Documentation Center of Radio Planning and Design Section, Huawei Technologies

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Rural Network Planning Guideline

( Internal Use Only)

Drafted by: Re'iewed by: Re'iewed by: *ppro'ed by:

Topi Resear ! "tudy Group

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Rural Network Planning Guideline (V1.0)

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Table of ,ontents
1 Overview.......................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Rural Network Environments............................................................................................................4 (1) Roads..........................................................................................................................................4 (2) ountr!side ...............................................................................................................................4 (") Railwa!.......................................................................................................................................4 (4) oast ..........................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Pro#ita$ilit! and %igni#i&an&e o# Rural Network ..............................................................................4 2 Rural Network %olutions...............................................................................................................................' 2.1 Networking (odes #or Rural Network..............................................................................................' 2.2 )*% %ele&tion #or Rural Network .....................................................................................................' " Rural Network +esign.................................................................................................................................., ".1 %ite -o&ation and %ite on#iguration %ele&tion................................................................................, (1) )*% along road and railwa!......................................................................................................., (2) ountr!side and town................................................................................................................., (") oast............................................................................................................................................ ".2 /ntenna %ele&tion..............................................................................................................................0 (1) /ntenna sele&tion #or &ountr!side and town..............................................................................0 (2) /ntenna sele&tion #or road and railwa!.....................................................................................1 (") /ntenna sele&tion #or mountainous area..................................................................................10 (4) /ntenna sele&tion #or &oastal area...........................................................................................11 (') /ntenna sele&tion #or road and railwa! tunnel &overage.........................................................11 "." )*% %ele&tion..................................................................................................................................12 ".4 *ransmission %olution.....................................................................................................................12 (1) E1 transmission........................................................................................................................12 (2) (+%- transmission..................................................................................................................12 (") O2ti&al #i$er transmission........................................................................................................12 (4) (i&rowave transmission..........................................................................................................1" ".' -/ Planning.....................................................................................................................................1" "., ell Parameter +esign.....................................................................................................................14 4 Noti&e #or Rural Network Planning.............................................................................................................14

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Rural Network Planning Guideline

-ey words: (road Coverage, Site )ocation, and *ntenna Selection *bstra t: This document introduces the +ey 'oints of rural networ+ construction . such
as site location and antenna selection in various environments. Referen e /ist Name *uthor Code Released date ,here and how to access Pu-lisher

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& O'er'iew
The rural networ+ refers to all networ+s e.ce't city networ+. The rural networ+ includes various +inds of networ+ under different environments, covering su-ur-, small town and rural area, highway, main stem, mountain road, fishing area along the coast, and railway, etc. ,ith the develo'ment of mo-ile communication, the coverage of countryside, highway, su-ur-, railway has -ecome an im'ortant inde. for networ+ /uality.

&0& Rural Network 1n'iron)ents

(&) Roads The road in the 'lain area has a good environment for radio transmission owning to its o'enness. The road in the highland and mountains has a -ad environment for radio transmission, for the radio signal 'ro'agation is o-structed -y hills and mountains. oreover, for the road in the mountains, -esides the mountain, some s'ecial environments such as tunnels also should -e considered for the radio signal 'ro'agation. However, the communication 0i-er Ca-le and 'ower wire along the road 'rovides a convenience for the construction of mo-ile communication networ+. (#) ,ountryside The com'licated countryside environments greatly o-struct radio signal 'ro'agation. The 'o'ulation of 'lain area is relatively condense thus a high ca'acity networ+ is re/uired. Though a small ca'acity networ+ is re/uired for the long road 'assing the mountain and highland area which has a s'arse 'o'ulation, this coverage is necessary for the whole networ+. (2) Railway The environment for railway is /uite com'licated, including 'lain, mountains, highland, and tunnels. *s there is e.isting railway communication 0i-er Ca-le and 'ower su''ly along the railway, the mo-ile communication site can share the site with railway communication site. This 'rovides a -asic condition for the mo-ile communication networ+ construction. (3) ,oast The coast has an o'en environment, 'roviding the radio signal 'ro'agation with a good environment with a small 'ro'agation loss and -road coverage. &0# Profitability and "ignifi an e of Rural Network The rural networ+ re/uires a small networ+ ca'acity due to its low traffic. Com'ared with city area, the ratio -etween yield and investment is very low. However, the cost for rural networ+ can -e reduced -y ado'ting some technologies and selecting suita-le site ty'e and feeder and antenna system to achieve a -road coverage. Thus the whole networ+ com'etitive

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'ower can -e im'roved through the small investment with a -road coverage for rural areas and roads. The rural networ+ has -ecome a new service growing 'oint.

