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ATOMIC PHYSICS 4.C0MPTON EFFECT NAD MATTEER WAVES POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Compton Effect (A.H.Compton) a. This provides a supports the quantum nature of light. b. The change in the wavelength or frequency of X-rays when scattered by a free electron is called Compton Effect.When X-rays of certain frequency are incident on substances like carbon or paraffin a change in the frequency or wavelength occurs. c. In the scattered X-rays there are two components.The component which has no change in its wavelength. This is called coherent component. The component which has more wavelength than that of incident X-rays. This is called incoherent component. d. The increase in the wavelength or Compton shift is given by h Where = scattering angle and m0 = rest mass of (1 cos ) = ' = m0C electron. e. Compton shift is independent of the material that scatters the photons f. The compton shift depends only on the scattering angle but not on the original wavelength of X-rays. h = 0.0243 is called Compton wavelength. g. The value of m0 c h. The collision of X-rays with the free es is an elastic collision. 2. Matter Waves (or) deBroglie Waves a. deBroglie suggested that the matter should possess dual nature as electromagnetic waves.The waves associated with particles (electrons protons, h Where h = neutrons etc) are called matter waves or de Broglie waves. = mc Plancks constant. b. The ratio between the plancks constant and the momentum of the particle is h h Where v = velocity of the particle. called de Broglie wavelength. = = p mv h h or = where E is energy of the c. de Broglie wavelength = 2eVm 2mE particle.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is Compton Effect? Explain.
The change in the wavelength or frequency of X-rays when scattered by a free electron is called Compton Effect. When X-rays of certain frequency are incident on www.sakshieducation.com

A:

www.sakshieducation.com substances like carbon or paraffin a change in the frequency or wavelength occurs. In the scattered X-rays there are two components. The component which has no change in its wavelength. This is called coherent component. This is called coherent scattering or Thomson scattering. The component which has more wavelength than that of incident Xrays. This is called incoherent component. This is called incoherent scattering. The increase in the wavelength or Compton shift is given by
S c x a -r tt a e y re p d h o to n
I

= ' =

h (1 cos ) m0C
Incident x-ray

2. A:

photon Or = 0.0243(1 cos ) (in ) = 2.43 10-12 (1 - cos) (in m) R el eco 2 ec i = 0.0486 sin (/2) tro l n Where = scattering angle Compton shift is independent of the material that scatters the photons The compton shift depends only on the scattering angle but not on the original h = 0.0243 is called Compton wavelength of X-rays. The value of m0 c wavelength. The collision of X-rays with the free electrons is an elastic collision. Write briefly the de-Broglies hypothesis.

deBroglie suggested that the matter should possess dual nature as electromagnetic waves. The waves associated with particles (electrons protons, neutrons etc) are called matter waves or de Broglie waves. Energy of a photon is given by hc E = h = Consider the photon as a particle of mass m moving with a velocity c, the energy associated with it is given by E = mc2 hc h h mc2 = Where h = Plancks constant. mc = = mc The ratio between the plancks constant and the momentum of the particle is called de Broglie wavelength. h h = = Where v = velocity of the particle. p mv 1. de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to mass of the particle. So for lighter bodies is more and for heavier bodies is very less. 2. de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to velocity of the body, when = 0 then = . So matter waves are produced due to motion of the body. These matter waves are not electromagnetic waves.

3.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

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1. Sol:

What is Compton effect? When X-rays are scattered by substances containing free electrons, then scattered X-rays suffer a change in their wave length.

h (1 cos ) where is known as angle of scattering. This effect m.c is known as Compton effect. is called Compton shift.
Compton shift = 2. If a proton and an electron have same de-Broglie wave length which has more momentum and kinetic energy.

