S y n o p s is ON Touch Switch SUBMITTED TO

ABES I T GHAZIABAD
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Project Guide:Ms. PRIYANKA TYAGI

Submitted By:
TRIPTI SARASWAT TUSHAR SHASHANK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DETAIL OF COMPONENT
CD4011- CMOS IC:Note how all inputs of the unused gates inside the 4011 chip are connected either to VDD or ground. This is not a mistake, but an act of intentional design. Since the 4011 is a CMOS integrated circuit, and CMOS circuit inputs left unconnected can assume any voltage level merely from intercepting a static electric charge from a nearby object, leaving inputs floating means that those unused gates may receive any random combinations of "high" and "low" signals. At best it means excessive power consumption. It matters little if we choose to connect these unused gate inputs "high" (VDD) or "low" (ground), so long as we connect them to one of those two places.

ZENER DIODE:The diodes designed to work in breakdown region are called zener diode. The power handling capacity of these diodes is better. The power dissipation of a zener diode equals the product of its voltage and current. PZ =VZ IZ . When zener is forward biased it works as a diode and drop across it is 0.7V when it works in breakdown region the voltage across it is constant Vz and the current through it is decided by external resistance. Zener diode is used for regulating the the dc voltage. It maintains the output voltage constant even through the current through changes

RELAY:Generally speaking, a relay circuit is a circuit that uses a small mechanical switch or a semiconductor device (with associated circuitry) to energize a relay, which will then close a contact set to complete another circuit. This system is used by most people on a daily basis, and it is used to start a motor vehicle. The key switch (ignition switch) is turned to "start" and 12 volts (approximately) is applied to the starter solenoid (which is a big relay). The coil is energized, it shuts contacts, and the battery voltage is delivered through the heavy contact set (for high current capacity) to the starter motor. There are variations on this theme to which the term relay circuit can be applied, but the idea remains the same: a small switch of some kind controls switching in another (usually higher voltage and/or current) circuit. It could be argued that the telegraph is a relay circuit.

P-N-P TRANSISTOR:It is made of two P-type layers and one N-type layer. In this type, we add two P-type layers, with the two sides of a N-type layer. In this way, we get a P-N junction and an other N-P junction, we can compare a P-N-P transistor with two diodes, whom N-N type semi conductors are jointed, between the two diodes, One is called emitter-base diode or emitter diode and other is called collector base or collector diode.

WORKING
The heart of the circuit is the IC CD 4011 that is connected as a FLIP-FLOP. Pins 9 and 13 of the IC are the SET and RESET contacts of the FLIP-FLOP. The IC is of the CMOS type and requires a very low current to in its gates to control it. This high sensitivity of the circuit makes the touch operation possible. The two gates are held at logic state 1 continuously by means of the two resistors R1 and R3 that connect them to the positive supply rail. These resistors have a very large resistance of 10 Mohm. If we now touch a set of contacts the skin resistance closes the circuit between the corresponding gate and the negative supply rail. The skin resistance for small areas of the skin is normally much lower than 10 Mohm and the gate is effectively brought to logic condition 0 which makes the FLIP-FLOP change state. For any given state of the FLIPFLOP touching the corresponding set of contacts will make the circuit to reverse its state of balance and in effect toggle the switch. As a switch is used a relay driven by a transistor which is driven from the output of the FLIP-FLOP.

If It Does Not Work :Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or soldering flux residues that usually cause problems. -Check again all the external connections to and from the circuit to see if there is a mistake there. Make sure that all the polarised components have been soldered the right way round. Make sure the supply has the correct voltage and is connected the right way round to your circuit. Make sure that you have inserted the IC in its socket correctly and that you havenotbent any pins during insertion. Check your project for faulty or damaged components.