA;Langdon,2007UMassAmherst)
35
CAUSS:12.7m
30
CAUSS:14.9m CAUSS:10.5m CAUSS:9.4m
ShearStress,xy(kPa) S
25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
CAUSS:4.8m ModHyp:12.7m
=Gs G/Gmax=1(/max)0.25 max=su=sin'OCRvo' OCR=0.33(qtvo)/vo' Gmax=tVs2
ModHyp:14.9m ModHyp:10.5 10 5m ModHyp:9.4m ModHyp:4.8m
ShearStrain,(%)
SPT TxPT PMT CPMT
SPLT SWS K0SB HF
TSC RCPTu CPT CPTu FTS SDMT Plate Penetrometer PLT

Suspension Logging
SPTT SASW MASW CSW
LPT SCPMT PPT HPT
VST
DMT
SCPTu
T-bar Ball
BST
AutoSeis Shaker
SL DHT
CHT
Standard Penetration Test Texas Penetration Test Vane Shear Test Pressuremeter Test Cone Pressuremeter Dilatometer Test Screw Plate Test K0 Stepped Blade Swedish Weight Sounding Hydraulic Fracture Borehole Shear Test
Total Stress Cell Freestand Torsional Shear Cone Penetration Test Piezocone Penetration Resistivity Piezocone Seismic Cone Seismic Flat Dilatometer T-Bar Penetrometer Ball Penetrometer Plate Penetrometer Plate Load Test
Suspension Logger Crosshole Geophysical Test Downhole Test Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Modal Analysis (Rayleigh Waves) Continuous Surface Waves Standard Penetration Test with Torque Large Penetration Test PiezoProbe Test Seismic Piezocone Pressuremeter Helix Probe Test
39
10/21/2009
Offshore Continuous Rotating Vane

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 10 15 Helical Vane T-Bar 20
Depth Below Mudline (m)
House, Randolph, and Watson (ISOPE 2004)
NewDevelopments:TwitchTesting
Chung,Randolph&Schneider(2006,JGGE)
Norma alized Resistance, q q/ q ref
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 T-bar Ball Plate Cone Watson & Suemasa
Partially-drained Undrained
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Drained
Normalized Velocity: V = vd/cv
40
10/21/2009
Frequent-interval and Continuous Vs profiling

Charleston, South Carolina
0
GT AutoSeis
10 Depth (m)
15
20
25
30
0.1
0.2 0.3 Time (sec)
0.4
0.5
SeismicResistivityDynamic PenetrometerTest(SRDPT) forhardground,saprolites,and cementedgeomaterials

Hydraulic Rig
Dynamic Driver Module (Impact, Sonic)

Square Rods
Shear Wave Velocity, VS Lateral Stress, L Enlargement Resistivity, Tip Stress, qd
SRDPT design will provide 4 continuous readings with depth
Square Wedge Penetrometer
41
10/21/2009
Geophysics Drilling & Sampling
Fully Integrated Ground Behavior
SoilParametersEvaluation
eo, T, vo, DR, p, OCR, Go, D, Ko, , , , , , c, k, cv, K, M, G, E, Cc, Cr, Cs, C, su, Eu
In-Situ Testing
Laboratory Testing
Analytical Modeling
Numerical Simulation
Summary:SOA1 Geomaterial Behaviour

Geomaterial characterization is challenging
Need multiple measurements - One number is insufficient for evaluation of soil parameters Let us teach critical-state soil mechanics in our colleges and use it in practice.
Adopt seismic piezocone as the minimum level of f effort ff t for f routine ti site it investigation i ti ti
Continue to develop international geotechnical experimentation sites for calibration & reference

42
10/21/2009
2ndInternationalSymposiumon ConePenetrationTesting
HuntingtonBeach,California
Host: Peter K. Robertson
CPT 2010: www.cpt10.org
4thInternationalConferenceon SiteCharacterization 2012 Recife,Brazil(ISC4)

ProfessorRobertoQuentalCoutinho FederalUniversityofPernambuco BrazilianSoc.SoilMechanics&GeotechnicalEngrg.
ISC3
www.geoforum.com/tc16
43

Geomaterial Behavior and Testing (SOAPresentation) - Mayne Et Al 2009

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10/21/2009

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour andTesting

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SOA1is100pages Total76,776words 749references+43equations

SOA1:Geomaterial Behaviour &Testing

SixSections: Introduction SoilBehaviour PhysicalModelling g InSituTesting

Shaftfrictiondataforfieldpiletests (Coop,2005 ISLyon)

Contact stress measurements under an axisymmetric footing (Springman et al. 2002).

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Stressstrainbehaviorof fiberreinforcedsand (ZornbergandLi,2003)

STATE Void Ratio, e0

Geomaterial Parameters and Properties

COMPRESSIBILITY Recompression index, Cr

STIFFNESS Stiffness: G0 = Gmax

STRENGTH Drained and Undrained, max

BE CIUC CIDC CKoUC CKoDC CKoUE CKoDE CIUE CIDE

Tv Permeameters Vst RS DSC

Methods to Interpret Ground Behavior from Testing

Full-Scale Structural Response

Empirical e.g.,tzcurves Analytical e.g.,ElasticPile Numerical FLAC,PLAXIS, ABAQUS,CRISP

Soil Art: Sand Sculptures

Undrained ShearStrength SampleDisturbance Reconstitutedvs Undisturbed

CriticalStateSoilMechanics Effective ffectiveFrictionAngle,' Preconsolidation Stress,p' InternationalGeotechnicalTestSites

'=49 c' =22

Ifyouthinkphi=0andforceahorizontallinetoget yourundrained strengthvalues....

g j .....theny youmight justneed CriticalStateSoilMechanics

Isayclay Yousay"undrained" Isaysand Yousay"drained"

Simplified Critical State Soil Mechanics (CSSM)

CSSM = Link between CSL Consolidation, Swelling, VCL and Shear

CONSOL CSL Log v'

Effective stress v' Shear stre ess

Critical State Soil Mechanics for Dummies

SHEARING = effective friction angle Effective stress v'

Critical State Soil Mechanics

p' Shear stre ess

Effective stress v'

Four Basic Stress Paths:

OC: max = c+tan

Effective stress v'

UndrainedShearStrengthofClays=c=cu =su =max ClassicalinterpretationofCPTandVSTinclays:

Which su ? NkCPT 155

vane decreases with PI

HC CIUC PSC CK0UC DSC

Undrained Strength Profiles - Troll, North Sea

Upper Troll y Clay

Dep pth (meters)

National Geotechnical Test Site Bothkennar, UK

CPTu Profiles of su in Bothkennar Clay, UK

i 'OCR su/voDSS = sin

2. Experimental lab work by MIT:

su/voDSS = 0.23 OCR0.8

su Mobilized 0.22 p'

SOA-1: 17th ICSMGE 2009

Sample Disturbance Effects

Gel Sampler (Huang 2007) Mazier Tube Dames & Moore

NGI Block Sampler Gus Sampler Osterberg Sampler

Shelby (2.8 inch = 72 mm)