# Rural Network "olutions

#0& Networking 4odes for Rural Network
Two networ+ing modes can -e used for new construction of rural networ+. 1$2 Patching networ+ing: *dding new sites to cover the areas that used to -e not covered -y the original networ+ of other manufacturers. *dvantage: it is unnecessary to change or ad3ust the e.isting networ+ e/ui'ment, or the change and ad3ustment is slight. The duration for networ+ construction is short. Disadvantage: The setting of radio 'arameters needs the coo'eration -etween the e/ui'ment of different manufacturers. The networ+ /uality im'rovement needs the coo'eration -etween different e/ui'ment manufacturers. The com'le. coo'eration might have an negative im'act on the networ+ /uality. 142 Removement networ+ing: Removing all (TSs of other manufacturers in the rural networ+ and use the e/ui'ment of only one manufacturer. *dvantage: the networ+ construction /uality is guaranteed. The networ+ 'ro-lems can -e handled ra'idly, im'roving the networ+ running indices, facilitating the maintenance. Disadvantage: networ+ construction duration is longer. Due to the difference -etween (TS coverage of different manufacturers, some areas covered -y original networ+ might -e uncovered or 'oorly covered -y the new networ+. So the manufacturer of the e/ui'ment to -e used should carry out a detailed survey for the original (TS and recording the data. 5n the engineering design, a thoughtful consideration should -e given to every 'ossi-ility to cause coverage 'ro-lem. 5t should -e guaranteed that networ+ coverage would not -e reduced.

#0# 5T" "ele tion for Rural Network

Huawei (TS67 and iSite (TS 1(TS6""$C and (TS6""4C2 can -e used for the rural networ+ covering the a-ove mentioned areas. The s'ecific (TS ty'e should -e selected according to the following 'rinci'les: 1$2 Hot s'ot area 1town and railway station2: (TS67 can -e selected to meet the ca'acity and the coverage. The configuration of a single (TS6"* ca-inet can reach S4#4#4. *ssume the call loss ratio is &8 and the average -usy hour traffic of a single su-scri-er is "."49rl, a single (TS6"* can -ear 6:!.;6#"."4<$=&!.& su-scri-ers. This can fully meet the ca'acity of ordinary towns. 142 The area along the road and railway 1e.ce't town and railway station2: The traffic in these areas is very low and only coverage is concerned. Huawei iSite (TS 1(TS6""$ and

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(TS6""42 can -e selected. 5f necessary, (TS6""$ or (TS6""4C can -e chained as S$>S$ to form a -anded coverage. 162 The coastal area: (TS67 can -e selected. 1=2 Tunnels for road and railway reference to other ?uide in details.

2 Rural Network Design

The features for rural networ+ are small ca'acity, -road coverage, and sta-ility re/uirement. Networ+ 'lanning should -e 'erformed -ased on the different environments and different su-scri-er features.

