2 Protection Course - Overview Protection PDF

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS
33/11kV DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTAL OF PROTECTION
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Sharul Amri Ismail & Sahari Abdullah (Sep 2008) 33/11kV Distribution Power System Protection For ST
DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION Ir. Azizuddin Zakaria 2833/11kV Dec 2009
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participant will be able: To show the concept and application of protection system To explain the role of protection system in TNB To show the types of protection relay used in TNB system To show the application of the relays in TNB system
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WHY WE NEED PROTECTION?
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Role of Protection
Protect power system against any faults Detect Fault Isolate faulty plant Minimize damage Minimize danger to people Minimize supply interruption
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PMU 132/33 kV
IDEAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR TNB PPU SYSTEM

33/11 kV PE 11/0.415 kV x x x x X X X
-bus bar protection -cable/line protection -transformer protection

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All TNB equipment has to be protected!
PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
Criteria
1. Fast
Definition
Fast fault clearance Minimize the system interruptions or duration of system disturbance Improve system stability Safety of Human & Equipment
2.Dependable Must operate for faults in the protected zone / Reliable Will operate correctly for all the faults for which it is designed to operate 3. Secure / Stable 4. Selective Must not operate/ stable for faults outside the protected zone, power system disturbance Will not mal-operate if no fault in the protected zone Able to identify the faulty section and/or phase(s) of a power system Operate as much of the system as necessary to de-energize only distressed components of power system
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PROTECTION PRINCIPLES (continued)

Criteria Definition
Sensitive enough to operate under minimum fault condition To consider minimum fault level Low Level Fault may lead to more severe fault Utilise minimal hardware and software logic to perform intended function Increase in hardware components may reduce the system reliability
5. Sensitive
6. Simple
7.Economical The cost commensurate with the intended function and power system risk assessment
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PROTECTION DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Fault Clearing System (FCS)
Protection System
CT Protection Equipment/ Relay
Circuit Breaker
Trip Coil CB Mechanism
VT
TE
TE
DC System
DC System
CT Current Transformer VT Voltage Transformer TE Telecommunication Equipment CB Circuit Breaker
Fault Clearing Requirements

Maximum Fault Clearing Time (MFCT)
Main Protection Function
Voltage Level (kV) Equipment
33/22/11 150ms 600ms
Substation Circuit
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BASIC COMPONENT
SENSING DEVICE
CURRENT TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
RELAY
DECISION MAKER - TRIP OR NOT ?
CIRCUIT BREAKER
FAULT ISOLATION
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PROTECTION ISOLATION COMPONENTS
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SENSING DEVICE
TRIP
RELAY
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TYPE OF PROTECTION
Unit Protection
- operates on differential principle - has defined zone protection determined by CT - must be stable during external fault
Non-unit Protection
Simpler and cheaper Requires time coordination between various stages Long clearance time for faults close to source
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UNIT PROTECTION
CB SS1 TRIP
Discrimination by zone!
CT
ZOP
CT CB TRIP SS2
Fault
RELAY
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NON-UNIT PROTECTION
SS3 SS1 1.5sec 0.5sec 0 sec SS4
Fault
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SS2
1.0sec
Discrimination by time factor!
LIST OF UNIT AND NON UNIT PROTECTION Unit Protection

Current Differential / Pilot wire relay (7SJ610, Solkor Rf, Solkor N) TX Differential (SEL 587, 7UT512) TX REF (SPAE 010, 7VH600)
Non Unit Protection

OCEF (7SJ602, P123) SBEF (7SJ602, CAU) Directional OCEF (SEL351A)
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MAIN & BACK UP PROTECTION

Main protection Back up protection
Transformer
-TX Diff -TX REF -TX Guard -Current Differential / Solkor Rf - High Set OCEF - Low/High impedance - Arc protection
-OCEF - SBEF -OCEF -SBEF -OCEF
Cable/line
Bus bar
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RELAY OPERATING TIME

OCEF 1.2 s (outgoing feeder PMU) 0.4 s (outgoing feeder PPU) 0.8 s (incomer TX 33/11 kV PPU) SBEF - 2 to 2.5 s for 1st stage - 5 s for 2nd stage REF 50 ms TX Diff 50 ms Current Diff 12 ms Arc protection 7 ms
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PILOT WIRE / CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY Use circulating current principle (Solkor Rf) Use voltage balance priciple (Translay H04) Is a unit protection Need communication channel Operation by comparing the current magnitude of both end
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BASIC OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME

