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Ratio
having a
Radially-Vaned
LONDON:
THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 PRESSURE RATIO CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR RAVING A RADIALLY-VANED IMPELLER - by M-G. Jones
SUMMARY The aerodynamic design and experimental compressor designed for a pressure are described, a transonic, to-total ratio ratio performance of a centrifugal speed of 68 impeller and total-
efficiency
of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. that high vanein and a
A theoretical
analysis
with a vaneless
analysis
of centrifugal
compressors.
-2CONTENTS
Report
342
3 4 4 6
test facility
Test rig Instrumentation 3.2.1 3.2.2 Aerodynamic Mechanical instrumentation instrumentation - Design impeller with vaneless
6 6 7 7
8 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 17 18
4.0
Build III Build IV Build V Build VI Build VII collector Choice of static
impeller with vaneless diffuser - Design - Design compressor stage Modified impeller with vaneless diffuser Modified compressor stage _ _ . compressor stage with redesigned - Modified impeller pressure exit station
measurements
Impeller shroud Vaneless diffuser Vaned diffuser Definitions Derivation of performance parameters
Conclusions
of Mach numbers
20 21 24 25 26 27 28
29
Main
design
parameters
of builds derived parameters parameters parameters parameters and predicted efficiencies Figures test
Comparison
30 31
l-23
Illustrations
engines for advanced helicopter propulsion and for other aeronautical applications such as auxiliary power units has renewed interest in the centrifugal compressor which gave way to the axial machine for larger aircraft powerplants during the 'fifties. The centrifugal's advantages of simplicity, ruggedness, stability of operation and possible greater efficiency at high pressure ratios in small sizes are now widely recognised. A programme of centrifugal compressor research was therefore initiated at the National Gas Turbine Establishment (NGTE) in 1971. It can be shown by means of simple cycle calculations with a turbine entry temperature consistent with uncooled blades, an important factor in reducing cost and complexity in small engines, and assuming best current component efficiencies, that minimum specific fuel consumption is obtained at an overall cycle pressure ratio of at least 8. At the present time, the highest overall compression efficiency for such pressure ratios would be obtained not from a single centrifugal compressor stage but from a combination of a centrifugal stage preceded by one or more axial stages, in which case the greater the proportion of the compression done by the axial stages the A common arrangement, being a higher the optimum overall pressure ratio. convenient compromise between complexity and efficiency, is to use a single in which case the cycle calculations give axial stage ahead of a centrifugal, an optimum overall pressure ratio of about 9. Assuming a pressure ratio from the axial stage of around 1.4, that for the centrifugal becomes about 6.5. The other major parameter defining the duty of a centrifugal compressor is specific speed which is a function of impeller rotational speed, mass flow and work input. At least two slightly different formulae for specific speed exist and the one which will be used in this Report is due to Balje/l. Various attempts have been made to correlate centrifugal compressor efficiency with specific speed and to define an optimumvaluefor the latter. However, examination of a number of engine designs shows that, for a given pressure ratio, the specific speed of the centrifugal compressor is limited by turbine blade stressing considerations to a value below any such aerodynamic optimum. This limiting specific speed is lower for a centrifugal compressor forming part of an axial-centrifugal compressor combination provides the whole compression of the cycle. than for one which
-4This ance of 6.5 evaluation Report of describes a centrifugal speed of 68, the aerodynamic compressor these compressor design having values and experimental an overall the
Report
342
performratio
pressure design to
rendering
system. alloy
Referred impeller
as compressor radially-
aluminium radial
with
vanes
vaned
diffuser.
Overall Overall Mass flow Rotational Specific A list of the of all the main is
pressure isentropic
40,000 68 given in in
Table 1.