20& "ite /o ation and "ite ,onfiguration "ele tion

(&) 5T" along road and railway The site location selection for road should -e very thoughtful -ecause the environment along the road is com'licated. The ca'acity for the areas along the road and railway is very low. The su-scri-er moves at high s'eed and the coverage is the 'rimary concern. @nli+e city and 'lain areas, the area along the road and railway re/uires a -anded coverage. Thus the directional cell is usually ado'ted. 0or the areas that the road or railway 'asses, such as town and sight s'ot, three directional cells or omnidirectional cells can -e selected. The road environment varies from road to road. The straight roads, such as highway and railway, re/uire a good coverage. 5t is recommended that the site locate along the road, ado'ting S$#$#$ or S$#$. The wriggly roads such as mountainous road, the site should locate at a high 'osition to cover the countryside along the road. 0or the coverage only for road, the S$#$ site should locate at the turning 'oint to o-tain the -road coverage. The site configuration can -e selected fle.i-ly according to different environments. 0or e.am'le, omni > directional site might -e ado'ted. * road might 'ass different environments such as 'lain, hill, forest, tunnel, countryside and town. Therefore, on the -asis of thoroughly site survey, the site location and antenna selection should -e 'lanned according to different road sections res'ectively. (esides, the site location along the road should com'rehensively consider the transmission, 'ower su''ly, and site height. 0or the site locates at the high 'osition, the lightning 'rotection system should -e guaranteed in a good condition. The site along the railway can share the relay station location of the e.isting railway scheduling wireless communication system. These locations are usually in the railway station, with the e.isting 'ower su''ly and transmission. S$#$ or A$ is recommended. (#) ,ountryside and town

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5t is sim'le to locate the site for countryside and town. The su-scri-ers in the town are usually dense while the su-scri-ers out of the town are distri-uted widely. There must -e road 'assing the town, so the coverage of these areas is very im'ortant. 5t is recommended to locate the site on a high -uilding or a high 'osition, the new tower might -e -uilt 1a''ro.. &" m2 to achieve a -roader coverage. The transmission and 'ower su''ly are usually availa-le. The traffic is the 'rimary concern for the site configuration, including the traffic for roaming su-scri-ers along the road. 0or the town locates in a 'lain area that has a develo'ment 'otential, S$#$#$ can -e ado'ted to o-tain a -roader coverage and for the future ca'acity e.'ansion 'ur'ose. 0or the town with less su-scri-ers, S#$#$ can -e ado'ted to enhance the road coverage. 0or the town and village near the road, the coverage for -oth road and town#village should -e com-ined. 5t is recommended the site locate at the -oundary -etween the road and town#village, ado'ting S4#$ site with S4 covering the town#village and S$ covering another direction of road. 0or the rural highland area, a good coverage is hard to achieve due to the hill -loc+ing and dee'ly fading. The su-scri-ers are scattered around the site and the traffic is very low. 5n this case, the site location, site configuration, and antenna selection should -e 'erformed to achieve a -road coverage -ased on the features of different su-scri-er distri-utions and landforms. The common features of su-scri-er distri-ution and landform are listed as follow: $2 (asin: The site should locate in the center of the -asin. The A4 is recommended for the small -asins and S$#$#$ or A>S for the large -asins or for -oth the -asin and the main road access to the -asin. 42 ountainto': 0or the site locates on the mountainto' due to microwave transmission or other factors, usually there is a fall of more than $&" m -etween the antenna and the su-scri-er. 5f the target area is 3ust at the foot of the mountain, A4 site is recommended. 5n this case, the -uiltBin omni antenna with fi.ed downtilt is ado'ted to avoid the Ccoverage holeD near the site. 5f the target area is far from the site, or there is no s'ecific target area, it is recommended to ado't S$#$#$ with antenna of high gain and the engineering downtilt -eing $E6 degree. 62 Halfway of mountain: *s the height of antenna is lower than the mountainto', the site is una-le to cover the -ac+side of the mountain. 5n this case, the directional cell with a large -eam width is ado'ted to cover the front of the mountain. 0or the relatively 'lain area, S$#$#$ is recommended to increase the signal strength as much as 'ossi-le and to +ee' more margin for the fading. (2) ,oast The coastal area has a very low traffic and a good environment for radio signal 'ro'agation. *nd it re/uires a -road coverage. 5t has -een 'roven that the radio signal 'ro'agation model

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over the sea is nearly close to that in the free s'ace. The site location is recommended on the mountainto' 1higher than $""m2 to achieve a -roader coverage. *nd the directional site configuration should -e ado'ted. 5n addition, the omni and directional sites configuration can follow the following 'rinci'le: Site ty'e Amni site *''lication $. The area with little 'otential for traffic increase, such as countryside. 4. 5n the case that there is a small fall 1average less than$&" m2 -etween antenna height and the target area. 6. There is an o-vious target area with higher traffic for site location. =. The radio signal is -loc+ed -y hills severely, such as in the valley. Directional site $. The area with large 'o'ulation and great 'otential for traffic increase. .4. The site locates on the mountainto' due to microwave transmission or other factors, usually there is a fall of more than $&" m -etween the antenna and the su-scri-er. The directional antenna with -uiltBin downtilt can -e used. 6. The area with su-scri-ers widely scattered. 0or e.am'le, a site needs to cover several villages &+m away. =. The area where the linear 'ro'agation of radio signal is 'ossi-le. The directional site can -e ado'ted to enlarge the coverage. &. Coverage for road and narrow valley.

