NAME: __________________________________ PENRHOS COLLEGE

YEAR 12 HUMAN BIOLOGY EXAMINATION

SEMESTER TWO 2010
TIME ALLOWED FOR THIS PAPER Reading time before commencing work: Working time for paper: Ten minutes Three hours

MATERIALS REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED FOR THIS PAPER TO BE PROVIDED BY THE SUPERVISOR This question/answer booklet Separate multiple choice answer sheet Two separate booklets for answers to Section 3 TO BE PROVIDED BY THE STUDENT Pens, pencils, eraser, scientific calculator, ruler POSSIBLE MARKS SECTION I 40 MARKS ACHIEVED

SECTION 2

100

SECTION 3 Ist Question

30

SECTION 3 2nd Question

30 200

TOTAL MARKS

% =

Important note to candidates No other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility to ensure that you do not have any unauthorised notes or other items of a non-personal nature in the examination room. If you have any unauthorised material with you, hand it to the supervisor before reading any further.

Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

STRUCTURE OF THIS PAPER

Section I Multiple Choice No. of questions available 20 11 3 No. of questions to be attempted 20 11 2 Total marks Marks available 40 100 2 x 30 200

II Diagram and short answer questions III Extended answer questions

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES SECTION I SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Answer ALL questions, using a 2B, B or HB pencil, on the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet. Do NOT use a ball point or ink pen. Should be answered in this Question/Answer Booklet. Write your answers in the spaces provided, using a blue or black ball point or ink pen. Draw any diagrams in pencil. Should be answered, using a blue or black ball point or ink pen, in the lined Answer Booklets provided. Draw any diagrams in pencil.

** At the end of the examination, check you have put your name on each page of your SECTION 3 answers AND please clearly indicate the NUMBER of the question being answered.

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

SECTION I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (20 questions = 40 marks = 20 % of paper) Suggested working time: 30 mins 1 The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system is concerned with carrying nerve impulses from A B C D 2 skeletal muscles to the brain via ascending tracts. the brain to internal organs via descending tracts. internal organs to the hypothalamus. the brain to skeletal muscles of the arms and legs.

A function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is to A B C D conduct some nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord. enable synaptic transmission of nervous messages. carry nutrients and oxygen to cells of the brain and spinal cord. maintain the cells of the brain and spinal cord at constant temperature.

3.

Which of the following is most likely to result from damage caused by a stroke in the cerebellum? A B C D loss of memory impaired motor skills reduced intellect defective vision and hearing

4.

A substance was added to a culture dish containing several species of live bacteria. Some time later the culture dish was examined and very few live bacteria remained. The substance must have been A B C D a vaccine. an antibody. an antibiotic. an antigen.

5.

T cells mature in A B C D the thymus and secrete antibodies. bone marrow and secrete antibodies. the thymus and do not secrete antibodies. bone marrow and do not secrete antibodies.

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

Question 6 refers to the graph below, which shows the relationship between the concentration of antidiuretic hormone in the blood (on the x-axis) and some variable on the y-axis in a normal healthy individual.
130

120

110

100 4 5 6 9 3 7 8 1 2 0 CONCENTRATION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IN BLOOD (I.U./mL)

6.

What variable is represented by the Y-axis? A B C D Tubular reabsorption of water Glomerular filtration rate Urine output Renal blood flow

7.

Which of the following statements about ALL hormones is correct? A B C D They change the activities of cells. Their activity is monitored by the pituitary gland. Their activity is monitored by the hypothalamus. Each hormone can act on only one specific target organ.

8.

Low levels of thyroxine in the blood would result in A B C D high metabolic rate and involve feedback via the anterior pituitary. high metabolic rate and involve feedback via the posterior pituitary. low metablolic rate and involve feedback via the anterior pituitary. low metabolic rate and involve feedback via the posterior pituitary.

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

Question 9 refers to the following statements about heat loss from the body. 1 2 3 The primary means of body heat loss is radiation. The mechanism of heat loss by radiation is similar to heat loss from a light bulb. Heat is lost from the body by conduction into the seat of a chair when a person sits down on a chair that is hotter than the person. Heat is lost by conduction to air molecules that contact the body. This heated air moves away from the body and is replaced by cooler air. This circulation of air over a warm surface is called convection.

Which of the statements above accurately describes heat loss from the body? A B C D 1 only. 1 and 2 only. 1 and 3 only. 1, 2 and 3.