I and
the
layout
diagrammatically
Figure
Impeller a one-dimensional of the impeller specification contours were were given to flow such analysis as tip was laid made up of the vanes that was used diameter. down for circular to provide Based the arcs on this the data impeller.
overall
dimensions
geometrical wall
line
The form the became through was specified having in the the
the
simple followed
was arc
by a circular rotation
axis
of
straight line of
plane. were
as the
radial
formulated it
impeller, the the internal flow the surface. tip but of in shape
Matrix is
design the
to be that
implies
no allowance that
or deviation would in
assumption
detract an of the
the
value design.
analysis blockage
selecting
To allow
presence
-5vanes, the ratio the thickness of vane throughflow for blockage task of thickness analysis created the stream to vane is the surface pitch. modelling annulus was taken The most of wall of the
Report to be proportional difficult flow problem losses layers. account and For of viscous the
342 to in
by the
boundary taking
a simple
by assuming with
a constant
efficiency blockage.
throughout
distribution
of relative represent surfaces layer To provide some mean of and so along for
velocities
a measure surfaces the flow along theory should design model the Smith not
the
rate
growth
assessing
profiles the
turbomachines, velocity decreased two-dimensional separation, a similar that it the flow velocity model
examined with
stream
boundary. that, to
the
velocity in a
was appreciated
within in the
of more current
and
Smith. The result specification in of to that the the the limiting impeller for relative value geometry of the of the applying impeller velocity of about were throughflow was to ratio 1.5. for analysis show that the Following the this to the initial empirical
was unacceptable was far four design Figure final on two is much hub two and in excess modifications specifi2 which
shroud
made before
reaching
throughflow wall
analysis for is
and shroud
and
impeller within
factors to
conditions
at entry
diffuser. The final geometrical I. above specification The method for the of initial for the impeller the is geometry except that given is in very final
Figures similar
defining design
the
-6shroud camber radial wall surface stacking contour is is defined defined in by a "supercircle" Figure 4 in the terms of or Lam'e oval. a camber line
342 the be
criterion
circumferentiai
co-ordinate
non-dimensionalised 2.2 A vaned designed and diffuser radius than at impeller the on the vane vane tip Diffuser radial
according
diffuser of
channel space
between
edge edge
approach chosen
and the
vane
selected in
as being engine
limiting
value of
an actual front of
and rear the impeller walls lo of with account aspect outlet at the the the
side
only
approach, vanes.
incidence
area of
and of the
the
of
channel channel
unity,
number
selected These
to give were
suitable chosen
coefficient appreciable
stall"
defined
reference. The initial diffuser 5 and the design main was designated parameters facility Al. are A single given in channel Table I. is
shown 3.0
in
Figure
design test
test turbine
rig
is through
given
in
Figure step-up
6.
by an air being
a 2/l drive
gearbox. of
to in
the
shaft
by means
carried load.
compressor nozzle
atmosphere
a flow-measuring
-7plenum eye. having throttle turned an orifice 9o", the 3.2 chamber After from which the the convergent the inlet flow duct entered led into the
342
leaving
a scroll-type divergent
by a short flow
to and by through
elbow
joined
Instrumentation and test rig were of fitted the with comprehensive performance monitoring instrumentof the the
a detailed In of the
aerodynamic for
and diffuser. integrity 3.2.1 Before describing in addition and vaned by running pressure
Aerodynamic the to
aerodynamic the
explain of the
that, impeller
measurement the
performance was
diffuser, it in
performance with
investigated Static impeller and vaned tappings space complete and D). where, on both vaned selected have vaned tappings pressures Air constantan at diffuser four inlet
conjunction were
situated front
the
walls
vaneless of by
diffusers in the
duct.
and shroud
Within objective
instrumentation, tappings 8 shows eight were used. Two, the radial Figure in
at various of
9 shows
tappings channels
a complete channel
tappings diffuser
wall only
of those
same as that the vaneless on mercury was measured at the entry collector were to
vaneless used
occurring were
were
All
manometers. stagnation, half-shield (in At the each plenum of these type chromel-
compressor duct.
chamber), three
outlet
stations
thermocouples
used.