FLOW OF FAULT CURRENT OUT OF ZONE
CB
CT 600/1
CT 600/1 CB
5A
5A
5A 5A 5A
5A
0A
FAULT 3000A
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5A
5A
BASIC OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME

FLOW OF FAULT CURRENT IN ZONE
CB
CT 600/1 FAULT 3000A
CT 600/1 CB
5A
5A
0A
5A
0A
0A
5A
5A
0A
20
TRANSLAY BALANCE VOLTAGE

SSA CB CT F CT CB 1 SOURCE
SSB
T OPERATE
T NO OPERATION
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OCEF
The cheapest protection relay Available in 3 OC, 1 EF and 2OC, 1 EF Use Standard Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristics
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23
OCEF BASIC DIAGRAM

2 O/C 1 E/F
R Y B
O/C
2 OC and 1 EF is sufficient to cover fault for all 3 phases O/C

EARTH BONDING
E/F
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OC OPERATION 2 Phase fault

R Y B
OC
OC
CT R Y Fault
EF
25
OC OPERATION 2 Phase fault

X X X
CT CT CT OC R B Fault
R Y B
OC EF
26
EF OPERATION Single phase fault

X X X
VCB
EARTH OC EF OC B E Fault
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STANDBY EARTH FAULT (SBEF)

Use Definite Time Characteristics Set normally between 2-2.5 s for 1st stage and 5 s for 2nd stage, depending on coordination studies Is a back up protection
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SBEF CHARACTERISTICS
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BASIC OVERALL TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
POWER TRANSFORMER BREAKER CT CT BREAKER
REF SBEF
STAR
INTERPOSING CT
DELTA
DIFF
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Power Transformer (132/33kV or 132/11kV) - HV

Protection Classification Main Protection Backup Protection Device Designation 87T 64REF/HV 51OC TXG Protection Device Transformer Biased Differential Protection Transformer Restricted Earth Fault Overcurrent Protection Transformer Guards Bucholz (Main & OLTC Tanks) 63B Winding Temperature (HV/LV) 26WT Oil Temperature - 26OT Pressure Relief Device 63PRD Circuit Breaker Failure Protection Circuit Breaker Failure Protection
* 50BF/1 * 50BF/2
Requirement in TNB COP Ed.2 Note* : For Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Substation Only
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Power Transformer (132/33kV or 132/11kV) - LV

Protection Classification Main Protection Backup Protection Device Designation 64REF/LV 51OC+51EF 64SBEF Protection Device Transformer Restricted Earth Fault Overcurrent & Earth Fault Protection Transformer Standby Earth Fault
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TX Differential
Is a unit protection Usually located at 33 kV CRP Use current circulating method Operated by comparing the magnitude of current of both ends
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BASIC OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (through fault)

CB 2000 CT 200/1 33/11 kV 6000A CT 600/1 CB
10A
10A
10A
10A 10A
10A
0A - relay stable 10A
FAULT 6000A
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10A
BASIC OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (in zone fault)

CB 2000 CT 200/1 33/11 kV 0A CT 600/1 CB
6000A 10A 10A 10A 0A
0A
0A
10A relay operates

10A
0A
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RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT (REF)

Is a unit protection Usually located at 11 kV CRP Has 2 types
Voltage operated Current operated
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RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT SCHEME FOR STAR WINDING
REF protected zone
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REF (OUT ZONE FAULT)

4A
CT 600/1
2400A
4A EARTH FAULT OUTSIDE ZOP 2400A RELAY STABLE CT 600/1 4A 4A 4A 4A
0A
2400A
earth
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REF (IN ZONE FAULT) 2400A

0A
CT 600/1
0A 2400A EARTH FAULT INSIDE ZOP 2400A RELAY OPERATES CT 600/1 4A 4A 0A 4A
4A
earth
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REF (PH-PH FAULT) 2400A

2400A 4A
CT 600/1
4A
PH - PH FAULT OUTSIDE ZOP 2400A RELAY NO OPERATION/STABLE CT 600/1
earth
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REF (PH-PH FAULT) 2400A

