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Outline of lecture
Introduction Horizontal curves Transition curves Vertical curves Summary
Introduction
Route surveying surveys required to establish horizontal and vertical alignment for transportation facilities Highways, railways, rapid transit systems, canals, pipelines, transmission lines etc Surveying is required for all phase which involves alignment planning, design and construction work
Introduction
Highways have been the most highly developed form of transportation facility Most of the methods developed for highway surveys are applicable to other types of transportation network The emphasis of this topic will be on route surveys for highway alignment
Importance
design Plans, specification and estimates for construction Prepare maps for appraisal and acquisitions of the necessary rights of way
Geometry
of horizontal and vertical curves and their usage Methods of acquiring terrain data Processing terrain data for earthwork calculations
Introduction
Straight (tangent) sections of transportation routes such as highways, railways and pipelines are connected by curves in horizontal and vertical planes
Horizontal curves
2 types:
Circular
Simple Compound Broken-back Reverse Makes a good transition curve to lessen sudden change in curvature at the junction of a tangent and circular curve
Spiral
Tangent
Circular
Simple curve Compound curve Broken-back curve Reverse curve
tangent spiral
spiral
Spiral
Transition curves
Needed especially for railways & rapidtransit systems To reduce the sudden change in curvature at the junction of a tangent and circular curve Spirals are excellent transition curves
Transition curves
The dynamics of a vehicle traveling in a straight line and then turning into a circular curve, the vehicle changes from a state of zero acceleration into a state of full circular acceleration instantaneously If this happened in reality, the vehicle, especially a rail vehicle, would fall off the tracks
Transition curve
Superelevations
To balance the effect of centrifugal force on a vehicle passing around a curve Raises the outer rail track or outer edge of highway Railways: Amount of raising to balance the effect of centrifugal force Roads: raise the outer lane to level before commencing the transition curve spiral
Vertical curves
Tangent 1
Tangent 2 Tangent 3
Curve A
Curve B
Vertical curves
Purposes:
The
rate of change of vertical acceleration is gradual (for safety and comfort) Oncoming vehicles are visible for a safe distance
Curves may be
Convex
Vertical curves
change of gradient (parabolas) Uniform rate of increase of centrifugal force Adequate sighting distances
r = p
PVI or V
BVC = beginning of vertical curve PVI = point of intersection g1 = slope of back tangent (in %) L = length of curve in stations
EVC = end of vertical curve r = rate of change g2 = slope of forward tangent () t = length of sub-curve in station to point on curve from BVC
Summary
A route survey, as the name implies, is a survey that deals with the route or course that a highway, road, utility line etc will follow Very important to understand the concept of vertical and horizontal curves for route design and engineering