-8-
Report of an "N/fimeter". disc, a light for variation speed of driven whose of This through frequency compressor is a
342
Rotational stroboscopic meter adjusted temperature. a magnetic ated Venner in the digital Air located being back-up also being diameter mass from the device
speed in
set
by means
a marked is viewed to
a tachocan be inlet of
turbine
rotational frequency
by means incorporon a
passing
gearbox-to-compressor counter. flow of was measured the plenum tappings for in tappings this the
connecting
shaft
nozzle
to
BS 1042 6, at
in Figure tappings
static the
to BS 1042, measured
upstream upstream
thermocouple.
in inducers
the
impeller of two,
vanes
a total
highest ring
a slip
an ultra-violet vibration with levels perpendicular edge, greater on orbital transducers upstream on the
recorder. was kept intake impeller were impeller was axes hub. The by means flange casing
on the inpairs
on the the
the
impeller casing.
than
3 cm/s the
to be excessive. two the inductive slip radius devices shroud the ring
motion
drive of orbit
extension was 50 to in
allowable Several
75 urn. the rig were to measure situated and maintain in a loop to the too a number of copper of
were clearance.
vane in
probes These
shroud casing if
by a distance during
so that, thus
through driving
breaking
causing
turbine
to be shut
clearance
-9occurring the casing during which vane vane tips each were had test was recorded after back whilst casing by soft metal plugs amount each test
342 from
running measured.
and the At
readings at
clearance position
taken on the
running (about
using 6 per
by 90'.
enable the
a moving probe
before probe
the
were at
tested, a range of
in the
II.
For
most of
were
speed sections
parameters corrected
standard
inlet Definitions
conditions of the
K temperature.
Builds builds
with
vaneless
design
between
and shroud
desirable to reduce
the
clearance to flow
at
design
speed
as is has the
due
however,
temporary loads
clearance
at
imposed
compressor
components
point present
clearance
compressor.
casing
inner
contour
Upon impeller
probably, Build II
impeller in this
clearance of the
diffuser, to however,
upstream still
the
impeller
retaining below,
was not
described
- 10 4.2 This measurement of the impeller impeller the Build build of III the - Design compressor with this impeller with first vaneless of the diffuser with was the associated flow build
Report
342
performance
an evaluation the
purpose diffuser.
vaneless static
on the at
outcome by speed
of
shroud the
was increased
a further
100 pm
resulting
required the
design
impeller
impeller at
characteristic mm in 124.46 Section, at diffuser from ratio the design the for the mm.
based vaneless
a radius tip
133.35 of
The reasons
a later
The temperature exit. test each speed Table speed. was about to that,
was that
gives at the
measurements
nearest It
maximum of It
7 per to
cent
flow throat,
1.814
This be noted,
inducer the
should
flow by Table
does
not
determined in
throttle speeds.
range
is
given
to the
vaneless
capacity considered consisting that 6 per the cent 4.4 At performance complete compressor impeller 5.08 hence with
of
design
impeller to evaluate
design
target, of the
desirable of the
performance Al vaned
design flow at
impeller design in
diffuser. reduced
maximum
by approximately
impeller
vaneless it
diffuser was clear III, the from and of design the by 11, tested and the the
programme alone,
characteristics stage, stage first, order choking vaneless Build in the to IV, order leading increase flow.
Build to modify
that
was necessary the of throat impeller, in Build design the vanes area,
mass were
flow. cut
mm in the the
mass diffuser
was then
- 11 The full characteristic characteristic gives to flow target. 4.5 Having impeller order that the Build achieved next the step VI - Modified an acceptable in the compressor maximum stage mass flow for the mass the vaned flow. philosophy for the the at the values lines for for of the the in Figure 12 show the of 133.35 Build resulting mm radius III, The Figure success that impeller used 10, of the in
3;
the
other
modification mass
impeller design
shows
was significantly
and exceeded
modified diffuser This in A2, for original the resulting a slightly overall in this in fact
diffuser,
designated
increased
requirement had to
width as predicted
and area
ratio
and, 5.