2400A
CT 600/1
PH - PH FAULT INSIDE ZOP 2400A RELAY NO OPERATION/STABLE CT 600/1
earth
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DIRECTIONAL OCEF
Directional Control at C and D
I1 + I2 I1 C I2
51 A
67
LOAD
51 B
67
Relay D does not operate due to current flow in the reverse direction.
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ARC PROTECTION
Input from light sensor and current transformer Light input coming from flashover Current input coming from fault current magnitude Tripped if both conditions existed Tripping time 7 ms
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ARC protection Two incomers

VAMP 221
Ib> VX010 VX010 T2 T2
VAMP 221
CB1
T1
CB2
T1
CB3
X1
X2
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TNBD PRACTICE
TX 33 /11 kV Protection
Main protection
TX DIFF, REF (>5MVA TX) TX Guard
Bucholz Main Tank & OLTC Pressure Relief Device HV and LV winding temperature Oil temperature
Back up protection
OCEF SBEF
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TNBD PRACTICE
Cable Protection
Main protection
Current Differential / Pilot wire relay Directional relay
Back up protection
OCEF SBEF
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TNBD PRACTICE
Overhead Line Protection
Main protection
OCEF High Set with A/Reclose
Back up protection
OCEF IDMT SBEF
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TNBD PRACTICE
Bus bar Protection
Main protection
Recently used Arc Protection Reverse blocking scheme (not yet widely used)
Back up protection
OCEF
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PROTECTION SYSTEM USED IN TNB SYSTEM

PMU 132/33 kV PPU 33/11 kV PE 11/0.415 kV x x x x X TX 33 / 11 kV > 5 MVA Main and back up protection used/available TX 33/11 kV < 5 MVA Used quenchol fuses Local TX Used OCEF
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X X X

PMU 132/33 kV PPU 33/11 kV PE 11/0.415 kV x x x x X
Underground cable 33 kV Main protection are active unless pilot wire is not available Back up protection used (OCEF) Underground cable 11 kV Main protection translay H04 not widely used. Directional OCEF used for parallel feeders Only used back up OCEF Overhead line 33 kV Used OCEF with reclose / Auto recloser
X X X
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PMU 132/33 kV PPU 33/11 kV PE 11/0.415 kV x x x x X Bus bar Arc protection only recently used Most TNB sub station no arc protection installation/available Only depends on back up OCEF as solely protection
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X X X
Protection Relay Location

Solkor R/RF OC/EF Master Trip
33kV
Tx Differential Tx Guard OC/EF Master Trip NER OC/EF REF Master Trip 31 Bus Section 32 OC/EF REF Master Trip 1HO 2HO
33kV Outgoing
Tx Differential Tx Guard OC/EF Master Trip
Tx1
Tx2
11kV
OC/EF Translay Master Trip
SBEF Tx1 11kV Outgoing SBEF Tx2 Master Trip
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TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

33/11kV DISTRIBUTION POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

WHY WE NEED PROTECTION?

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

IDEAL PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR TNB PPU SYSTEM

-bus bar protection -cable/line protection -transformer protection

All TNB equipment has to be protected!

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

PROTECTION PRINCIPLES (continued)

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

PROTECTION DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

CT Current Transformer VT Voltage Transformer TE Telecommunication Equipment CB Circuit Breaker

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

Fault Clearing Requirements

Voltage Level (kV) Equipment

33/22/11 150ms 600ms

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

PROTECTION ISOLATION COMPONENTS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

Discrimination by time factor!

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

LIST OF UNIT AND NON UNIT PROTECTION Unit Protection

Non Unit Protection

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

MAIN & BACK UP PROTECTION

-OCEF - SBEF -OCEF -SBEF -OCEF

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

RELAY OPERATING TIME

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

BASIC OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

BASIC OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME

CT 600/1 FAULT 3000A

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TRANSLAY BALANCE VOLTAGE

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

OCEF BASIC DIAGRAM

2 OC and 1 EF is sufficient to cover fault for all 3 phases O/C

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

OC OPERATION 2 Phase fault

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

OC OPERATION 2 Phase fault

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

EF OPERATION Single phase fault

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STANDBY EARTH FAULT (SBEF)

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

BASIC OVERALL TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

POWER TRANSFORMER BREAKER CT CT BREAKER

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS

Power Transformer (132/33kV or 132/11kV) - HV

TNB Integrated Learning Solution Sdn Bhd - ILSAS