20# *ntenna "ele tion

The antenna selection is very im'ortant in the mo-ile communication networ+ construction. The suita-le antenna can im'rove the coverage and FoS, and reduce interference. The antenna should -e selected according to the re/uirements of coverage, traffic, interference, and networ+ FoS. (&) *ntenna sele tion for ountryside and town The sites in the countryside and townis distri-uted s'arsely. The traffic is low and the -road coverage is re/uired. 5n some areas there is only one site so the coverage is the most concern. Therefore, the antenna should -e selected a''ro'riately to achieve the desired coverage. *ntenna selection 'rinci'les: $2 PolariGation mode: the antenna with vertical 'olariGation 'rovides -roader coverage than other 'olariGation antennas. 0or the area re/uires -road coverage, it is recommended to ado't single 'olariGation antenna 1vertical 'olariGation2. Atherwise, the dual 'olariGation antenna is ado'ted.

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42 *ntenna directional 'attern: The omni site is recommended for the area where all areas around the site are re/uired to cover, and there is no o-vious directionality, and the traffic distri-ution is scattered widely. 5t should -e noted that the -road coverage means the coverage area is -road and no directionality -ut not only far coverage. 5t also should -e noted that the coverage distance of omni antenna is shorter than that of directional antenna due to the small gain of the omni antenna. The signal a-sor'tion -y the -ody of tower should -e avoided during the installation of omni antenna, and the antenna should -e +e't vertical with the ground. See Antenna Installation Specifications for detail. ,hen a -roader coverage is re/uired, the directional antenna should -e installed for this 'ur'ose. The directional antennas with horiGontal -eam width !" , $"& and $4" are usually used. 5n the areas that a''ear in some o-vious sha'es, the antenna with s'ecial -eam 'attern can -e selected according to these sha'es. 0or e.am'le, for the site in the valley or halfway of the mountain, the C%D sha'e antenna can -e used. 62 *ntenna gain: *ntenna gain is determined -y the coverage re/uirement. $;E$%d(i for directional antenna or !E$$d(i for omni antenna is recommended for countryside coverage. =2 (uiltBin downtilt or Hero Point Stuffing: *s the antenna with -uiltBin downtilt can affect the coverage ca'a-ility of the site, it is not recommended for countryside. 5f the antenna height is more than &" m and the area near the antenna is e.'ected to cover, the antenna with Hero Point Stuffing 1I$&82 is 'referred to avoid the coverage hole. &2 Downtilt methods: The antenna downtilt ad3ustment usually is not necessary for countryside coverage. The antenna with mechanical ad3usting downtilt is recommended owing to its low 'rice. Summary: $2 0or directional (TS: !"o or $"&o#middium, high gain#vertical 'olariGation antenna or !" o dual 'olariGation#mechanical ad3usting downtilt#Hero Point Stuffing antenna. 42 0or omni (TS: Hero Point Stuffing antenna#electrical ad3usting downtilt 16E&o2 for lower coverage re/uirement. 0or the fall -etween antenna and the main covered area is less than &" m, the common antenna can -e used. 62 0or omni (TS, the dual transmitting antennas can -e used to reduce the im'act of tower -ody on the coverage. (ut the 'ower divider is needed to distri-ute the transmitting signal into two antennas. (#) *ntenna sele tion for road and railway Try to use the antenna with high gain to o-tain the -road coverage. 0or other uncovered areas, the site with low gain can -e used to cover them. *ntenna selection 'rinci'les:

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$2 *ntenna directional 'attern: 0or the site covering the area along the railway and road, the narrow -eam directional antenna with high gain can -e ado'ted. 0or the site covering the road and the scattered villages near the road, the omni antenna or distortion omni antenna can -e ado'ted, such as the antenna in C%D or heartsha'e manner. 0or the site only covering the road, the antenna with high gain 1$=d(i2 can -e ado'ted according to the environment along the road. The antenna with Hero Point Stuffing is 'referred. 0or the site covering the small villages with low traffic, the antenna with 4$"E44"o can -e ado'ted. 42 PolariGation mode: the antenna with vertical 'olariGation 'rovides -roader coverage than other 'olariGation antennas. 0or the area re/uires -road coverage, it is recommended to ado't single 'olariGation antenna. Atherwise, the dual 'olariGation antenna is ado'ted. 62 *ntenna gain: e.ce't for the case of filling the coverage hole, the directional antenna with the gain of 4$E44d(i can -e ado'ted. 5f the case of filling the coverage hole, the antenna with low gain can ado'ted. =2 (uiltBin downtilt and Hero Point Stuffing: *s the antenna with -uiltBin downtilt can affect the coverage ca'a-ility of a site, it is not recommended for countryside. 5f the antenna height is more than &" m and the area near the antenna is e.'ected to cover, the antenna with Hero Point Stuffing 1I$&82 is 'referred to avoid the coverage hole. &2 Downtilt methods: The antenna downtilt ad3ustment usually is not necessary for countryside coverage. The antenna with mechanical ad3usting downtilt is recommended owing to its low 'rice. J2 0orward to -ac+ ratio: *s the su-scri-er in the road coverage usually is moving /uic+ly, to guarantee the handover can ta+e 'lace normally, the forward to -ac+ ratio of directional antenna cannot -e too small. Atherwise the overla''ing de'th -etween two directional cells might -e too small and result in calldro' if the handover is not 'erformed timely. 0or the coverage of highway and railway, the C%D sha'e antenna is recommended to reduce the handover of the high mo-ility su-scri-er when the su-scri-er a''roaching#leaving the site. (2) *ntenna sele tion for )ountainous area *ntenna selection 'rinci'les: $2 *ntenna directional 'attern: *ntenna directional 'attern selection can -e 'erformed -ased on site location, site configuration, and coverage re/uirement. 9ither omni antenna or the antenna with large horiGontal -eam width 1I!" o2. 0or the site locates on mountainto', if the coverage area is in a low 'osition, the antenna with large vertical -eam width is recommended to meet the vertical coverage. 42 *ntenna gain: De'ends on the coverage distance, !E$$d(i for omni antenna, $&E$%d(i for directional antenna.

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62 Downtilt and Hero Point Stuffing: if the site on the mountainto' needs to cover the mountain foot area, the antenna with Hero Point Stuffing or -uiltBin downtilt is should -e ado'ted. The downtilt de'ends on the relative height -etween the site and the area to -e covered. The higher the larger downtilt. (3) *ntenna sele tion for oastal area *ntenna selection 'rinci'les: $2 *ntenna gain: *s the long distance coverage is re/uired for coastal area, the antenna with high gain is recommended. 42 PolariGation mode: the vertical single 'olariGation antenna is recommended if the s'ace 'ermitting. 5f the s'ace is limited, dual 'olariGation antenna also can -e ado'ted. 62 (eam width: the coverage over the sea re/uires a larger horiGontal -eam width and a smaller vertical -eam width. =2 (uiltBin downtilt and Hero Point Stuffing: im'act of s'heric curvature on sea coverage should -e considered. Thus the antenna, usually over $""m, is re/uired. *s a result, the coverage hole is li+ely formed near the antenna. Therefore, the antenna with Hero Point Stuffing or -uiltBin downtilt is recommended and the antenna with Hero Point Stuffing is 'referred. (6) *ntenna sele tion for road and railway tunnel o'erage 0eatures of a''lication environment: ?enerally, the road and railway tunnels cannot -e well covered -y a rural site. So the antenna and site location should -e selected -ased on the s'ecific tunnel. The traffic in road and railway tunnels is very little. Tunnels are not -othered to handle the interference control. The antenna selection and installation -ecomes the most im'ortant. 5n many cases, the ordinary antenna in large siGe cannot -e ado'ted. The site location and antenna selection for the tunnel of different lengths vary greatly. 0urthermore, the antenna installation, ad3ustment, and maintenance are very difficult. 0or railway tunnel, a feature that the coverage level is high when there is no train 'assing the tunnelK when there is train 'assing the tunnel, the coverage is affected -y the train due to the train stuffs the tunnel. *ntenna selection 'rinci'les: $2 *ntenna 'attern: Tunnels are o-viously directional. So the directional antenna is usually selected. The directional narrow -eam antenna is recommended. 42 *ntenna gain: for the less than 4 +m tunnel, the antenna with low gain 1$"E$4d(i2 can -e ado'ted. 0or the longer tunnel, the narrow -eam antenna with high gain 144d(i2 can -e ado'ted. 5n this case, the installation 'ossi-ility should -e considered. 62 *ntenna siGe: the antenna siGe is a +ey factor for tunnel coverage. The coverage solution for each tunnel should -e made. The antenna installation 'ossi-ility should -e fully considered. Try to use the antenna in small siGe.