by Reference performance
the
overall of the
characteristic impeller from measured the values at design build about (Figure cent
for
stage, exit
modified
V gives flow
maximum diffuser
speed 12),
although increase
12 per been
more
had not
sufficient. considerably build, change of revealed dynamic therefore, passing the the the a to
notable flow
feature range
however, the
each in
vaneless due to
diffuser the
static
head, pass
diffuser
premature that
pressure vanes
by its area
or because
cross-sectional
- 12 correctly positions. pressure suggesting 4.6 The final and A2 vaned collector experienced the original edges matched It occurred that to the inlet from flow Figure of the conditions 14 that collector more at the all circumferential rise tongue cause. with the redesigned modified in
342
position,
incorporated into of
diffuser
with
discharging non-uniformity
a redesigned flow
intended in Build
to eliminate VI.
featured distance
was increased
approximately than
area within
was more it
tangential
dynamic
exit such
approximately of dynamic
Although
engine whose
application, overall
was
case
research
performance
upstream
collector. incorporated pressure edges in additional probes six positioned instrumentation just downstream equispaced total performance pressure is shown in in the of axial
diffuser of
trailing
those
derived
characteristic for pressures the are work this build, was in use of also
the
derived thus
static vindicating
agreement in earlier
with builds.
presented, Total-to-static
are
used
by other
assumption dynamic
regarding head is
subsequent the of
vaned
diffuser,
assumes applications
complete of cent
shows is recovered. is
practice,
Comparing
13 and the
a considerable
increase
range
evident
as a result
redesigned shown in collector Figure 14. overall speed pressure fell giving a uniform
Report exit as
342
ratio
considerably input shortfall the high the Introduction. this the might testing
respectively. however, efficiency. to have speed of been referred Reference By the throughflow
design to that
corresponded may be
retrospect,
unrealistically to in
the
3 points. the
analysis
method aerodynamic
further in the
of vane-to-vane is shown in
Figure
16,
the
parameter
where
Ap is impeller Y p M is is is
the
static passage,
pressure
difference
from
vane
to vane
across
an
ratio mean
of
heats, static relative 40 per intervanes. for and this loading was avoidance cent pressure, and
stream
Mach number. meridional Reference of suction exceeded responsible the design distance 7 suggests surface at for value the the of on each the boundary shroud. remain0.8 and
drop
due to of
loading
parameter 0.7
seems 2 to
difference
in
efficiency
measured 4.7 It is
0.746. Choice widely impeller impeller of impeller that exit the station unmixed a total flow at the exit leading static the from to a a
accepted is
complex
efficiency
be derived at
by
conventional use is
tappings a static
located
deriving
a static
measurement,
assumptions
to make
concerning,
firstly,
blockage
due to wall
boundary
- 14 layers impeller blockage were made. basis at the VII in and, tests secondly, described vortex flow in flow direction. this from for Report the the In analysing the very the simple tip to impeller on static mm are results assumptions the required (Build pressure shown at of
Report the of
342
zero
and free
on this ments
and speed,
mixing-out
The difference exit the predicted test tip In test It test the 4.6). at
between by the
efficiency is shows
that
program figures
Table
Comparison between
efficiencies predicted difference to take at having basis is the therefore, on the it close the been of the
closely
mm radius
as a common datum are thought methods impeller "mixed-out" on the for at 133.35
total
pressures
133.35 Whilst
program, impeller
characteristics
made of flows.
the The
pressure are
shown
A2 vaned
diffuser It greater
17 and 18 respectively. diffuser with al8 the of build vaneless the exhibit diffuser. attributed into the
accordance and of
experimental
Acurio' vaned
similar field
scatter, upstream
impeller
- 15 Shown predictions tropic Agreement Build the VII, tip. superimposed from efficiency is but the in generally the Marsh the on the experimental program2 from for results using the the the are local theoretical values
Report
342
throughflow impeller
of polyresults.
quite theory
good, to
tends in this of
region
by several
Firstly, Secondly,
polytropic of
of
a region
impeller (listed
experimentally probably result which it static time-average hypothesised filling surface, when check for the the is in is shown
prediction Thirdly,
stream
Reference
pressure of
The flow throughflow from impeller tip. In the jet, blade loss
passage
wake. downstream
realised to made
validity
model, Build
several
V with
throughflow
a local
vaneless within
the
thickness 19 shows
75 per analysis.
