Clauses

Sentence' a clause consistin& of one or ,ore clauses "i.e.- .everythin& bet/een the ca#ital letter and the #eriod0$ Clause' a syntactic unit consistin& of a subject and a predicate- &enerated by rule' S N! "123$ 4! ",ay or ,ay not be a sentence$

LING 100 McGarrity

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a sub ect6 "Traditional &ra,,ar$' .1 noun or #ronoun that the sentence is about "i.e.- it does the action of- and usually co,es before- the verb$0

LING 100 McGarrity

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a sub ect6
9oe /al:ed the do&. 1 student /al:ed the do&. The student fro, Thailand that I thin: is nice /al:ed the do&. 1 sub ect is a #hrase- not ust a /ord.

LING 100 McGarrity

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a sub ect6
Leo bro:e the vase. "; 1G<NT or =doer> of the action$ The vase /as bro:en by Leo. "; T?<M< or under*
&oer of the action$

1 sub ect cannot be defined in ter,s of se,antic roles.

LING 100 McGarrity

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a sub ect6
It is hot outside. ; pleonastic #ronouns There is so,eone at the door. 1 sub ect cannot be defined in ter,s of se,antic ,eanin&.

LING 100 McGarrity

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a sub ect6
The ti&er /as chased by the lion. In the un&le- the lion chased the ti&er. 5hat did the lion chase6 5here did the lion chase the ti&er6 1 sub ect cannot be defined as the first #hrase in the sentence.
LING 100 McGarrity A

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a sub ect6
1 sub ect is a #hrase- not ust a /ord 1 sub ect is a #osition- not a ty#e of ,eanin& 1 sub ect is an N! that branches fro, S B
"B ; can be other thin&s besides N!- but /e /on>t &et into these$

LING 100 McGarrity

Structure of the Clause

S N! the lion 123 /ill 4 4! N!

chase the ti&er

LING 100 McGarrity C

Dia&nostics for findin& the Sub ect

1. 1uEiliaries ,ove to left of sub ect in Fuestions "Sub ect*1uE Inversion$
1ll of the ani,als /ill eat to,orro/. 5ill all of the ani,als eat to,orro/6 ; GN! all of the ani,alsH is the sub ect There /as so,eone at the door. 5as there so,eone at the door6 ; GN!thereH is the sub ect
LING 100 McGarrity 10

Dia&nostics for findin& the Sub ect

1. 1uEiliaries ,ove to left of sub ect in Fuestions "Sub ect*1uE Inversion$
1t the #ound- the ,an&y do& ate roast beef. 1t the #ound- did the ,an&y do& eat roast beef6 B1t did the #ound the ,an&y do& east roast beef6 ; GN!the ,an&y do&H is the sub ect

LING 100 McGarrity

11

Dia&nostics for findin& the Sub ect

(. Ta&*Fuestions' The ta& has a sub ect that a&rees in #erson- nu,ber /ith sub ect of ,ain clause
9o and 9an /on>t leave- /ill they6 "Bshe- Bhe$
The /indo/ /ith the curtains is o#en- isn>t it6 "Bthey$

Iernice>s radio doesn>t /or:- does it6 "Bshe$

LING 100 McGarrity

1(

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a #redicate6 5e ust sa/ that sub ect is a structural concept- not a se,antic one. Is a #redicate structural or semantic6 1ns/er ; IJT?

LING 100 McGarrity

17

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a #redicate6 Semantic &eneraliKation' 1 #redicate is an event or .property or state0 of a sub ect. Lred has &reen eyes. !ro#erty Lred is sic:. State Lred /ent to the #arty. <vent
LING 100 McGarrity 18

Structure of the Clause

5hat is a #redicate6 Structural &eneraliKation' 1 #redicate is the 4! that branches fro, S. " ; 4! do,inated by S$

LING 100 McGarrity

1)

Structure of the Clause

Lred has &reen eyes. S N! N Lred 4 has
LING 100 McGarrity

4! N! &reen eyes
1@

Structure of the Clause

Lred is very sic:. S N! N Lred 4 is
LING 100 McGarrity

4! 1! very sic:
1A

Structure of the Clause

Lred /ill &o to the #arty. S N! N Lred 123 /ill 4 &o
LING 100 McGarrity

4! !! to the #arty
1+

Structure of the Clause

Clause' S N! "123$ 4! S N! Sub ect 123 4! !redicate

LING 100 McGarrity

1C

Ty#es of Clauses
Inde#endent "Main$ clause Subordinate clause "Coordinated clauses$

LING 100 McGarrity

(0

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

1 student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&.

LING 100 McGarrity

(1

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

1 student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&. S2I9

LING 100 McGarrity

((

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

1 student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&. S2I9 !%<DIC1T<

LING 100 McGarrity

(7

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

1 student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&. S N! D<T
1

4! !! 4
/al:ed

N! D<T
the

student fro, Laos

N
do&
(8

LING 100 McGarrity

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

I thin: that a student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&.

LING 100 McGarrity

()

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

I thin: that a student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&.
Sub

LING 100 McGarrity

(@

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

I thin: that a student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&.
Sub

!redicate

LING 100 McGarrity

(A

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

I thin: that a student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&. S Inde#endent clause N! N I 4 thin: 4! S Subordinate clause

that a student fro,M

(+

LING 100 McGarrity

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

I thin: that a student fro, Laos /al:ed the do&. S Inde#endent clause N! N I 4 thin: 4! S Subordinate clause

that a student fro,M

(C

This introducer of the subordinate clause is LING 100 McGarrity called a co,#le,entiKer

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

This /or:s /ell at first &lanceM
9ory says his :nee hurts. ; stands alone ; Main clause ?is :nee hurts. ; Main clause Mbut /hat do /e ,ean structurally by =stand alone>6

LING 100 McGarrity

71

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

9ory says his :nee hurts.
S N! N 9ory 4 says N! his :nee
LING 100 McGarrity

Inde#endent clause 4! S Subordinate clause 4! hurts

7(

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

%evised definition N1'B Inde#endent clause' 1 clause not do,inated by another node. Subordinate clause' 1 clause do,inated by another node.
B ; 5e>re not done revisin& yet.

LING 100 McGarrity

77

Main vs. Subordinate clauses

Dia&nostic for Main vs. Subordinate clauses' Main clauses can under&o Sub ect*1uE Inversion but Subordinate clauses cannot. Co,#areM %ory /ill leave. 5ill %ory leave6 "JO ; Main clause$

LING 100 McGarrity

78