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=2 (esides the ordinary 'anel antenna and yagi antenna, the distri-ution antenna system also can -e used for tunnel coverage, such as lea+ing ca-le, coa.ial ca-le, and o'tical fi-er. 9s'ecially for railway tunnel, the ordinary antenna might not -e installed or might not cover the tunnel. 5n this case, the lea+ing ca-le or other method should -e used to cover the tunnel. &2 The latest antenna for tunnel is ring antenna, which 'rovides a coverage solution with a -etter ratio -etween cost and 'erformance. The theory and technology of ring antenna needs further to -e researched. $"E$4d(i yagi antenna #logB'eriodical antenna#'anel antenna are recommended to install inside tunnel entrance for less than 4 +m tunnels.

202 5T" "ele tion

(TS selection for rural networ+ can -e 'erformed -ased on the following 'rinci'les: $2 0or the countryside area with little 'otential for traffic increase, (TS6" and (TS6$4 is recommended. 42 0or the A$ site in the 'lain and -road area with small num-er of su-scri-ers, (TS6" is recommended. 62 0or the site along the road and railway, the (TS6""$C and (TS6""4C for outdoor use are recommended, for most S$#$ or A$ sites do not have e/ui'ment room.

203 Trans)ission "olution

The 4 lin+ is ado'ted for the *-is interface -etween (TS and (SC. The star networ+ing and chain networ+ing are su''orted. * ma.imum of = sites can -e chained. *-is interface su''orts a convergence ratio of $&:$. (&) 1& trans)ission ,hen the site is near the (SC or transmission e/ui'ment, the coa.ial ca-le of ;& can -e used as 9$ to connect *-is interface. The transmission distance can -e u' to $& +m. (#) 4D"/ trans)ission DS) 1 edium (it rate Digital Su-scri-er )ine2 can use a 'air of tele'hone line to transmit data signal in varia-le rates 16%=, &$4, ;J%, $$J% +-it#s, etc.2, or use two 'airs of tele'hone lines to transmit data signal in a rate of 4 . if the signals of 4 TR7s are transmitted when one 'air of tele'hones lines is ado'ted, the transmission distance can reach u' to &EJ +m owing to its low data transmission rate. 5f the signal of more TR7s is transmitted, the transmission distance can -e 6 +m owing to its high data transmission rate. (2) Opti al fiber trans)ission The o'tical fi-ers have -een 'aved for most of highways, so these fi-ers can -e used for transmission and this is the most 'referred.