to draw of the
since assumed
extent
pre-separation
inappropriate. 5.2 For detailed diffuser tappings position obtained mean of the Vaneless Build V, diffuser consisting were made of of the the modified static impeller pressure speed and vaneless on the vaneless the pressure diffuser,
design
disposed in in
and circumferential static is pressure simply Also referred the the are in
on both
shown to
theoretical 4.7
results starting
performance tip
prediction conditions
Section
impeller
measured
- 16 static would iate, starting test pressure suggest the results at that the the which actual theory, impeller conditions the prediction tip. former a closer against were tip at radius 133.35 program Whilst exhibit of 124.46 mm, would Although
342 4.7
appropr-
losses broad
necessitates between
impeller the
agreement
considerable of the
prompted plotted
21 shows locations
there pressures
on either close
may be seen
on the distribution
two walls
a mean circumferential a marked pattern about build diffuser exit of the VI the 13' in 270' used circumferential for is the Build both less original VI, in
to be justifiably of pressure radii radius. which, of in static Figure somewhat of the the
however, similar at
follows that
mass
both larger
vaneless in
collector
employed at
pressure 14.
Although to
the that
distribution 14, it
Figure that
21 is the cause of
different distortion
Build
probably at about
same. on the
comparison, of Figure
position A very
similar by Eckardt
attributed
to
distortion the
increasing
diffuser
although
reason
for
Because meaningless given weighted for there radial specified shape pressure 152.40 varies calculated of the radius, to
of take
this
pressure the
it all
is
clearly at a
a simple
readings
tappings An area-
irrespective
probably Figure
other However,
are,
two
station in the to
133.35 21, of
for of of
135'.
because ratio
and, Hence
since the
can be pressure at
area-weighted
mean static
- 17 each points If, radius from 1.499 and, the kg/s, for for radius at the has been largest flow, derived radius, this and each curve is shown set is of in Figure 22. lies to Apart from
342
results
extrapolated ratio
pressure static
can be derived a mass flow of and an values 133.35 of this the the shown static as the from the flow. therefore an pressures areawith true choice. lie mm 0.819 of
pressure. ratio of
a pressure
Reference design
to Figure speed
12 shows
impeller
results
labelled
can be seen
experimental The assumptions appeared inviscid below weighted theoretical knowledge axial Possibly valid, different of the but of the
, particularly boundary to this, seem, cannot to the opposite however, therefore, be validly insufficiently or to
layer
growth
pressures
predictions. the
variation
existence walls.
of
an
variation
measurements
at the
be more at movement as
22 and not
required. 5.3 For tappings opposite tappings Build two 62.5 Figure VII channels the Vaned diffuser vaned on the in diffuser, centre-lines 9. speed in A2, sets of two of static pressure diametrically from final the and these
redesigned positioned
were
channels at of
as shown
Figure design
on the
compressor good
are
Figure
eight closely
sake
of
The performance diffuser Reference obtain been Build resulting throat edge, is also vane and the analysis 5 to starting assumed V (Figure that will estimate conditions the 12) impeller still for edge applies static stations and theoretical fairly position, and rapid greater results accurately the flow changes scatter in prediction cater the for
18 already diffuser, used using coefficient. at based presence at the in of the impeller on 133.35 a vaned in the the
X2
program a vaned
recovery calculation
In order tip,
characteristic in the
pressure are
vane At
shown
Figure agree
Throat case.
leading
passing
system in two
of pressure of this
experimental region is
Conclusions The aerodynamic design of and experimental evaluation impeller performance the design and of a centrifugal vaned shortachieved, of
a transonic,
described. process,
design
the
experimental
measurement
a number of centrifugal
Ap/ypM2,
should to 0.7
as uniform loading
maximum
by Reference these
to be useful.
by a rigorous impeller
throughflow and data convergence (ii) must at (iii) impeller improved compressor.
geometrical enabling
discharges to avoid
into
this
enough diffuser
non-uniformity
premature
pressures
tip/vaneless understanding
region the
developing of the
complex
- 19 (iv) likely tip, These Conventional static of pressure pressure tappings with tappings types are time, giving in regions such
342 is
by special several
averaged
of which
11.
by dynamic to
indicate
been
followed
in in
the this
design Report
of but
a second with
swept
with
achieving
significantly
and flow
range.
