ECE 307: Electricity and Magnetism

Fall 2012
Instructor: J.D. Williams, Assistant Professor
Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Alabama in Huntsville
406 Optics Building, Huntsville, Al 35899
Phone: (256) 824-2898, email: john.williams@uah.edu
Course material posted on UAH Angel course management website

Textbook:
M.N.O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics 5
th
ed. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Optional Reading:
H.M. Shey, Div Grad Curl and all that: an informal text on vector calculus, 4
th
ed. Norton Press, 2005.

All figures taken from primary textbook unless otherwise cited.
8/17/2012 2
Chapter 9: Maxwells Equations
Topics Covered
Faradays Law
Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces
Displacement Current
Magnetization in Materials
Maxwells Equations in Final
Form
Time Varying Potentials
(Optional)
Time Harmonic Fields (Optional)

Homework: 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16,
18, 21, 22, 30, 33
All figures taken from primary textbook unless otherwise cited.
8/17/2012 3
Faradays Law (1)
We have introduced several methods of examining magnetic fields in terms of forces,
energy, and inductances.
Magnetic fields appear to be a direct result of charge moving through a system and
demonstrate extremely similar field solutions for multipoles, and boundary condition
problems.
So is it not logical to attempt to model a magnetic field in terms of an electric one? This is
the question asked by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. The result is Faradays
Law for induced emf

Induced electromotive force (emf) (in volts) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of magnetic flux by the circuit


where, as before, is the flux linkage, + is the magnetic flux, N is the number of turns in the
inductor, and t represents a time interval. The negative sign shows that the induced voltage
acts to oppose the flux producing it.
The statement in blue above is known as Lenzs Law: the induced voltage acts to oppose the
flux producing it.
Examples of emf generated electric fields: electric generators, batteries, thermocouples, fuel
cells, photovoltaic cells, transformers.
dt
d
N
dt
d
V
emf
+
= =

8/17/2012 4
Faradays Law (2)
To elaborate on emf, lets consider a battery circuit.
The electrochemical action within the battery results and in emf produced electric field, E
f
Acuminated charges at the terminals provide an electrostatic field E
e
that also exist that
counteracts the emf generated potential




The total emf generated in the between the two open terminals in the battery is therefore




Note the following important facts
An electrostatic field cannot maintain a steady current in a close circuit since


An emf-produced field is nonconservative
Except in electrostatics, voltage and potential differences are usually not equivalent
IR l d E l d E V
P
N
e
P
N
f emf
= = =
} }

}
= =
L
e
IR l d E 0

} } }
= + =
+ =
P
N
f
L
f
L
e f
l d E l d E l d E
E E E


0
8/17/2012 5
Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces (1)
For a single circuit of 1 turn




The variation of flux with time may be caused by three ways
1. Having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field
2. Having a time-varying loop in a static B field
3. Having a time-varying loop in a time-varying B field

A stationary loop in a time-varying B field
} }
= =
+
= =
S L
emf
emf
S d B
dt
d
l d E V
dt
d
dt
d
V

( )
dt
B d
E
S d B
dt
d
S d E l d E V
S S L
emf

= V
= V = =
} } }
One of Maxwells for time varying fields
8/17/2012 6
A time-varying loop in a static B field

















( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) B u E
l d B u S d E
Theorem s Stokes by
uBl V
IlB F
B Il F
l d B u l d E V
B u
Q
F
E
field E motional a in
B u Q F
m
L L
m
emf
m
m
L L
emf
m
m

V = V
V = V
=
=
=
= =
= =
=
} }
} }
_ ' _
_ _ _ _
Some care must be used when applying this equation

1. The integral of presented is zero in the portion of the
loop where u=0. Thus dl is taken along the portion
of the lop that is cutting the field where u is not
equal to zero

2. The direction of the induced field is the same as that
of E
m
. The limits of the integral are selected in the
direction opposite of the induced current, thereby
satisfying Lenzs Law
Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces (2)
8/17/2012 7
A time-varying loop in a time-varying B field

( )
( ) B u
dt
B d
E
l d B u S d
dt
B d
l d E V
m
L S L
emf

V + = V
+ = =
} } }
One of Maxwells for time varying fields
Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces (3)
8/17/2012 8
Conducting element is stationary and the
magnetic field varies with time