Questions 10 and 11 refer to the information below. When blood pressure begins to rise, pressure receptors in blood vessels detect the rising pressure and send nerve impulses to the cardiac centre. The cardiac centre sends nerve impulses to the pacemaker in the heart and the heart beats slower and less strongly. 10 Which of the following statements regarding the location of the cardiac centre and the nerve pathway that carries impulses to slow down the heart is CORRECT? A B C D The cardiac centre is in the medulla and the nerve impulses are carried by sympathetic fibres. The cardiac centre is in the medulla and the nerve impulses are carried by parasympathetic fibres. The cardiac centre is in the hypothalamus and the nerve impulses are carried by sympathetic fibres. The cardiac centre is in the hypothalamus and the nerve impulses are carried by parasympathetic fibres.

11

In the reflex described above, feedback would be achieved by nervous messages from the A B C D heart's pace-maker to the cardiac centre. cardiac centre to the pressure receptors. pressure receptors to the heart's pace-maker. pressure receptors to the cardiac centre.

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

12

A student set up an experiment with a semi-permeable membrane. The membrane was not permeable to sucrose. At the beginning of the experiment the same amount of water was added to both sides of the membrane. The student then added sucrose to the left side of the membrane, as shown in the following diagram.

After some time you would expect A B C D 13 the level of water to rise on the left of the membrane. the level of water to rise on the right of the membrane. the level of water to remain unchanged on both sides of the membrane. the concentration of sucrose to increase on the right side of the membrane.

The currently accepted model of the structure of the cell membrane is called the FLUID MOSAIC MODEL. In this context, the word fluid means A B C D water-loving water-hating moving composed of different kinds of molecules

14

Following the passage of a nerve impulse, the period of time during which the neuron cannot be stimulated is the A B C D action potential myelinated period threshold stimulus refractory period

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

15

The diagram below shows the volume of blood in the left ventricle of the heart over a period of one second.

15.

During which of the following time periods was the ventricle filling fastest? A B C D 0.1 to 0.2s 0.5 to 0.6s 0.6 to 0.7s 0.8 to 0.9s

16

Type 1 Diabetes is best described as A B C D the failure of the intestinal system to absorb glucose the failure of the body to produce glycogen the destruction of beta cells by the bodys immune system the failure of the body to respond to insulin in the normal way

17

If the test scores of Human Biology students over years 11 and 12 are analysed in order to determine how effectively they have learned over that two-year period, then the dependent variable would be A B C D the time over which they studied Human Biology their test scores the teachers they had over that time period the effectiveness of their learning

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

Question 18 refers to the diagram below:

1 18

Which of the above types of neuron would be responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse towards the spinal cord, following a sharp blow to your toe? A B C D 1 2 3 4

19

When a neutrophil (a type of white blood cell) encounters a bacterium, it sends out projections of its plasma membrane that surround the bacterium. The two sides of the plasma membrane then fuse together forming a vesicle, which contains the bacterium, inside the cell. This is an example of A B C D pinocytosis exocytosis transcytosis phagocytosis

20

Protein synthesis involves a number of separate processes. Which of the following lists of processes has them shown in the correct sequence in which they happen? A B C A DNA transcription, removal of introns, transfer of mRNA, translation Removal of introns, DNA transcription, transfer of mRNA, translation Transfer of mRNA, translation, DNA transcription, removal of introns Transfer of mRNA, DNA transcription, removal of introns, translation End Of Multiple Choice Section

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

SECTION 2: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (100 Marks = 50% of paper) Suggested working time: 90 mins Write answers to ALL questions on the ruled lines after each question or in the spaces provided within each table. Write your answers in blue or black ballpoint or ink pen. 21. (9 marks)

The table below shows the sequence of six amino acids in the protein haemoglobin, as it occurs in humans and in each of four other primates (A,B,C and D), PRIMATE Human A B C D (a) AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN HAEMOGLOBIN proline serine alanine valine glycine - lysine lysine - alanine - threonine - valine - leucine - lysine proline serine alanine valine leucine - lysine lysine - alanine - alanine - valine - leucine - lysine lysine serine alanine valine leucine - lysine Based on the above evidence, list the primates A,B,C and D from the primate which is MOST CLOSELY RELATED to humans (1) to the primate which is MOST DISTANTLY RELATED to humans. [3 marks] 1. 2. 3. MOST DISTANTLY RELATED TO HUMANS 4. ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO HUMANS

(b)

Using an example, explain how the study of DNA in different species has added evidence for the evolutionary process of speciation. [2 marks] ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

(c)

The structure of the vertebrate forelimb provides evidence for an evolutionary relationship between vertebrate groups. Describe this evidence. [2 marks] ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

21. (d)

(cont.) The vertebrate forelimb is one of a group of pieces of evidence for evolution collectively known as homologous structures. Give two other examples of structures found in vertebrates that illustrate homologous structures. (2 marks) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

22.