- 20 APPENDIX A Definitions Corrected = Corrected = speed Measured mass flow mass flow x measured inlet in K 101.32 total pressure speed x 288.15 temperature of performance parameters
Report
342
J measured
inlet
in
Measured
in kN/mL
measured ratio
inlet
temperature 288.15
Impeller =
4.7)
Overall
Total pressure (derived from measured measured directly) at diffuser exit inlet total pressure isentropic Inlet temperature x outlet inlet total total
static
or
Total-to-total efficiency =
-1
temperature
outlet inlet
temperature
parameter Work total input pressure to impeller (impeller ratio measured exit measured static static) or at tip based on temperature blade speed)L rise
Diffuser =
Total pressure (derived from measured directly) at diffuser total pressure (derived from impeller tip static pressure coefficient
Diffuser throat
exit total
static pressure
pressure - throat
- throat static
static pressure
pressure
Choking
flow choking
- surge flow
flow
- 21 APPENDIX Derivation The derivations the are absolute given in of the at to VI will relative impeller are first B
Report
342
of Mach numbers Mach number tip shown in and diffuser this Appendix at the exit in eye shroud for the which form and values of flow
charts. A D M N P
used area
be defined:
Q
T AT u V P Subscripts abs ax r rel
S
circumferential velocity
density
absolute axial radial relative static total whirl subscripts should be self-explanatory.
t
W
The remaining
Report
342
t eye
shr
t plenum I I
plenum I
s plenum I
plenum
'"1
't
eye,shr
't
plenum
eye shr
shr
v sonic
eye
shr
III
N abs eye shr shr 7
veye
v rel
M rel I eye
ey,e shr
shr
Report
342
('t:p
1 ul
1 Tt
prnum1
Tt ;i'
=iTt
diff
exit)
- -------1 I I I i
tip I 1
impeller 1
/\ I 'abs. tip
P &
s tip
Ps Irip
tip
Diffuser
exit
absolute
Mach number
t diff
exit
diff
exit
s diff
exit
I
abs diff
diff
exit
exit
Report
342
A study on design criteria and matching turbomachines. Part B - Compressor and pump performance matching of turbo-components ASME Paper No. 60-WA-231, 1961 A digital computer program for the flow fluid mechanics in an arbitrary turbomachine using a matrix method. NGTE Report No. R282, 1966 and ARC R&M 3509, 1967
of and
H. Marsh
through-
D. J.
L.
Smith
Turbulent boundary layer theory and its application to blade profile design. ARC CP868, 1966 The aerodynamic design and performance of centrifugal and mixed flow compressors. Society of Automotive Engineers, Technical Progress Series, Vol. 3, 1961 Pressure recovery performance of channel, single-plane divergence at high Mach numbers. USAAVLABS Technical Report 69-56, Study of a lightweight gas turbine for high USSAAVLABS Technical straightdiffusers 1969
F. Dallenbach
P. W. Runstadler
C. F, McDonald
D. P. Morris R. E. Kenny
High pressure ratio centrifugal compressors for small gas turbine engines. AGARD Conference Proceedings 31 Helicopter Propulsion Systems, June 1968 Fluid mechanics analysis of high-pressureratio centrifugal compressor data. USAAVLABS Technical Report 69-76, 1970 Element design and development of centrifugal compressors. USAAVLABS Technical Report 67-30, The centrifugal compressor. Gas Turbine International March-April and May-June,
small
1967
10
R. C. Dean
1973
11
H. Weyer R. Schodl
Development and testing of techniques for oscillating pressure measurements especially suitable for experimental work in turbomachinery. Trans ASME Journal of Basic Engineering, December 1971 Private communication from DFVLR
12
D. Eckardt
Report
342
Mass flow Overall Overall Impeller Pressure Isentropic Rotational Specific Number Number Eye hub of of ratio efficiency speed speed full vanes pressure isentropic ratio efficiency
kg/s
7.76 0.9 40,000 rev/min 68 17 17 60.96 134.62 Mach number 0.966 38.1' 60.0' 0.8' 248.92 5.08 mm mm m/s mm mm
intervanes
Eye hub vane Eye Eye Tip Tip Tip Tip Work Diffuser Diameter Axial shroud shroud diameter width vane speed
vane
incidence
absolute input
Redesigned -A2 mm mm
at vane width
leading
edge
Mach number vanes 7.01 width 9.00 2.10 at vane trailing edge
width length/throat
Diameter
Report
342
build No.