A:

h . When wavelength is same the both proton and m p2 electron will have same momentum. But K .E = . So electron will have more kinetic 2m 1 energy Q K .E. m
From de-Broglies principle = Is photon a wave or a particle? What is its rest mass? Photon is a particle of energy. Photons will have mass only when they are in motion. So rest of mass photon is zero. What are de-Broglies waves? From de-Broglies hypothesis, every moving particle will have some wave associated with it. They are called matter waves or De-Broglies waves. De-Broglies wave length, =

3. A:

4. A:

h h or = m p

5. A:

What is the equation of wave length associated with a moving particle? Wavelength

h h = m p

SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the wavelength of the incident radiation when it undergoes Compton scattering at an angle of 60 by graphite and the wavelength of the scattered radiation is 2.54 1011 m .
0

Sol:

h (1 cos ) m0 c

But

0 h = 0.0244 A, = 600 m0 c

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0 0 1 = 0.0244 A = 0.012 A 2

But = . Here = 2.54 1011 m = 0.254 A0

= 0.254 0.012 = 0.242 A0 = 2.42 1011 m .

2. Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 150V. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength.( (h = 6.62 1034 Js , m = 9.1 1031 kg , e = 1.6 1017 C ) Sol: V = 150V; h = 6.62 1034 Js , m = 9.11031 kg , e = 1.6 10
19

h = 2 Vem
=

6.62 1034 2 9.110

31

1.6 10

19

150

= 1A0

E=
3.

hc

6.63 1034 3108 =3 2500 1010

0

A radiation of wavelength 2500 A is incident on a metal plate whose work function is 3.5 eV. Calculate the potential required to stop the fastest photo electrons emitted by the surface

(h = 6.631034 Js , c = 3 108 ms 1 )
Sol:

= 2500 A0 = 2500 1010 m, h = 6.63 1034 Js , c = 3108 ms 1 .

6.63 1034 3 108 = = 8 1019 J The energy of the incident radiation E = 10 2500 10 hc
Work function (W0 ) = 3.5eV = 3.5 1.6 10 19 J = 3.5 10 19 J .

K max of the photo electrons = hv W0 = 8.0 10 19 5.6 10 19 J

If V0 is the stopping potential then

eV0 = K max

K max 2.4 1019 V0 = = = 1.50V e 1.6 1019

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS 1. A photon collides with an electron and gets scattered through an angle of 900 . The electron recoils and moves in another direction. Calculate the Compton shift. (h = 6.62 1034 Js).

Sol:

= 900 ; h = 6.62 1034 Js

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Compton Shift =

h h (1 cos ) = ( = 900 ) m0 c m0 c

m0 = rest mass of electron = 9.111031 kg =

2. Sol:

6.62 1034 = 0.243 1011 m 9.111031 3 108

Find the momentum of an electron having wavelength. 2 A0 (h = 6.62 1034 Js )

Wavelength of electron = = 2 A0 = 2 1010 m Momentum of electron = P = h = 6.62 1034 = 3.311024 Kgms 1 10 2 10

3.

Calculate the wavelength of de-Broglie waves associated with a beam of protons of kinetic energy 5 102 eV .(Mass of each proton= = 1.67 1027 kg ) ,( h = 6.64 1034 Js ) .

Sol:

K.E. of proton = 5 102 eV = 500 1.6 1019 J

m p = 1.67 1027 kg ; h = 6.64kt1034 J sec

De-Broglie wavelength

h = p

h 2 m p .K . E

=
4.

6.64 1034 2 1.67 10

27

500 1.6 10

19

= 1.28 1011 m

Find the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 0.8c where c is velocity of light in vacuum. (c = 3 108 ms 1 , h = 6.63 1034 Js )

Sol:

Mass of the electron

m=

m0 v2 1 2 c

Where m0 is the rest mass of the electron

m0 = 9.1 10 31 kg ; v = 0.8c ; c = 3 108 m / s

m=

9.11031 0.8c 1 c
2

9.11031 91 = 1031 kg 6 1 0.64

Then de Broglie wave length of the electron is given by

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h 6.63 1034 = = mv 91 1031 0.8 3 108 6

= 1.8211012 m

ASSESS YOURSELF
1. Compton effect is observable with X-rays and -rays where as it is not observed with the ultraviolet light, visible light etc. why? A. 2. Compton effect is observed only with high energetic X-rays and -rays. Is the de-Broglie wavelength of a photon of an electromagnetic radiation equal to the wavelength of the radiation? Yes. Why is the wave nature of matter not apparent in our daily observation? Since wave length is very small compared with the size of the particle , the wave nature of matter is not apparent.

A. 3. A.

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