[5 marks] (a) What is DNA sequencing? [1]

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (b) Give an example of the practical application of gene sequencing. [1]

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (c) Using modern biochemical techniques, it is possible to take genes from one organism and place them into the chromosomes of another. (i) What is this process called? [1]

____________________________________________________________________ (ii) Give one reason why you would want to do this. [1]

____________________________________________________________________ (iii) What is the name given to an organism that possesses genes inserted from another organism? [1]

____________________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

23.

[6 marks]

The following table shows the name and function of a number of different kinds of pharmaceuticals. A specific example of each pharmaceutical is also listed. The details however, have been incorrectly placed in the table. In the blank table beneath, re-write the details so that each row correctly gives the name, function and example for each type of pharmaceutical. Type of Pharmaceutical Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Statins Function Reducing levels of bad cholesterol Pain relief Reduction of redness and soreness around an injury Cortisol Lipitor Paracetamol Example

Answer: Type of Pharmaceutical Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Statins Function Example

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

24.

[13 marks]

Question 24 refers to the diagram below, showing some of the muscles and bones of the upper arm.

B A A C
(a)

Name the structures labelled A, B, C and D. A ____________________________________ B ____________________________________ C ____________________________________ D ____________________________________

[4 marks]

(b)

Using appropriate terms, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints in the forearm allows the hand to rotate through 180 degrees [3 marks]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (c) With reference to the above diagram, explain the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle [4 marks]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

24.

[cont.] (c) With reference to the above diagram, explain what is meant by antagonistic muscles [2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

25.

[7 marks] (a) What is gene expression? [2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (b) Give a reason why the control of gene expression is important to cells. [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (c) Human development depends very much on certain genes being expressed at certain times. Give two phases of development during which the way genes are expressed is changing. [2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (d) Genes contain a code. In what form is this code? [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (e) DNA polymerase depends on a specific sequence bases called a promoter. Why is this so? [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

26.

[10 marks]

The diagram below shows some of the bones in the human skeleton.

G H

A B J

C D E F K L
(a) Name the following bones; C ______________________ D ______________________ E ______________________ G ______________________ H ______________________ L ______________________ [6 marks]

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

26.

[cont.] (b) What is the appendicular skeleton? [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (c) Give one function of the axial skeleton. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________ (d) What is the function of the pectoral girdle? [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________ (e) On the diagram on the previous page, using red, colour in all the bones of the pectoral girdle. [1 mark]

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

27.

[16 marks] (a) Define the term joint. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________ (b) Explain the role played by ligaments at joints. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________ The diagram below shows the forelimb movement of a particular primate.

(c) (d)

Name the primate: _________________________ What type of joint is indicated at A? _______________________________________

[1 mark] [1 mark]

(e)

Although humans have a similar joint as the primate shown above, the degree of movement that it permits is less than that of the primate above. Suggest a reason why the primate has a greater range of movement at joint A. [1 mark] _____________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

27.

[cont.] (f) Freely movable (or synovial) joints are classified according to the type of movement they permit. Three types are shown in the table below. For each, name the type of joint, give a specific place in the body where such a joint is found and describe the range of movement permitted by the joint . [9 marks] NAME LOCATION TYPE OF MOVEMENT PERMITTED

JOINT

(g)

Several joints in the body actually do not permit any movement at all. What would be the function of such a joint? [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________ (h) Give an example of a joint that illustrates the function you gave in the previous question. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

28.

[9 marks]

Examine the diagram below, which shows the embryonic development of a number of vertebrate species.

(a)

Briefly explain two ways in which this diagram provides supporting evidence for evolution. [4 marks]

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (b) Vestigial organs present in humans are put forward as more anatomical evidence for evolution. (i) What is a vestigial organ? [1 mark]

______________________________________________________________ (ii) Give two examples of such vestigial organs. [2 marks]

______________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

28.

[cont.] (c) What is it about the forelimb of vertebrates such as humans, bats, birds and whales that suggests that the species share a common ancestor? [2 marks]

____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 29. [11 marks] The graph below shows the decay curve for the radioactive isotope carbon-14.