Assume the bar is held stationary at y =0.08 m
and B = 4cos(10
6
t)a
z
mWb/m
2
Assume the length between the two conducting
rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces: Example1
dt
B d
E
S d
dt
B d
V
m
S
emf

= V
=
}
( )( )
V t
t
t xy
dxdy t
S d a t
dt
d
S d
dt
B d
V
S
S
z
S
emf
) 10 sin( 2 . 19
) 10 sin( ) 10 )( 10 )( 4 ( 06 . 0 08 . 0
) 10 sin( ) 10 )( 10 )( 4 (
) 10 sin( ) 10 )( 10 )( 4 (
)) 10 cos( 004 . 0 (
6
6 6 3
6 6 3
6 6 3
6
=
=
=
=
= =

}
} }

8/17/2012 9
Conductor moves at a velocity u = 20a
y
m/s in
constant magnetic field B=4a
z
mWb/m
2
Assume the length between the two
conducting rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

( )
( )
( )
( )( ) mV
x dx
a dx a a V
B u E
l d B u l d E V
x
L
z y emf
m
L L
emf
8 . 4 06 . 0 08 . 0
08 . 0 08 . 0
004 . 0 20
=
= =
=
V = V
= =
}
}
} }

Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces: Example 2
8/17/2012 10
Conductor moves at a velocity u = 20a
y
m/s in time
varying magnetic field B=4cos(10
6
t-y)a
z
mWb/m
2
Assume the length between the two conducting
rails the bar slides along is 0.06 m

Transformer and Motional
Electromotive Forces: Example 3
( )
( )
( )
}
}
} } }
+
=
+ = =

L
x z y
z
S
z emf
L S L
emf
a dx a y t a
a dxdy a y t
dt
d
V
l d B u S d
dt
B d
l d E V
) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 ( 20
) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 (
6 3
6 3

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
| | ( )
) 10 cos( 240 ) 10 cos( 240
) 10 cos( 4000 ) 10 cos( 4000
) 10 cos( ) 4 ( 10 ) 10 cos( ) 10 ( 8 ) 4 )( 10 (
) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 ( 20
) 10 cos( ) 4 ( 10 ) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 (
) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 ( 20
) 10 cos( ) 4 ( 10 ) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 (
) 10 cos( ) 4 )( 10 ( 20
) 10 sin( 10 ) 4 )( 10 (
6 6
6 6
6 3 6 2 3
6 3
6 3 6 3
6 3
6 3 6 3
6 3
6 6 3
t y t V
t x y t x V
x t x y t V
x y t
x t x y t V
dx y t
x t x y t V
dx y t
a dxdy a y t V
emf
emf
emf
emf
emf
z
S
z emf
~
~
=

=

=

=

}
}
}
8/17/2012 11
Lets now examine time dependent fields from the perspective on Amperes Law.
( )
( )
( )
t
D
J H
t
D
J
t
D
D
t t
J J
J J H
J J H
t
J
J H
J H
d
v
d
d
d
v
c
c
+ = V
c
c
=
c
c
V = V
c
c
=
c
c
= V = V
V + V = = V V
+ = V
=
c
c
= V
V = = V V
= V

0
0
0
Another of Maxwells for time varying fields

This one relates Magnetic Field Intensity to conduction
and displacement current densities
Displacement Current (1)
This vector identity for the cross product is mathematically
valid. However, it requires that the continuity eqn. equals
zero, which is not valid from an electrostatics standpoint!
Thus, lets add an additional current density term
to balance the electrostatic field requirement
We can now define the displacement current density as
the time derivative of the displacement vector
8/17/2012 12
Using our understanding of conduction and displacement current density. Lets test this
theory on the simple case of a capacitive element in a simple electronic circuit.
I
dt
dQ
S d D
t
S d J l d H
I S d J l d H
I I S d J l d H
S d
t
D
S d J I
t
D
J H
S S
d
L
enc
S L
enc
S L
d
= =
c
c
= =
= = =
= = =