Impeller
Diffuser
Collector
Purpose
Vaneless
Design
Mechanical and instrumentation checks, mainly establishment of required impeller shroud clearance
II
Vaneless
Design
III
Design with static shroud clearance further increased by 100 urn axially
Vaneless
Design
Performance of design
evaluation impeller
IV
As Build
III
Design vaned,
Design Al
evaluation compressor
Modified; i.e. design with leading edge of vanes cut back axially by 5.08 mm
Vaneless
Design
Performance of modified
evaluation impeller
VI
As Build
Redesigned vaned, A2
Design
evaluation compressor
VII
As Build
A2
Redesigned
Corrected Corrected Impeller Impeller efficiency Eye shroud Tip Work Flow absolute input range
total-to-total
relative
Mach number*
* Derivation
given
in
Appendix
parameters
Corrected Corrected Impeller Impeller efficiency Eye shroud Tip Work Flow absolute input range
total-to-total
relative
Mach number
Report
342
speed
rev/min kg/s
shroud absolute
relative
Mach number
exit
0.792 0.500
per
cent
11.9
6.3
4.1 maximum
3.2
TABLE VI
Build VII
derived
parameters
speed
rev/min kg/s
0.696
0.728
0.739
0.733
0.725
0.712
shroud absolute
exit
0.921 0.475
22.2
19.0
16.2
14.0
12.2
t assumes
blockage
of 0.1
at
throat
31 -
Report
342
Build
Station
Efficiency
difference
Test
Predicted
Impeller (124.46
tip mm radius)
0.843 0.049
0.794 0.051
0.055
0.743
Bas 416021587483
k5 10177
TPQ3
COLLECTOR
SCALE : HALF
FULL SIZE
BULLET
FIG.1
LAYOUT OF COMPRESSOR
- - -
) GEOMETRY
( DESIGN ) GEOMETRY
100
DISTRIBUTIONS
110
100
114.3mm
RAD
90
2x7
60
50
40
IH
RADIUS
SHROUD = 124.46-57-15
PROFILE AXIAL
BY:-
1 1
2e708263 60
,,35;3,8
10
20
30 LO AXIAL DISTANCE
50 mm
70
FIG. 3
SHAPE
. 4
. h)
. w
e-
in
.,
w ow
f? f-9
rr+---I------
.---/I
--
--I
I I I I I I I
SCALE:
FULL
SIZE
FIG.7
LOCATION
OF STATIC TAPPINGS
IN IMPELLER
INLET
AND SHROUD
CASING
-FRONT
/
WALL I
\
WALL
IN
IMPELLER
PRESSURE RATIO
Th)
a-
ul
Q,
I 0 m 9 4
I 0 ai,
1 0 Lb
IMPELLER
C,
0 /
\ \ \ \\ \
5.08 mm
AXIAL Dt RECTION
-e+ -*-
b 38 36
1 0.4
I 0.6
I 0.8
I 1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
FIG. 12 BUILD
P IMPELLER
CHARACTERISTIC
0.4
.
0.6
O-8
1.0 MASS
l-2 FLOW
1*L kg/s
l-6
l-8
CORRECTED
CHARACTERISTIC
..