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(3) 4i rowa'e trans)ission ,hen there is no access to other transmission methods, the microwave transmission can -e used. The microwave transmission can -e -uilt in a short 'eriod and at a lower cost com'ared with o'tical fi-er. 5t is suita-le for the com'licated environment, where it is hard to 'ave o'tical fi-er. icrowave transmission is a fast and low cost solution. *t 'resent, Huawei can 'rovides the microwave transmission e/ui'ment of Harris, 9ricsson, and D C. The user can select the suita-le microwave transmission e/ui'ment to lower the cost. $2 0or the 'lain area, as the site coverage is -road, and the interval -etween sites is very long 1a''ro.. 4"E6" +m2, the microwave transmission e/ui'ment for long distance can -e ado'ted. 0or the highland, the interval -etween sites is rather near 1a''ro.. $" +m2, the microwave transmission e/ui'ment for short distance can -e ado'ted. 42 * ma.imum of = sites can -e chained. 5f more than = sites are needed for the road coverage, the star networ+ing should -e ado'ted. 5n this case, if the microwave transmission e/ui'ment is ado'ted, the transmission rate should -e more than 4 . usually = 9$s, i.e., % 1secondary grou'2. 5f the sites are no more than =, $ 9$, i.e., 4 1'rimary grou'2 can -e ado'ted. 62 5t is easy to a''ly fre/uency for the microwave transmission e/ui'ment of high fre/uency -and. 5n general, if there is e.isting o'tical fi-er near the site, the 9$ or DS) transmission mode can -e ado'ted. Atherwise the microwave transmission e/ui'ment is recommended.

206 /* Planning
The rural networ+ )* is 'lanned mainly according to the following situations. $2 )* 'lanning for the area along road and railway: for the sites along the road and railway, a 'articular section of road or railway can -e formed a )*. @sually the su-scri-ers of the area along the road and railway are moving fast and these areas have high traffic. @sing the same )* can effectively control the num-er of )ocation u'dating times, thus the great increase of signaling flow due to fre/uent )ocation u'dating can -e reduced. *s a result, the networ+ resource can -e used rationally and the networ+ 'erformance can -e guaranteed. 42 )* 'lanning for countryside and town: these areas usually have small num-er of su-scri-ers and with low traffic. Therefore, the )* can -e divided -ased on different regions. The s'ecific )*C is determined -y the o'erator. *s a reminder, for the 'atching networ+ing in rural networ+, the signaling flow increase due to the )ocation u'dating to avoid the congestion when the SDCCH is configured. 5t is recommended the 'atched sites share the same )* with the e.isting site. 5t is -etter to locate the )* -order in the area with little su-scri-ers to reduce the location u'dating. 62 )* 'lanning for coastal area coverage: the site covering the coastal area can share the same )* with the e.isting sites.

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207 ,ell Para)eter Design

See BSC Data Setting Specifications for the design 'rinci'le of R*CH min. access level, S*CCH multiBframes, Radio )in+ Timeout for the rural networ+.

3 Noti e for Rural Network Planning

$2 ?reat attention should -e 'aid to the original coverage -efore the site is removed. The e/ui'ment 'rovider should carry the survey together with the user and record the coverage in detail. The test result should -e signed -y the customer so that it can serve as a standard for the com'arison -etween the new site and the original site. The test ta-le is given as follows: Ta-le 6B$ for 77 sites coverage -efore#after the site removement Site name 9/ui'ment 'rovider )ongitude Tester Time )atitude HoriG ontal -eam width 1L2 Mertic al -eam width 1L2 9/ui'ment ty'e PolariG 0eeder Com- attenuatio Power ation length iner n of on rac+ mode 1m2 Com-iner 1d(m2 1d(2

*ntenna *Gim Down ?ain height uth1L2 tilt 1L2 1d(i2 1m2

Cell $ Cell 4 Cell 6 Coverage survey 1distance from the site Nm receiving level d(m2 ".4 Cell $ Cell 4 Cell 6 Test 'ath descri'tion Remar+ 5f several directions are tested, the ta-le can -e filled for each direction. ".& $." 4." 6." =." Test instrument &." J." ;." %." !."

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42 0or 'atching networ+ing, the coverage survey should -e carefully carried out to avoid the too large overla''ing area with original cells, which results in fre/uent handovers. *t the same time, a thoroughly handover survey for the original networ+ is necessary. 62 Prevention of coverage hole in rural networ+: when the height -etween the site and the area to -e covered is more than $&" m, the coverage hole should -e considered. To avoid the coverage hole, the omni antenna with -uiltBin downtilt or the directional antenna with -uiltBin downtilt can -e ado'ted. The higher the larger downtilt.

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