c
c
= =
c
c
+ = V
} } }
} }
} }
} }
2 2
2
1
0

If J =0 on the second surface then Jd must be
generated on the second surface to create a time
displaced current equal to current on surface 1
Displacement Current (2)
Amperes circuit law to a closed path provides the following eqn.
for current on the first side of the capacitive element
However surface 2 is the opposite side of the capacitor and has no
conduction current allowing for no enclosed current at surface 2
Based on the equation for displacement current density, we can
define the displacement current in a circuit as shown
8/17/2012 13
Show that I
enc
on surface 1 and dQ/dt on surface 2of the capacitor are both equal to C(dV/dt)
dt
dV
C
dt
dV
d
S
dt
dE
S
dt
dD
S
dt
d
S
dt
dQ
I
surface from
dt
dV
C
dt
dV
d
S
S J I
dt
dV
d t
D
J
d
V
E D
s
c
d d
d
= = = = = =
= = =
=
c
c
=
= =
c
c

c
c
c c
1 _ _

Displacement Current (3)
8/17/2012 14
It was James Clark Maxwell that put all of this together and reduced electromagnetic field
theory to 4 simple equations. It was only through this clarification that the discovery of
electromagnetic waves were discovered and the theory of light was developed.
The equations Maxwell is credited with to completely describe any electromagnetic field
(either statically or dynamically) are written as:









Maxwells Time Dependent Equations
Differential Form Integral Form Remarks

Gausss Law


Nonexistence of the
Magnetic Monopole


Faradays Law




Amperes Circuit Law
t
D
J H
t
B
E
B
D
v
c
c
+ = V
c
c
= V
= V
= V

0 =
}
S d B
S

S d
t
D
J l d H
S L

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =
} }
} }

c
c
=
S L
S d B
t
l d E

} }
= dv S d D
v
S

8/17/2012 15
A few other key equations that are routinely used are listed over the next couple of slides


Maxwells Time Dependent Equations (2)
( )
( )
( )
( ) 0

0
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
=
=
=
=
n
s n
n
n
a B B
a D D
K a H H
a E E

Continuity Equation
Compatibility Equations
Boundary Conditions for Perfect Conductor
Boundary Conditions
Equilibrium Equations
0 = E

m
m
J
t
B
E
B

=
c
c
= V
= V
t
D
J H
D
v
c
c
+ = V
= V

m
= free magnetic density
0 = J

0 = H

0 =
n
B

0 =
t
E

t
J
v
c
c
= V

Lorentz Force Law

( ) B u E Q F

+ =
8/17/2012 16
Maxwells Time Dependent Equations:
Identity Map
8/17/2012 17
Time Varying Potentials
( )
( )
J
t
A
A
t
V
V
A potentials for Condition Lorentz Apply
t
V
A
g choo by conditions field vector the Limit
t
A
t
V
J A A
yields
A A A
identity vector the Applying
t
A
t
V
J A
t
A
V
t
J
t
E
J A
dt
D d
J A B H
Law Circuit s Ampere Applying
v

c
c

c
c
c c
c c
c c

=
c
c
V
=
c
c
V
= V
c
c
= V
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
V = V V V
V V V = V V
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
V = V V
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
V
c
c
+ =
c
c
+ = V V
+ = V V = V = V
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0 : _ _ _ _
: sin _ _ _ _ _ _
:
: _ _ _
1 1
: _ _ ' _
( )
( ) A
t
V E
t
A
V E
V
t
A
E
t
A
E
A
t t
B
E
Law s Faraday Applying
A B
A from B of Definition
R
dv J
A
R
dv
V
potentials Field
v
v
v
v

V
c
c
V = = V
c
c
V =
V =
c
c
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ V
V
c
c
=
c
c
= V
V =
=
=
}
}
2
0
: _ ' _
: _ _ _ _
4
4
: _
c

tc

8/17/2012 18
Wave Equation
0 0
0 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
_ _ _
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

c
= =
=
=
c
c
= V
c
c
= V
=
c
c
V
=
c
c
V
u
c
n
c
u
t
B
B
t
E
E
yields space free In
J
t
A
A
t
V
V
v

Refractive index
Speed of the wave in a medium
Speed of light in a vacuum