Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

MODULE- 72A
Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways

Canal irrigation system: Alluvial canals: The soil which is formed by the agency of water, over a course of time is called alluvial soil. The canal which passes through soils are called alluvial canals. Non alluvial canal: In mountain regions, on hard rock foundation canals or rivers may pass. These type of canals will not create problems like change its course. These are called Non-alluvial canals. Alignment of canal: (1). Watershed canal: watershed is a line which divides the catchment of two different drains. If the canal is aligned on a watershed it is called watershed canal. C.D works can be avoided in this type. Water can be taken both sides.

(2). Contour canal: Alignment of canal along the contours. It is suitable in hilly areas. (3). Side slope canal: Alignment right angles to the contours Distribution system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Main canal Branch canal Distributions Minors Water courses

JH ACADEMY

Page 1

Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

Gross Commanded Area: It is the total area bounded within the irrigation bounding of a project, which can be economically irrigated without considering the limitation of the quantity of available water. It includes the cultivable as well as the non-cultivable area. Culturable Commanded Area: It is the part of GCA on which cultivation is possible. Intensity of irrigation: Ratio of the actually irrigated area during a crop season to the net CCA. Annual irrigation intensity: It is the ratio of area irrigated during the entire year to the CCA. Time factor: It is the ratio of the number of days the canal has actually to run, to the base period in days. Capacity factor: it is the ratio of the mean supply discharge to the full capacity discharge.

Shear stress or average unit tractive formula of canal.

S slope (bed) R hydraulic mean depth unit weight of water. Manning formula: v =

n=

d is in m Sticklers formula

Chezys formula: v = C

Regime channels: silting = scouring.

Kultarrs formula:

v= [

Kennedys theory: Investigated on canals of upper Bari Doab canal system. Eddies will from and the eddies will not allow silting. Silting = scouring . = Use of garrets diagram for applying Kennedys theory : To save mathematical calculation, graphical solution of Kennedys and Kutters equations was evolved by Garret. JH ACADEMY Page 2

Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

Laceys theory : (i) true regime (ii) initial regime (iii) final regime. Initial regime is not a channel in regime. True regime: q = constant flow is uniform silt charge is constant silt grade is constant silt is incoherent aluminum Initial and final regime : when only the bed slope of a channel varies and its c/s or wetted perimeter remains unaffected even then the channel can exhibit no silting no scouving properties is called initial regime. If there is no resistance from the sides and all the variables such as perimeter, depth, slope etc. are equally free to vary and finally get adjusted according to discharge and silt grade then the channel is said to have achieve permanent stability called final regime. Laceys theory V= ( )

f = silt factor = 1.76 R= A= P = 4.75

( )

S=

According to Laceys theory for alluierl rivers regime width W = 4.75 Lacey normal regime scour depth = 0.473 ( )

This is only fromfor W = 4.75 Laceys normal scour depth R R = 1.35 ( )

JH ACADEMY

Page 3

Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

Design of lined irrigation channels: Triangular section:

Area = = [ ]

yy

Perimeter = 2y. + 2y = 2y [ R hydraulic mean depth = Trapezoidal section : ] =

A = By + P = B + 2y Types of lining:

Hard surface lining: (1). Concrete lining (2). Shotcrete or plaster lining (3). Brick tile or concrete tile lining (4). Asphaltic concrete lining (5). Boulder lining Earth type lining: (1). Compacted earth lining (2). Soil cement lining.

JH ACADEMY

Page 4