BUILD Yn
iOOO0 rov/min l-758 kg/s n I 0 n Y
" "
I I I I I I
10
D~Fwsm EL+JNEL NUI~BER
30
41
FIG. 14 VARIATION
OF STATIC
PRESSURE
AT DIFFUSER
EXIT
+ - *-
TOTAL-TO-TOTAL TOTAL-TO-STATIC
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY 3ES.PT
DES. 1 @ 6
, 20 Q.6
I 0,8
I l-6
l-8
CHARACTERISTIC
VANE-TO0
0 lu I
VANE LOADING 0 0 rc a, I 1
PARAMETER 0
W
TEST RESULTS
THROUGHFLOW C3kXtiTsATON
0 X
---
40000
ret / min
0 0
X
0 /
20 PERCENTAGE
40
60
80
100
FIG.17
TEST RESULTS
0
THROUGHFLOW CXssLTsATIO N
-v-
PERCENTAGE
1.499
kg/
s /
40000
rev / min
PER CENT
80 SHROUD
100
h) t5
.
X\
h) & \
w 6
w ttJ
* 0
? lu
?& I
CI a, I
1.
;B
X
b ;
P E
0
3 a. 3
; )
I I -
1.499 kg/s 11731 kg/s FRONT WALL REAR WALL rev / min
3.8
3.6
\ 6---v/ \\ /P
0 0 X 0 A / \
/ //
L.
---
3.4
\l!/ /
3.2
200
TEST RESULTS
h -SC--
THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS 0 X
40080 4.2
rev / m in
130
140 RADIUS mm
150
160
t4G
TRACED AVP/H&M
3/76
TURBO. MECH
117714
STATIC PRESSURE NLET TOTAL PRESSURE
#(
3 P
4
x
XX
00
--
--
em-.
-NW
m-w---
--.
--
--
--Jw
----
-------------------e-------------e--------
______---------------------------------------.
ARC CP No. 1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THEPEEU?ORMANCEOFA6.5 PRESSURRRATIOClWI'RIFUGAL COMPRESSOR RAVING A RADIALLY-VANE3 IMPELLER The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller and a transonic, vaned radial diffuser. At design speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 5.9, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the ARC CP No.1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 PRESSURERATIO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HAVING A RADIALLY-VANED IMPELIZR The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller and a transonic, vaned radial diffuser. At design speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 509, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the
ARC CP No.1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 pREssurn RATIO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR RAVING A RADIALLY-VANE32 IMPFLLER The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller vaned radial diffuser. At design and a transonic, speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 5.9, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the -"_-. ARC CP No.1385 September 1976 Jones, M.G. THE PERFORMANCE OF A 6.5 pREssuRE RATIO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HAVING A RADIALLY-VANED IMPELLER The aerodynamic design and experimental performance of a centrifugal compressor designed for a pressure ratio of 6.5 and a specific speed of 68 are described. The compressor consisted of a radially-vaned impeller and a transonic, vaned radial diffuser. At design speed a peak overall total-to-total isentropic efficient.:; of 0.746 was achieved at the maximum pressure ratio of 5.9, rising to 0.79 at a pressure ratio of 3.5 at 80 per cent speed. A theoretical analysis of the --
impel:Ler channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane aerodynamic loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testlnq of centrifugal compressors.
impeller channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane aerodynamic loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testing of centrifugal compressors.
Impeller channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane . aerodynamzc loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testing of centrifugal compressors.
impeller channel flow suggests that high vane-to-vane aerodynamic loading was partly responsible for the shortfall in performance. The impeller was also tested with a vaneless diffuser and a detailed analysis is made of static pressure measurements on the impeller shroud and vaneless and vaned diffuser walls. Several recommendations are made regarding the design and testing of centrifugal compressors,
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_________________________I______--_---__-___-_---~-__--_------_____-------~~~-~~------.
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,I
.,
.,
.I
OCbown copyrighr 1977 HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY OFFICE Government Bookshops 49 High Holborn, London WClV 6HB 13a Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3AR 4 1 The Hayes, Cardiff CFl 1 JW Brazennose Street, Manchester M60 8AS Southey House, Wiie Street, Bristol BSl 2BQ 258 Broad Street, Birmingham Bl 2HE 80 Chichester Street, Belfast BT1 4JY Government publications are also available through booksellers