(a)

A piece of charcoal was retrieved from an ancient Homo sapiens camp site and subjected to radiocarbon dating. The ratio of C-14 to C-12 was found to be [2 marks] 0.125 in 1012. How old was the charcoal? ________________________________________

(b)

A stone tool was also recovered at the same site in the same layer of rock. This artefact could not be dated using radiocarbon dating. Why? [1 mark] ______________________________________________________________

(c)

Another piece of charcoal found at the same site was also radiocarbon dated and found to have a much larger C-14 to C-12 ratio. What does this tell us? [2 marks] ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

29.

[cont.] (d) Is radiocarbon dating an absolute or relative dating technique? Explain your answer. [2 marks] ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (e) Where does C-14 come from? [2 marks]

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (f) If C-14 is continually decaying to N-14, why does the amount of C-14 in a persons body stay constant while they are alive? [1 mark] ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (g) Would fluorine analysis have been of any value in dating the two charcoal samples, if carbon dating was not available? Explain. [1 mark] ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 30. [14 marks] (a) Which major primate characteristic is illustrated in the diagram below? [1 mark] ______________________________________________________________

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

30.

[cont.] (b) Which of the primates shown in the previous diagram would be best suited to brachiation? Explain your answer. [3 marks] ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

(c)

Give a clear definition for the following terms. (i) Opposability

[6 marks]

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (i) Diastema

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (i) Precision grip

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (d) There are several aspects to reproduction in which we see a clear evolutionary trend within the primates. Give two of these aspects and describe what the trend is. [4 marks] Aspect 1: ____________________________ Describe: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Aspect 2: ____________________________ Describe: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ End Of Short Answer section

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

SECTION 3 - EXTENDED ANSWERS (60 Marks = 30% of paper) Suggested working time: 60 mins This section contains 3 questions, numbered 31, 32 & 33. You must attempt TWO of them. In your answer, you may include clearly labelled diagrams with explanatory notes; lists of points with linking sentences; clearly labelled tables and graphs and annotated flow diagrams with introductory notes. DO NOT WRITE ANSWERS IN PENCIL. Write your answers on the lined pages in your answer booklets. One booklet for each question. Put a line through any planning work that you do, to indicate that it is planning only.

31. (a) Describe and explain the difference between genetic drift and natural selection as processes that result in evolution. Explain carefully how you might determine whether observations of evolution were due to selection or to genetic drift. (12) Hospital patients who are in a coma experience a loss of function in many parts of their cerebrum and yet their heart continues to function normally. Give an explanation for how the body is able to regulate heart activity in the absence of a fully functional cerebrum. (8) An analysis of the skulls of fossil hominins shows that the selection pressures between 4 and 1 million years ago were consistent, favouring traits that have led to the unique characteristics of modern humans. Using your knowledge of the skulls of three different fossil hominins, describe the evolutionary trends that are evident in hominin evolution. Use specific examples and give approximate dates for each hominin. (10)

(b)

(c)

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Year 12 HBS Semester 2 Examination 2010

32. There is a hypothesis that children today are developing health problems such as allergies and are more susceptible to diseases because they live in an increasingly sterile environment. It is hypothesised that in previous generations, children were more dirty and therefore did not suffer these illnesses to the same extent. It has become known as the hygiene hypothesis. (a) (b) (c) Explain what is required for the development of the primary immune response. (10) Apply your understanding of the primary immune response to explain the logic of the hygiene hypothesis (6). In 2003, the remains of partial skeletons of nine small, primate individuals, including one complete skull, were discovered on the island of Flores in Indonesia. Many scientists believe these remains to be a previously unknown extinct species of hominin, since named Homo floresiensis (and nicknamed "hobbits"). Other scientists refute the suggestion that this a hominin, pointing to similarities between the fossilised bones and those of apes, such as chimpanzees. What sorts of evidence amongst the fossilised bones would suggest that hobbits were human and not ancient relatives of modern chimpanzees? (14)

33. (a) A skull is discovered embedded in a rock layer on a mountain side in eastern Tanzania. Describe four techniques that could be used to assign a date to the skull. For each technique quoted, also give a key advantage or disadvantage. (12) Describe the role of the various parts of the kidney tubule in the formation of urine. (12) Hormones bring about changes to the way in which cells function. Explain how protein and steroid hormones bring about such changes. [6]

(b) (c)

End Of Examination

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